Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T19:32:30.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Present and future horizons for Irish English

Many forms of English exist in Ireland which illustrate language scenarios relevant to today's anglophone world

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 June 2011

Raymond Hickey
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The English language was first taken to Ireland in the late twelfth century and enjoyed a modest position in late medieval Irish society, a position which betrayed no sign of the later dominance of English in Ireland as in so many countries to which the language was taken during the period of English colonialism. The fate of the English language after initial settlement was determined by the existence of Irish and Anglo-Norman as widely spoken languages in the country. Irish was the continuation of forms of Celtic taken to Ireland in the first centuries BCE and the native language of the great majority of the population at the time settlers from Britain first arrived in Ireland. Anglo-Norman was the form of French used by the nobility in England and particularly in the marches of south and south-west Wales, the region from which the initial settlers in the south-east of Ireland came.

Type
Original Article
Information
English Today , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , June 2011 , pp. 3 - 16
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Algeo, J. 2001. ‘External history.’ In Algeo, (ed.), pp. 1–58.Google Scholar
Algeo, J. (ed.) 2001. English in North America. Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 6. Cambridge: University Press.Google Scholar
Amador-Moreno, C. P. 2006. An Analysis of Hiberno-English in the Early Novels of Patrick MacGill. Bilingualism and Language Shift from Irish to English in County Donegal. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar
Amador-Moreno, C. P. 2010. An Introduction to Irish English. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Bardon, J. 1996. A Shorter Illustrated History of Ulster. Belfast: Blackstaff Press.Google Scholar
Barnes, W. (ed.) 1867. A Glossary, with Some Pieces of Verse, of the Old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland Formerly Collected by Jacob Poole. London: J. R. Smith.Google Scholar
Barron, A. & Schneider, K. (eds) 2005. The Pragmatics of Irish English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beecher, S. 1991. A Dictionary of Cork Slang. Cork: The Collins Press.Google Scholar
Boisseau, M. & Roger, F. (eds) 2006. Irish English: Varieties and Variations. Special issue of Études Irlandaises.Google Scholar
Burridge, K. 2010. ‘“A peculiar language”: Linguistic evidence for early Australian English.’ In Hickey, R. (ed.), Varieties of English in Writing. The Written Word as Linguistic Evidence. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 1973. ‘Canadian raising.’ Canadian Journal of Linguistics 18, 113–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J. M. 1977 [1917]. The Vocabulary of Anglo-Irish. Philadelphia: R.West.Google Scholar
Clarke, S. 1997. ‘The role of Irish English in the formation of New World Englishes. The case from Newfoundland.’ In Kallen, (ed.), pp. 207–25.Google Scholar
Clarke, S. 2010. Newfoundland and Labrador English. Edinburgh: University Press.Google Scholar
Corrigan, K. P. 2010. Irish English, Vol. 1: Northern Ireland. Edinburgh: University Press.Google Scholar
Cronin, M. 1996. Translating Ireland. Translation, Languages, Cultures. Cork: University Press.Google Scholar
Cronin, M. & Ó Cuilleanáin, C. (eds) 2003. The Languages of Ireland. Dublin: Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Crowley, T. 2000. The Politics of Language in Ireland 1366–1922. A Sourcebook. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Crowley, T. 2005. Wars of Words: The Politics of Language in Ireland 1537–2004. Oxford: University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolan, T. P. 2004 [1998]. A Dictionary of Hiberno-English. The Irish Use of English. Second edition. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dolan, T. P. (ed.) 1990. The English of the Irish. Irish University Review 20.1. Dublin: n.p.Google Scholar
Dolan, T. P. & Muirithe, D. Ó. (eds) 1996 [1979]. The Dialect of Forth and Bargy. Second edition. Dublin: Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Duffy, S. et al. (eds) 1997. An Atlas of Irish History. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.Google Scholar
Duggan, G. C. 1969 [1937]. The Stage Irishman: A History of the Irish Play and Stage Characters from Earliest Times. Dublin and Cork/London: Talbot Press.Google Scholar
