Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T02:11:42.075Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Romantic relationships and alcohol use: A long-term, developmental perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2016

Amy J. Rauer ,
Gregory S. Pettit ,
Diana R. Samek ,
Jennifer E. Lansford ,
Kenneth A. Dodge  and
John E. Bates
Amy J. Rauer*
Affiliation:
University of Tennessee
Gregory S. Pettit
Affiliation:
Auburn University
Diana R. Samek
Affiliation:
Auburn University
Jennifer E. Lansford
Affiliation:
Duke University
Kenneth A. Dodge
Affiliation:
Duke University
John E. Bates
Affiliation:
Indiana University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Amy J. Rauer, Department of Child and Family Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; E-mail: arauer@auburn.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study considers the developmental origins of alcohol use in young adulthood. Despite substantial evidence linking committed romantic relationships to less problematic alcohol use in adulthood, the uniformity of these protective benefits across different romantic relationships is unclear. Further, the extent to which the establishment and maintenance of these romantic relationships is preceded by earlier adolescence alcohol use remains unknown. To address these gaps in the literature, the current study utilized multitiple-dimensional, multiple-informant data spanning 20 years on 585 individuals in the Child Development Project. Findings from both variable- and person-centered analyses support a progression of associations predicting adolescent alcohol use (ages 15–16), drinking, and romantic relationships in early adulthood (ages 18–25), and then problematic young adult alcohol use (age 27). Although adolescent alcohol use predicted greater romantic involvement and turnover in early adulthood, romantic involvement, but not turnover, appeared to reduce the likelihood of later problematic drinking. These findings remained robust even after accounting for a wide array of selection and socialization factors. Moreover, characteristics of the individuals (e.g., gender) and of their romantic relationships (e.g., partner substance use problems and romantic relationship satisfaction) did not moderate these findings. Findings underscore the importance of using a developmental–relational perspective to consider the antecedents and consequences of alcohol use early in the life span.

Type
Special Issue Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 28 , Special Issue 3: Longitudinal Transactional Models of Development and Psychopathology , August 2016 , pp. 773 - 789
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arnett, J. J. (2005). The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. Journal of Drug Issues, 35, 235–254.Google Scholar
Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., Johnston, L. D., Bryant, A. L., & Merline, A. C. (2002). The decline of drug use in young adulthood. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bachman, J. G., Wadsworth, K. N., O'Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., & Schulenberg, J. E. (1997). Smoking, drinking, and drug use in young adulthood: The impact of new freedoms and new responsibilities. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Barr, A. B., Culatta, E., & Simons, R. L. (2013). Romantic relationships and health among African American young adults: Linking patterns of relationship quality over time to changes in physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 54, 369–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barr, A. B., & Simons, R. L. (2015). Different dimensions, different mechanisms? Distinguishing relationship status and quality effects on desistance. Journal of Family Psychology, 29, 360–370.Google Scholar
Bates, J. E., & Bayles, K. (1984). Objective and subjective components in mothers’ perceptions of their children from age 6 months to 3 years. Merrill–Palmer Quarterly, 30, 111–130.Google Scholar
Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., Dodge, K. A., & Ridge, B. (1998). Interaction of temperamental resistance to control and restrictive parenting in the development of externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 34, 982–995.Google Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1985). Familial antecedents of adolescent drug use: A developmental perspective. In Jones, C. L. & Battjes, R. J. (Eds.), Etiology of drug abuse: Implications for prevention (pp. 13–44). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.Google Scholar
Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B., & Boivin, M. (1994). Measuring friendship quality during pre- and early adolescence: The development and psychometric properties of the Friendship Qualities Scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 471–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, S. A., Donnellan, M. B., Humbad, M. N., Hicks, B. M., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2010). Does marriage inhibit antisocial behavior?: An examination of selection vs causation via a longitudinal twin design. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1309–1315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control. (2013). Alcohol Related Disease Impact (ARDI) application. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://nccd.cdc.gov/DPH_ARDI/default/default.aspx Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control. (2014). Alcohol and public health: Data, trends, and maps. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/data-stats.htm Google Scholar
Chassin, L., Pitts, S. C., & DeLucia, C. (1999). The relation of adolescent substance use to young adult autonomy, positive activity involvement, and perceived competence. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 915–932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chassin, L., Presson, C. C., & Sherman, S. J. (1988). “Constructive” vs. “destructive” deviance in adolescent health-related behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18, 245–262.Google Scholar
Cherlin, A. J. (2009). The marriage-go-round: The state of marriage and family in America today. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Collins, W. A., Welsh, D. P., & Furman, W. (2009). Adolescent romantic relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 631–652.Google Scholar
