Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T05:25:20.041Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The individual and societal effects of non-psychotic serious mental disorders on earnings in Belgium

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Ronny Bruffaerts ,
Anke Bonnewyn  and
Koen Demyttenaere
Ronny Bruffaerts*
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, University Psychiatric Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000Leuven, Belgium
Anke Bonnewyn
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, University Psychiatric Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000Leuven, Belgium
Koen Demyttenaere
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, University Psychiatric Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000Leuven, Belgium
*
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +32 1634 8728; fax: +32 1634 8700. E-mail address: Ronny.Bruffaerts@med.kuleuven.be
Get access

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the association between non-psychotic serious mental disorders and earnings in the general population of Belgium on both the individual- and society-level.

Subjects and methods

Data stem from a cross-sectional population study of the non-institutionalized adult (between 18 and 64) population from Belgium (N = 863). The third version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-3.0) was administered to assess 12-month non-psychotic serious mental disorders and annual earnings. Multivariate approaches were used to estimate the observed and estimated annual earnings for persons with serious mental disorders, controlling for sociodemographic variables and alcohol disorders.

Results

On the individual-level, 12-month serious mental disorders significantly predicted the probability of having any earnings (OR = 0.32; 95%CI = 0.14–0.74). Respondents with serious mental disorders had 12-month earnings of 5969€ less than expected in the absence of serious mental disorders. Taking into account the prevalence of serious mental disorders (i.e. 4.9%), the society-level effects of serious mental disorders in 2002 can be estimated at about 1797 million € per year for the Belgian general population.

Discussion

Non-psychotic serious mental disorders had considerable impact on annual earnings.

Conclusion

This is the first study in Belgium that addresses the association between mental illness and earnings. Serious mental disorders are associated with individual- and societal-level impairments and loss of human capital.

Keywords

Mental disordersImpactHuman capitalEarnings
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 24 , Issue 4 , May 2009 , pp. 207 - 213
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T.S., Bryson, H.et al.Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2004;109(Suppl. 420):21–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association, DSM-IV: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th edWashington, DCAmerican Psychiatric Association 1994Google Scholar
Bertrem, C.H., Bruffaerts, R., Bonnewyn, A., Van Oyen, H., Demarest, S., Demyttenaere, K.Mental and pain comorbidity of chronic somatic disorders in the general population of Belgium. Archives of Public Health 2006;64:199–214Google Scholar
Blomme, J.Internationale vergelijking van de belasting op het loon. België, Nederland, Frankrijk, Duitsland en Spanje. Inkomsten van het jaar 2000. Documentatieblad Federale Overheidsdienst Financiën 2003;63:1–50Google Scholar
Bonnewyn, A., Bruffaerts, R., Vilagut, G., Almansa, J., Demyttenaere, K.Lifetime risk of mental disorders in the Belgian general population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2007;42:522–529CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buntin, M.B., Zaslavsky, A.M.Too much ado about two-part models and transformation? Comparing methods of modelling Medicare expenditures. Journal of Health Economics 2004;23:525–542CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burchell, B., Fagan, C., O'Brien, C., Smith, M.Working conditions in the European Union: the gender perspective LuxembourgOffice for Official Publications of the European Communities 2007Google Scholar
Chwastiak, L.A., Von Korff, M.Disability in depression and back pain: evaluation of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO DAS II) in a primary care setting. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2003;56:507–514CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, J.A., Lehman, A.F., Drake, R., McFarlane, W.R., Gold, P.B., Leff, H.S.et al.Integration of psychiatric and vocational services: a multisite randomized, controlled trial of supported employment. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005;10:1948–1956CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costello, E.G., Compton, S.N., Keeler, G., Angold, A.Relationships between poverty and psychopathology: a natural experiment. Journal of the American Medical Association 2003;290:2023–2029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demyttenaere, K., Bonnewyn, A., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T., De Graaf, R., Alonso, J.Comorbid painful physical symptoms and depression: prevalence, work loss, and help seeking. Journal of Affective Disorders 2006;92:185–193CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demyttenaere, K., Bruffaerts, R., Posada-Villa, J., Gasquet, I., Kovess, V., Lepine, J.P.et al.Prevalence, severity and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004;291:2581–2590Google ScholarPubMed
Federale Overheidsdienst Economie, KMO, Middenstand en Energie Inflatiecijfers en vooruitzichten BrusselAlgemene Directie Statistiek en Economische Informatie 2008 http://statbel.fgov.be/indicators/cpi/infl_nl.asp [accessed October 13, 2008]Google Scholar
Federale Overheidsdienst Economie, KMO, Middenstand en Energie Structuur van de bevolking BrusselAlgemene Directie Statistiek en Economische Informatie 2008 http://www.statbel.fgov.be/figures/d21_nl.asp#3 [accessed October 11, 2008]Google Scholar
Freudenberg, N., Ruglis, J.Reframing school dropout as a public health issue. Preventing Chronic Disease 2007;4:A107Google ScholarPubMed
Goeree, R., Farahati, F., Burke, N., Blackhouse, G., O'Reilly, D., Pyne, J.et al.The economic burden of schizophrenia in Canada in 2004. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2005;21:2017–2028CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldsmith, A.H., Veam, J.R., Darity, W.The impact of psychological and human capital on wages. Economic Inquiry 1997;35:815–829CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harkness, J., Pennell, B.E., Villar, A., Gebler, N., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Bilgen, I.Translation procedures and translation assessment in the World Mental Health survey initiativeKessler, R.C., Üstün, T.B.The WHO World Mental Health surveys: global perspectives on the epidemiology of mental disorders New York, NYCambridge University Press 2008Google Scholar
Haro, J.M., Arbabzadeh-Bouchez, S., Brugha, T.S., de Girolamo, G., Guyer, M.E., Jin, R.et al.Concordance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) with standardized clinical assessments in the WHO World Mental Health surveys. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 2006;15:167–180CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harwood, H., Ameen, A., Denmead, G., Englert, E., Fountain, D., Livermore, G.The economic cost of mental illness, 1992 Rockville, MDNational Institute of Mental Health 2000Google Scholar
Heeringa, S.G., Wells, J., Hubbard, F., Mneimneh, Z., Chiu, W.T., Sampson, N.et al.Sample designs and sampling proceduresKessler, R.C., Üstün, T.B.The World Mental Health survey initiative: patterns of mental illness in the WMH surveys vol. 1 2008 Cambridge University Press New York14–32Google Scholar
James, D.J., Glaze, L.E.Bureau of Justice Statistics special report: mental health problems of prison and jail inmates Washington, DCU.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs 2006Google Scholar
Kalist, D.E., Molinari, N.A., Siahaan, F.Income, employment and suicidal behaviour. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 2007;10:177–187Google Scholar
Kessler, R.C., Ustun, T.B.The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 2004;13:93–121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, R.C., Heeringa, S., Lakoma, M.D., Petukhova, M., Rupp, A.E., Schoenbaum, M.et al.Individual and societal effects of mental disorders on earnings in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008;165:703–711CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manning, W.G., Mullahy, J.Estimating log models: to transform or not to transform?. Journal of Health Economics 2001;20:461–494CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matchette, R.B., Danis, J.S.United States national archives. Guide to federal records in the national archives of the United States Washington, DCNational Archives and Records Administration 1995Google Scholar
Mechanic, D., Bilder, S., McAlpine, D.Employing persons with serious mental disorders New Brunswick, NJRutgers University, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research 2002Google Scholar
Merikangas, K.R., Ames, M., Cui, L., Stang, P.E., Ustun, T.B., Von Korff, M.et al.The impact of comorbidity of mental and physical conditions on role disability in the US adult household population. Archives of General Psychiatry 2007;64:1180–1188CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, C.J.L., Lopez, A.D.The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020 Harvard School of Public Health 1996 CambridgeGoogle Scholar
O'Neill, D.M., Bertollo, D.N.Work and earnings losses due to mental illness: perspectives from three national surveys. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 1998;25:505–523CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennell, B.E., Mneimneh, Z., Bowers, A., Chardoul, S., Wells, J.E., Viana, M.C.et al.Implementation of the World Mental Health surveysKessler, R.C., Üstün, T.B.The World Mental Health survey initiative: patterns of mental illness in the WMH surveys vol. 1 2008 Cambridge University Press New York33–57Google Scholar
Rice, D.P., Kelman, S., Miller, L.S., Dunmeyer, S.The economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness: 1985 Washington DCDepartment of Health and Human Services 1990Google Scholar
Schempf, A., Becker, S.On the application of decomposition methods. American Journal of Public Health 2006;96:1899CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ware, J.E. Jr.Kosinski, M., Keller, S.D.A 12-item short-form health survey. Medical Care 1996;34:220–233CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wittchen, H.U.Reliability and validity studies of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): a critical review. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1994;28:57–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Project atlas: resources for mental health and neurological disorders, <http://www.who.int/globalatlas/dataQuery/default.asp>; 2008 [accessed August 19, 2008].;+2008+[accessed+August+19,+2008].>Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.