Fenton, J. 2006. The Hamely Tongue. A Personal Record of Ulster-Scots in County Antrim. Third edition. Newtownards: Ulster-Scots Academic Press.Google Scholar
Filppula, M. 1999. The Grammar of Irish English. Language in Hibernian Style. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, P. & Lambkin, B. 2008. Irish Migration 1607–2007. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, R. F. 1988. Modern Ireland 1600–1972. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Greene, D. 1979. ‘Perfects and perfectives in modern Irish.’ Ériu 30, 122–41.Google Scholar
Gregg, R. J. 1973. ‘The diphthongs әi and ɔi in Scottish, Scotch-Irish and Canadian English.’ Canadian Journal of Linguistics 18, 136–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hancock, I. 1980. ‘Gullah and Barbadian: origins and relationships.’ American Speech 55, 17–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, J. 1985. Phonological Variation and Change. Studies in Hiberno-English. Cambridge: University Press.Google Scholar
Henry, A. 1995. Belfast English and Standard English. Dialect Variation and Parameter Setting. Oxford: University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickey, R. 1999a. ‘Ireland as a linguistic area.’ In Mallory, J. P. (ed.), Language in Ulster. Special issue of Ulster Folklife 45, pp. 36–53.Google Scholar
Hickey, R. 1999b. ‘Dublin English: Current changes and their motivation.’ In Foulkes, P. and Docherty, G. (eds), Urban Voices. London: Edward Arnold, pp. 265–81.Google Scholar
Hickey, R. 2000a. ‘Models for describing aspect in Irish English.’ In Tristram, (ed.), pp. 97–116.Google Scholar
Hickey, R. 2000b. ‘Dissociation as a form of language change.’ European Journal of English Studies 4.3, 303–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickey, R. 2001. ‘The South-East of Ireland. A neglected region of dialect study.’ In Kirk, J. and Baoill, D. Ó (eds), Language Links: the Languages of Scotland and Ireland. Belfast Studies in Language, Culture and Politics, 2. Belfast: Queen's University, pp. 1–22.Google Scholar
Hickey, R. 2002a. ‘The Atlantic Edge. The relationship between Irish English and Newfoundland English.’ English World-Wide 23(2), 281–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickey, R. 2002b. A Source Book for Irish English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickey, R. 2003. ‘Rectifying a standard deficiency. Pronominal distinctions in varieties of English.’ In Taavitsainen, I. and Jucker, A. H. (eds), Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 345–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickey, R. 2004. A Sound Atlas of Irish English. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Hickey, R. 2005. Dublin English. Evolution and Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickey, R. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-day Forms. Cambridge: University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickey, R. in press. ‘The aftermath of shift. Language and identity in Ireland.’ In Migge, B. & Chiosáin, M. Ni (eds), New Perspectives on Irish English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hickey, R. (ed.) 2004. Legacies of Colonial English. Cambridge: University Press.Google Scholar
Hogan, J. J. 1927. The English Language in Ireland. Dublin: Educational Company of Ireland.Google Scholar
Holm, J. 1994. ‘English in the Caribbean.’ In Burchfield, R. (ed.), English in Britain and Overseas. Origins and Development. The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Cambridge: University Press, pp. 328–81.Google Scholar
Joyce, P. W. 1979 [1910]. English as we Speak it in Ireland. Dublin: Wolfhound Press.Google Scholar
Kallen, J. L. 1989. ‘Tense and aspect categories in Irish English.’ English World-Wide 10, 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kallen, J. L. (ed.) 1997. Focus on Ireland. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, J. M. & Kallen, J. L. 2008. ICE-Ireland: A User's Guide. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.Google Scholar
Kirk, J. M. & Ó Baoill, D. P. (eds), 2002. Travellers and their Language. Belfast: Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Kirwin, W. J. 1993. ‘The planting of Anglo-Irish in Newfoundland.’ In Clarke, S. (ed.) Focus on Canada. Varieties of English around the World, General Series, Vol. 11. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 65–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirwin, W. J. 2001. ‘Newfoundland English.’ In Algeo, (ed.), pp. 441–55.Google Scholar