Conger, R. D., Cui, M., Bryant, C. M., & Elder, G. H. (2000). Competence in early adult romantic relationships: A developmental perspective on family influences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 224–237.Google Scholar
Connolly, J., Nguyen, H. N. T., Pepler, D., Craig, W., & Jiang, D. (2013). Developmental trajectories of romantic states and associations with problem behaviors during adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 1013–1024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahl, G. B. (2010). Early teen marriage and future poverty. Demography, 47, 689–718.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Capaldi, D. M., & Yoerger, K. (1999). Middle childhood antecedents to progressions in male adolescent substance use: An ecological analysis of risk and protection. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 175–205.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678–1683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodge, K. A., Malone, P., Lansford, J. E., Miller, S., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2009). A dynamic cascade model of the development of substance use onset. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 74(Serial No. 294), 1–120.Google Scholar
Donnellan, M. B., Assad, K. K., Robins, R. W., & Conger, R. D. (2007). Do negative interactions mediate the effects of negative emotionality, communal positive emotionality, and constraint on relationship satisfaction? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24, 557–573.Google Scholar
Donnellan, M. B., Larsen-Rife, D., & Conger, R. D. (2005). Personality, family history, and competence in early adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 562–576.Google Scholar
Dupre, M. E., & Meadows, S. O. (2007). Disaggregating the effects of marital trajectories on health. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 623–652.Google Scholar
Elder, G. H. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Fleming, C. B., White, H. R., & Catalano, R. F. (2010). Romantic relationships and substance use in early adulthood: An examination of the influences of relationship type, partner substance use, and relationship quality. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, 153–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, K. T., Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2014). Alcohol use disorder in women: Risks and consequences of an adolescent onset and persistent course. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28, 322–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freud, A. (1969). Adolescence as a developmental disturbance. In Caplan, G. & Lebovici, S. (Eds.), Adolescence: Psychosocial perspectives (pp. 5–10). New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Furman, W., & Collibee, C. (2014). A matter of timing: Developmental theories of romantic involvement and psychosocial adjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 1149–1160.Google Scholar
Halford, W. K., Bouma, R., Kelly, A., & Young, R. M. (1999). Individual psychopathology and marital distress: Analyzing the association and implications for therapy. Behavior Modification, 23, 179–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haller, M., Handley, E., Chassin, L., & Bountress, K. (2010). Developmental cascades: Linking adolescent substance use, affiliation with substance use promoting peers, and academic achievement to adult substance use disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 899–916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2010). Consequences of an adolescent onset and persistent course of alcohol dependence in men: Adolescent risk factors and adult outcomes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34, 819–833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hicks, B. M., & Zucker, R. A. (2014). Alcoholism: A life span perspective on etiology and course. In Lewis, M. & Rudolph, K. D. (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (pp. 583–599). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Holt-Lunstad, J., Uchino, B. N., Smith, T. W., Olson-Cerny, C., & Nealey-Moore, J. B. (2003). Social relationships and ambulatory blood pressure: Structural and qualitative predictors of cardiovascular function during everyday social interactions. Health Psychology, 22, 388–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Homish, G. G., & Leonard, K. E. (2005). Spousal influence on smoking behaviors in a US community sample of newly married couples. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 2557–2567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homish, G. G., Leonard, K. E., & Kearns-Bodkin, J. N. (2006). Alcohol use, alcohol problems, and depressive symptomatology among newly married couples. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 83, 185–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunsley, J., Pinsent, C., Lefebvre, M., James-Tanner, S., & Vito, D. (1995). Construct validity of the short forms of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Family Relations, 44, 231–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iacono, W. G., Carlson, S. R., Taylor, J., Elkins, I. J., & McGue, M. (1999). Behavioral disinhibition and the development of substance-use disorders: Findings from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 869–900.Google Scholar
Jaffee, S. R., Lombardi, C. M., & Coley, R. L. (2013). Using complementary methods to test whether marriage limits men's antisocial behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 65–77.Google Scholar
Jager, J., Keyes, K. M., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2015). Historical variation in young adult binge drinking trajectories and its link to historical variation in social roles and minimum legal drinking age. Developmental Psychology. Advance online publication.Google Scholar
Jager, J., Schulenberg, J. E., O'Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (2013). Historical variation in drug use trajectories across the transition to adulthood: The trend toward lower intercepts and steeper, ascending slopes. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 527–543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, L. M., & Taylor, J. (2007). Impulsivity and negative emotionality associated with substance use problems and Cluster B personality in college students. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 714–727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. L. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Jin, R. L., Shah, C. P., & Svoboda, T. J. (1995). The impact of unemployment on health: A review of the evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 153, 529–540.Google Scholar
Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (2003). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2002: Vol. 1. Secondary school students (NIH Publication No. 03–5375). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Drug Abuse.Google Scholar
Kamp Dush, C. M. (2013). Marital and cohabitation dissolution and parental depressive symptoms in fragile families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75, 91–109.Google Scholar
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Newton, T. L. (2001). Marriage and health: His and hers. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 472–503.Google Scholar
Laub, J. H., Nagin, D. S., & Sampson, R. J. (1998). Trajectories of change in criminal offending: Good marriages and the desistance process. American Sociological Review, 63, 225–238.Google Scholar
Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2001). Understanding desistance from crime. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 28, 1–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard, K. E., & Homish, G. G. (2008). Predictors of heavy drinking and drinking problems over the first 4 years of marriage. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 25–35.Google Scholar
Lerner, R. M. (2008). The good teen: Rescuing adolescence from the myths of the storm and stress years. New York: Three Rivers Press.Google Scholar
Lichter, D. T., Sassler, S., & Turner, R. N. (2014). Cohabitation, post-conception unions, and the rise in nonmarital fertility. Social Science Research, 47, 134–137.Google Scholar
Lynne-Landsman, S. D., Bradshaw, C. P., & Ialongo, N. S. (2010). Testing a developmental cascade model of adolescent substance use trajectories and young adult adjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 933–948.Google Scholar
MacDonald, G., Zanna, M. P., & Holmes, J. G. (2000). An experimental test of the role of alcohol in relationship conflict. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 182–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maggs, J. L., Almeida, D. M., & Galambos, N. L. (1995). Risky business: The paradoxical meaning of problem behavior for young adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 15, 344–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshal, M. P. (2003). For better or for worse? The effects of alcohol use on marital functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 959–997.Google Scholar
Maslowsky, J., Schulenberg, J. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2014). Influence of conduct problems and depressive symptomatology on adolescent substance use: Developmentally proximal versus distal effects. Developmental Psychology, 50, 1179–1189.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S., Burt, K. B., Roisman, G. I., Obradovic, J., Long, J. D., & Tellegen, A. (2004). Resources and resilience in the transition to adulthood: Continuity and change. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 1071–1094.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Developmental cascades. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 491–495.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S., Garmezy, N., Tellegen, A., Pellegrini, D. S., Larkin, K., & Larsen, A. (1988). Competence and stress in school children: The moderating effects of individual and family qualities. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 745–764.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S., Hubbard, J. J., Gest, S. D., Tellegen, A., Garmezy, N., & Ramirez, M. (1999). Competence in the context of adversity: Pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to late adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 143–169.Google Scholar
McGue, M., Elkins, I., & Iacono, W. G. (2000). Genetic and environmental influences on adolescent substance use and abuse. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 96, 671–677.Google Scholar
McGue, M., & Lykken, D. T. (1992). Genetic influence on risk of divorce. Psychological Science, 3, 368–373.Google Scholar
McGuire, W. J. (1991). Using guiding-idea theories of the person to develop educational campaigns against drug abuse and other health-threatening behavior. Health Education Research, 6, 173–184.Google Scholar
Meier, A., & Allen, G. (2009). Romantic relationships from adolescence to young adulthood: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sociological Quarterly, 50, 308–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melby, J. N., & Conger, R. D. (2001). The Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales: Instrument summary. In Kerig, P. K. & Lindahl, K. M. (Eds.), Family observational coding systems: Resources for systematic research (pp. 33–57). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Murphy, J. G., McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., & Barnett, N. P. (2005). Drink and be merry? Gender, life satisfaction, and alcohol consumption among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19, 184–191.Google Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Mplus user's guide. Los Angeles: Author.Google Scholar
Nielson, A. L. (2001). Drinking in adulthood: Similarities and differences in effects of adult roles for Hispanic ethnic groups and Anglos. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62, 745–749.Google Scholar
Park, C. L. (2004). Positive and negative consequences of alcohol consumption in college students. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 311–321.Google Scholar
Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., & Dodge, K. A. (1997). Supportive parenting, ecological context, and children's adjustment: A seven-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 68, 908–923.Google Scholar
Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Meece, D. W. (1999). The impact of after-school peer contact on early adolescent externalizing problems is moderated by parental monitoring, perceived neighborhood safety, and prior adjustment. Child Development, 70, 768–778.Google Scholar
Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Marshall, A. D., Harach, L. D., Cleary, D., et al. (2006). Aggression and insecurity in late-adolescent romantic relationships: Antecedents and developmental pathways. In Huston, A. & Ripke, M. (Eds.), Developmental contexts in middle childhood: Bridges to adolescence and adulthood (pp. 41–61). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Quinn, P. D., & Harden, K. P. (2013). Differential changes in impulsivity and sensation seeking and the escalation of substance use from adolescence to early adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 223–239.Google Scholar
Quinton, D., Pickles, A., Maughan, B., & Rutter, M. (1993). Partners, peers, and pathways: Assortative pairing and continuities in conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 763–783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rauer, A., Karney, B., Garvan, C., & Hou, W. (2008). Relationship risks in context: A cumulative risk approach to understanding relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 1122–1135.Google Scholar
Rauer, A., Pettit, G., Lansford, J., Bates, J., & Dodge, K. (2013). Romantic relationship patterns in young adulthood and their developmental antecedents. Developmental Psychology, 49, 2159–2171.Google Scholar
Ren, X. S. (1997). Marital status and quality of relationships: The impact on health perception. Social Science & Medicine, 44, 241–249.Google Scholar
Rhule-Louie, D. M., & McMahon, R. J. (2007). Problem behavior and romantic relationships: Assortative mating, behavior contagion, and desistance. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10, 53–100.Google Scholar
Robles, T. F., Slatcher, R. B., Trombello, J. M., & McGinn, M. M. (2014). Marital quality and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 140–187.Google Scholar
Roisman, G. I., Aguilar, B., & Egeland, B. (2004). Antisocial behavior in the transition to adulthood: The independent and interactive roles of developmental history and emerging developmental tasks. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 857–871.Google Scholar
Roisman, G. I., Masten, A. S., Coatsworth, D. J., & Tellegen, A. (2004). Salient and emerging developmental tasks in the transition to adulthood. Child Development, 75, 123–133.Google Scholar
Russell, S. T., Driscoll, A. K., & Truong, N. (2002). Adolescent same-sex romantic attractions and relationships: Implications for substance use and abuse. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 198–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M., Graham, P., Chadwick, F., & Yule, W. (1976). Adolescent turmoil: Fact or fiction? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 35–56.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1990). Crime and deviance over the life course: The salience of adult social bonds. American Sociological Review, 55, 609–627.Google Scholar
Sbarra, D. A., Law, R. W., & Portley, R. M. (2011). Divorce and death: A meta-analysis and research agenda for clinical, social, and health Psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 454–474.Google Scholar
Schulenberg, J. (2000). “I'm not a drunk, just a college student”: Binge drinking during college as a developmental disturbance. Paper presented at a symposium at the Scientific Meeting of Research Society on Alcoholism, Denver, CO.Google Scholar
Schulenberg, J., & Maggs, J. (2002). A developmental perspective on alcohol use and heavy drinking during adolescence and the transition to young adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 14, 54–70.Google Scholar
Schulenberg, J., & Maslowsky, J. (2009). Taking substance use and development seriously: Developmentally distal and proximal influences on adolescent drug use. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 74, 121–130.Google Scholar
Schulenberg, J., & Zarrett, N. R. (2006). Mental health during emerging adulthood: Continuity and discontinuity in courses, causes, and functions. In Arnett, J. J. & Tanner, J. L. (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 135–172). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Settersten, R. A. Jr., & Ray, B. (2010). What's going on with young people today? The long and twisting path to adulthood. Future of Our Children, 20, 19–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siebenbruner, J., Englund, M. M., Egeland, B., & Hudson, K. (2006). Developmental antecedents of late adolescence substance use patterns. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 551–571.Google Scholar
Spanier, G. S. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 28, 15–27.Google Scholar
Staff, J., Schulenberg, J. E., Maslowsky, J., Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., Maggs, J. L., et al. (2010). Substance use changes and social role transitions: Proximal developmental effects on ongoing trajectories from late adolescence through early adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 917–932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uecker, J. E. (2012). Marriage and mental health among young adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53, 67–83.Google Scholar
US Census Bureau. (2005). Indicators of marriage and fertility in the United States from the American Community Survey: 2000 to 2003. Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Windle, M. (2003). Alcohol use among adolescents and young adults. Alcohol Research and Health, 27, 79–85.Google Scholar
Windle, M., & Wiesner, M. (2004). Trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood: Predictors and outcomes. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 1007–1027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winters, K. C. (1999). A new multiscale measure of adult substance abuse. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 16, 237–246.Google Scholar
Yamaguchi, K., & Kandel, D. (1993). Marital homophily on illicit drug use among young adults: Assortative mating or marital influence? Social Forces, 72, 505–528.Google Scholar
Zhang, Z. (2006). Marital history and the burden of cardiovascular disease in midlife. Gerontologist, 46, 266–270.Google Scholar
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Siebenbruner, J., & Collins, W. A. (2004). A prospective study of intraindividual and peer influences on adolescents’ heterosexual romantic and sexual behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33, 381–394.Google Scholar