Until recently nutrition and various other lifestyle factors were predominantly in the focus of medical disciplines like cardiology, endocrinology or gastroenterology. As mental disorders are multifactorial diseases and as such are complex, emerging evidence suggests that nutrition, exercise and sleep also play an important role in the aetiology, progression and treatment of mental disorders. In this regard research has mostly focused on depression and anxiety, but there is also evidence for other mental disorders like schizophrenia or autism. Some details concerning the relationship between diet and sleep on neuro-transmitter processes, immune-inflammatory pathways or oxidative stress will be demonstrated.

Modifications of life style factors and diet are increasingly recognized as potential therapeutic options. Mostly used are nutrient-based supplements and essential elements in combination. But also healthy diet patterns with a high intake of vegetable, fruits and fish have proven beneficial in the treatment. If we better understand the microbiota-gut-brain axis and its impact on behavior, mood and cognitive processes, diet and lifestyle factors can not only contribute to the treatment but also to the prevention of mental disorders.