Laferriere, M. 1986. ‘Ethnicity in phonological variation and change.’ In Allen, H. B. and Linn, M. D. (eds), Dialect and Language Variation. Orlando: Academic Press, pp. 428–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Littlefield, D. C. 1981. Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
Lucas, A. (ed.) 1995. Anglo-Irish Poems of the Middle Ages. Dublin: Columba Press.Google Scholar
Macafee, C. (ed.) 1996. A Concise Ulster Dictionary. Oxford: University Press.Google Scholar
Mannion, J. J. (ed.) 1977. The Peopling of Newfoundland. Essays in Historical Geography. St John's: Memorial University of Newfoundland.Google Scholar
McCafferty, K. 2001. Ethnicity and Language Change. English in (London)Derry, Northern Ireland. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, K. 1985. Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America. Oxford: University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, K. & Wagner, P. 1994. Out of Ireland. The Story of Irish Emigration to America. London: Aurum Press.Google Scholar
Milroy, J. 1981. Regional Accents of English: Belfast. Belfast: Blackstaff.Google Scholar
Milroy, L. 1987 [1980]. Language and Social Networks. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Montgomery, M. 1989. ‘Exploring the roots of Appalachian English.’ English World-Wide 10, 227–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, M. 2000. ‘The Celtic element in American English.’ In Tristram, (ed.), pp. 231–64.Google Scholar
Montgomery, M. 2001. ‘British and Irish antecedents.’ In Algeo, (ed.), pp. 86–153.Google Scholar
Montgomery, M. & Kirk, J. M. 1996. ‘The origin of the habitual verb be in American Black English: Irish, English or what.’ In Henry, A., Ball, M. and MacAliskey, M. (eds), 1996. Papers from the International Conference on Language in Ireland. Belfast Working Papers in Language and Linguistics. Belfast: University of Ulster, pp. 308–34.Google Scholar
Moylan, S. 1996. The Language of Kilkenny. Dublin: Geography Publications.Google Scholar
Ó Muirithe, D. 1996. Dictionary of Anglo-Irish. Words and Phrases from Irish. Dublin: Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Ó Muirithe, D. 2004. A Glossary of Irish Slang and Unconventional Language. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.Google Scholar
Ó Muirithe, D. (ed.) 1977. The English Language in Ireland. Cork: Mercier.Google Scholar
Ó Sé, D. 1992. ‘The perfect in Modern Irish.’ Ériu 43, 39–67.Google Scholar
Ó Sé, D. 2004. ‘The “after” perfect and related constructions in Gaelic dialects.’ Ériu 54, 179–248.Google Scholar
Patterson, D. 1860. The Provincialisms of Belfast and the Surrounding Districts Pointed Out and Corrected; to which is Added an Essay on Mutual Improvement Societies. Belfast: Alexander Mayne.Google Scholar
Pringle, I. & Padolsky, E. 1981. ‘The Irish heritage of the English of the Ottawa Valley.’ English Studies in Canada 7, 338–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pringle, I. & Padolsky, E. 1983. ‘The linguistic survey of the Ottawa Valley.’ American Speech 58, 325–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickford, J. R. 1986. ‘Social contact and linguistic diffusion: Hiberno-English and New World Black English.’ Language 62, 245–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, P. 1997. Ulster Scots. A Grammar of the Traditional Written and Spoken Language. Belfast: Ullans Press.Google Scholar
Share, B. 2003 [1997]. Slanguage – a Dictionary of Slang and Colloquial English in Ireland. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.Google Scholar
Todd, L. 1990. Words Apart. A Dictionary of Northern Irish English. Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe.Google Scholar
Traynor, M. 1953. The English Dialect of Donegal. A Glossary, Incorporating the Collections of H. C. Hart, etc. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.Google Scholar
Tristram, H. L. C. (ed.) 1997. The Celtic Englishes. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
Tristram, H. L. C. 2000. The Celtic Englishes II. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
Tristram, H. L. C. 2003. The Celtic Englishes III. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
Tristram, H. L. C. 2006. The Celtic Englishes IV. Potsdam: University Press.Google Scholar
Wall, R. 1995. A Dictionary and Glossary for the Irish Literary Revival. Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe.Google Scholar
Walshe, S. 2009. Irish English as Represented in Films. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Wells, J. C. 1980. ‘The brogue that isn't.’ Journal of the International Phonetic Association 10, 74–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, C. & Blethen, T. (eds) 1997. Ulster and North America: Transatlantic Perspectives on the Scotch-Irish. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar