Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T06:46:27.115Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Minding the Baby®: Enhancing parental reflective functioning and infant attachment in an attachment-based, interdisciplinary home visiting program

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 January 2019

Arietta Slade ,
Margaret L. Holland ,
Monica Roosa Ordway ,
Elizabeth A. Carlson ,
Sangchoon Jeon ,
Nancy Close ,
Linda C. Mayes  and
Lois S. Sadler
Arietta Slade*
Affiliation:
Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA
Margaret L. Holland
Affiliation:
Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, CT, USA
Monica Roosa Ordway
Affiliation:
Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, CT, USA
Elizabeth A. Carlson
Affiliation:
Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Sangchoon Jeon
Affiliation:
Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, CT, USA
Nancy Close
Affiliation:
Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA
Linda C. Mayes
Affiliation:
Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA
Lois S. Sadler
Affiliation:
Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, CT, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Arietta Slade, Yale Child Study Center, PO Box 207900, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT06520; E-mail: arietta.slade@yale.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this article, we describe the results of the second phase of a randomized controlled trial of Minding the Baby (MTB), an interdisciplinary reflective parenting intervention for infants and their families. Young first-time mothers living in underserved, poor, urban communities received intensive home visiting services from a nurse and social worker team for 27 months, from pregnancy to the child's second birthday. Results indicate that MTB mothers' levels of reflective functioning was more likely to increase over the course of the intervention than were those of control group mothers. Likewise, infants in the MTB group were significantly more likely to be securely attached, and significantly less likely to be disorganized, than infants in the control group. We discuss our findings in terms of their contribution to understanding the impacts and import of intensive intervention with vulnerable families during the earliest stages of parenthood in preventing the intergenerational transmission of disrupted relationships and insecure attachment.

Keywords

attachmenthome visitingmentalizationreflective functioning
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 32 , Issue 1 , February 2020 , pp. 123 - 137
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A Psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Albertson, J. G. (2016). Minding the Baby®: Maternal adverse childhood experiences and treatment outcomes in a mother-infant home visiting program (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, City University of New York).Google Scholar
Allen, J. (2012). Mentalizing in the development and treatment of attachment trauma. London: Karnac.Google Scholar
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M., & Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 195–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernard, K., Dozier, M., Bick, J., Lewis-Morrarty, E., Lindhiem, O., & Carlson, E. (2012). Enhancing attachment organization among maltreated children: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Child Development, 83, 623–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, , … Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 169–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borelli, J. L., Bond, D. K., Dudley, K., Ponce, V., & Mogil, C. (2018). Promoting healthy relationships from within: The UCLA Family Development Project. In Steele, H. & Steele, M. (Eds.), Handbook of attachment-based interventions (1st ed., pp. 129–150). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Borelli, J. L., St. John, H. K., Cho, E., & Suchman, N. (2016). Reflective functioning in parents of school aged children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86, 24–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bronfman, E., Parsons, E., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (1999). Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE): Manual for coding disrupted affective communication, Version 2. Boston: Harvard University School of Medicine.Google Scholar
Camoirano, A. (2017). Mentalizing makes parenting work: A review about parental reflective functioning and clinical interventions to improve it. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, F., Conti, G., Heckman, J. J., Moon, S. H., Pinto, R., Pungello, E., & Pan, Y. (2014). Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health. Science, 343, 1478–1485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, E. A. (1998). A prospective longitudinal study of disorganized/disoriented attachment. Child Development, 69, 1107–1128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, J., Brett, B. E., Gross, J. T., Stern, J. A., Martin, D. R., Mohr, J. J., & Woodhouse, S. S. (2017). Circle of Security–Parenting: A randomized controlled trial in Head Start. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 651–673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (2006). Fostering secure attachment in infants in maltreating families through preventive interventions. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 623–649. doi:10.1017/S0954579406060329CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Condon, E. (in press). One size does not fit all: The case for states to fund adiverse menu of early home visiting services. Policy, Politics, and Nursing Practice.Google Scholar
Condon, E. M., Holland, M. L., Slade, A., Redeker, N., Mayes, L., & Sadler, L. (In press). Maternal adverse childhood experiences, family strengths, and chronic stress in children. Nursing Research.Google Scholar
Courtois, C. (2004). Complex trauma, complex reactions: Assessment and treatment. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 412–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cyr, C., Euser, E., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., & van IJzendoorn, M. (2010). Attachment security and disorganization in maltreating and high-risk families: A series of meta-analyses. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 87–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dozier, M., & Bernard, K. (2017). Attachment and Biobehavioral Catchup: Addressing the needs of infants and toddlers exposed to inadequate or problematic caregiving. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 111–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egeland, B., & Erickson, M. F. (1993). Attachment theory and findings: Implications for prevention and intervention. In Kramer, S. & Parens, H. (Eds.), Prevention in mental health: Now, tomorrow, ever? (pp. 21–50). Northvale, NJ: Aronson.Google Scholar
Ensink, K., Borelli, J. L., Roy, J., Normandin, L., Slade, A., & Fonagy, P. (2018). Getting to know you: Preliminary evidence of the validity of the Mini-Parental Reflective Functioning Interview. Infancy 1–18. DOI: 10.1111/infa.12263.Google Scholar
Feldman, R. (2015a). The adaptive human parental brain: Implications for children's social development. Trends in Neuroscience, 38, 387–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, R. (2015b). Sensitive periods in human social development: New insights from research on oxytocin, synchrony, and high-risk parenting. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 369–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felitti, V., Anda, R., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, B., … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationships of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fonagy, P., & Allison, E. (2014). The role of mentalizing and epistemic trust in the therapeutic relationship. Psychotherapy, 51, 372–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., Leigh, T., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., & Target, M. (1995). Attachment, the reflective self, and borderline states: The predictive specificity of the Adult Attachment Interview and pathological emotional development. In Goldberg, S., Muir, R., & Kerr, J. (Eds.), Attachment theory: Social, developmental and clinical perspectives (pp. 233–278). New York: Analytic Press.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P., Target, M., Steele, H., & Steele, M. (1998). Reflective functioning manual for application to Adult Attachment Interviews. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Fox, S. E., Levitt, P., & Nelson, C. A. (2010). How the timing and quality of early experiences influence the development of brain architecture. Child Development, 81, 21–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraiberg, S. (Ed.) (1980). Clinical studies in infant mental health. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Garner, A. (2013). Home visiting and the biology of toxic stress. Pediatrics, 132(Suppl. 2), S65–S73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grandqvist, P., Sroufe, L. A., Dozier, M., Hesse, E., Steele, M., van IJzendoorn, M., … Duschinsky, R. (2018). Disorganized attachment in infancy: A review of the phenomenon and its implications for clinicians and policy-makers. Attachment and Human Development, 19, 534–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grienenberger, J., Kelly, K., & Slade, A. (2005). Maternal reflective functioning, mother-infant affective communication and infant attachment: Exploring the link between mental states and observed caregiving. Attachment and Human Development, 7, 299–311.Google ScholarPubMed
Hauck, W. W., Gilliss, C. L., Donner, A., & Gortner, S. (1991). Randomization by cluster. Nursing Research, 40, 356–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, J. A., & Slade, A. (2018). Attachment in therapeutic practice. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., … Dunne, M. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 2, 356–366.Google ScholarPubMed
Johnson, D. E., Guthrie, D., Smyke, A. T., Koga, S. F., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. III. (2010). Growth and associations between auxology, caregiving environment, and cognition in socially deprived Romanian children randomized to foster vs ongoing institutional care. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 164, 507–516. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, D., Greenberg, M., & Crowley, M. (2015). Early social-emotional functioning and public health: The relationship between kindergarten social competence and future wellness. American Journal of Public Health, 105, 2283–2290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Julian, M. M., Lawler, J. M., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2017). Caregiver-child relationships in early childhood: Interventions to promote well-being and reduce risk for psychopathology. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 4, 87–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Julian, M. M., Muzik, M., Kees, M., Valenstein, M., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2017). Strong Military Families Intervention enhances parenting reflectivity and representations in families with young children. Infant Mental Health Journal. Advance online publication.Google ScholarPubMed
Kaplan-Sarnoff, M., & Zuckerman, B. (2007). Healthy Steps manual. Boston: Boston University School of Medicine.Google Scholar
Katznelson, H. (2014). Reflective functioning: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 107–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keane, T., Caddell, J., & Taylor, K. L. (1988). Mississippi scale for combat-related PTSD: Three studies in reliability and validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 85–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, K., Slade, A., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2003). Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE): An adaptation for four-month-old babies and their mothers. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Leroux, J., Terradas, M. M., & Grenier, C. (2017). Mothers’ prementalizing psychic functioning and reactive attachment disorder: Two clinical cases. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 16, 60–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, A. F., Ghosh-Ippen, C., & Van Horn, P. (2006). Child-parent psychotherapy: 6 month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 913–918.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, A. F., Padron, E., Van Horn, P., & Harris, W. (2005). Angels in the nursery: The intergenerational transmission of benevolent parental influences. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26, 504–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, A. F., & Van Horn, P. (2008). Psychotherapy with infants and young children: Repairing the effects of stress and trauma on early attachment. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lieberman, A. F., Van Horn, P., & Ghosh-Ippen, C. (2005). Toward evidence-based treatment: Child-parent psychotherapy with preschoolers exposed to marital violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 1241–1248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, A. F., Weston, D., & Pawl, J. (1991). Preventive intervention and outcome with anxiously attached dyads. Child Development, 62, 199–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luyten, P., Mayes, L. C., Nijssens, L., & Fonagy, P. (2017). The parental reflective functioning questionnaire: Development and preliminary validation. PLOS ONE, 12, e0176218. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176218CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyons-Ruth, K., Bronfman, L., & Parsons, L. (1999). Maternal frightened, frightening and atypical behavior and disorganized infant attachment strategies. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64(3, Serial No. 258), 67–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons-Ruth, K., Connell, D. B., & Grunebaum, H. U. (1990). Infants at social risk: Maternal depression and family support services as mediators of infant development and security of attachment Child Development, 61, 85–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyons-Ruth, K., & Jacobvitz, D. (2016). Attachment disorganization: Genetic factors, parenting contexts, and developmental transformation from infancy to adulthood. In Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 667–696). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., Fradley, E., & Tuckey, M. (2001). Rethinking maternal sensitivity: Mothers’ comments on infants’ mental processes predict security of attachment at 12 months. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 637–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moineddin, R., Matheson, F. I., & Glazier, R. H. (2007). A simulation study of sample size for multilevel logistic regression models. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 7, 34 doi:10.1186/1471-2288-7-34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monk, C., Spicer, J., & Champagne, F. (2012). Linking prenatal adversity to developmental outcomes in infants: The role of epigenetic pathways. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 1361–1376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muzik, M., Rosenblum, K. L., Alfafara, E. A., Schuster, M. M., Miller, N. M., Waddell, R. M., & Kohler, E. S. (2015). Mom Power: Preliminary outcomes of a group intervention to improve mental health and parenting among high-risk mothers. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 18, 507–521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Connor, T. G., Monk, C., & Fitelson, E. (2014). Practitioner review: Maternal mood in pregnancy and child development—Implications for child psychology and psychiatry. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 99–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olds, D., Holmberg, J. R., Donelan-McCall, N., Luckey, D. W., Knudtson, M. D., & Robinson, J. (2014). Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses on children: Follow-up of a randomized clinical trial at ages 6 and 9 years. JAMA Pediatrics, 168, 114–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., O'Brien, R., Luckey, D. W., Pettitt, L. M., Henderson, C. R. Jr., … Talmi, A. (2002). Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 110, 486–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olds, D. L., Sadler, L., & Kitzman, H. (2007). Programs for parents of infants and toddlers: Recent evidence from randomized trials. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 355–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ordway, M., Sadler, L. S., Holland, M., Slade, A., Close, N., & Mayes, L. (2018). A home visiting parenting program and child obesity: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 141, e20171076.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ordway, M., Sadler, L., Slade, A., Close, N., Dixon, J., & Mayes, L. C. (2014). Lasting effects of an interdisciplinary home visiting program on child behavior: Preliminary follow-up results of a randomized trial. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 29, 3–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pajulo, M., Pyykkonen, N., Kalland, M., Sinkkonen, J., Helenius, H., Punamaki, R., & Suchman, N. (2012). Substance-abusing mothers in residential treatment with their babies: Importance of pre- and postnatal reflective functioning. Infant Mental Health Journal, 33, 70–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pajulo, M., Tovalnen, M., Karlsson, L., Luyten, P., Mayes, L. C., & Karlsson, H. (2015). The Prenatal Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire: Exploring factor structure and construct validity of a new measure in the Finn Brain Birth Cohort Study. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36, 399–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porges, S. P. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions attachment, communication, and self-regulation. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Powell, B., Cooper, G., Hoffman, K., & Marvin, R. (2013). The circle of security intervention: Enhancing attachment in early parent-child relationships. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for use in the general population. Application of Psychological Measures, 1, 385–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadler, L. S., Novick, G., & Meadows-Oliver, M. (2016). “Having a baby changes everything”: Reflective functioning in pregnant adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 31, S219–S231. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2015.11.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sadler, L. S., Slade, A., Close, N., Webb, D., Simpson, T., Fennie, K., & Mayes, L. C. (2013). Minding the Baby: Improving early health and relationship outcomes in vulnerable young families in an interdisciplinary reflective parenting home visiting program. Infant Mental Health Journal, 34, 391–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schechter, D., Myers, M., Brunelli, S., Coates, S., Zeanah, C., Davies, M., … Liebowitz, M. (2006). Traumatized mothers can change their minds about their toddlers: Understanding how a novel use of videofeedback supports positive change of maternal attributions. Infant Mental Health Journal, 27, 429–447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shai, D., & Belsky, J. (2017). Parental embodied mentalizing: How the nonverbal dance between parents and infants predicts children's socio-emotional functioning. Attachment and Human Development, 19, 191–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shonkoff, J. P. (2012). Leveraging the biology of adversity to address the roots of disparities in health and development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States of America, 109(Suppl. 2), 17302–17307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slade, A. (2002). Keeping the baby in mind: A critical factor in perinatal mental health. Zero to Three, 2002, 10–16.Google Scholar
Slade, A. (2003). The Pregnancy Interview. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Slade, A. (2005). Parental reflective functioning: An introduction. Attachment and Human Development, 7, 269–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slade, A., Aber, J. L., Berger, B., Bresgi, I., & Kaplan, M. (2004). The Parent Development Interview–Revised. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Slade, A., Belsky, J., Aber, J. L., & Phelps, J. (1999). Maternal representations of their relationship with their toddlers: Links to adult attachment and observed mothering. Developmental Psychology, 35, 611–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slade, A., Bernbach, E., Grienenberger, J., Levy, D., & Locker, A. (2005). Manual for scoring reflective functioning on the Parent Development Interview. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Slade, A., Grienenberger, J., Bernbach, E., Levy, D., & Locker, A. (2005). Maternal reflective functioning and attachment: Considering the transmission gap. Attachment and Human Development, 7, 283–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slade, A., & Holmes, J. A. (2013). Attachment theory, Vols. I–VI. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Slade, A., Patterson, M., & Miller, M. (2005). Pregnancy Interview coding manual. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Slade, A., & Sadler, L. S. (2018). Pregnancy and infant mental health. In Zeanah, C. H. (Ed.), Handbook of infant mental health (4th ed., pp. 25–40). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Slade, A., Sadler, L. S., Webb, D., Simpson, T. E., & Close, N. (2018). Minding the Baby® treatment manual. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Slade, A., Simpson, T. E., Webb, D., Albertson, J. G., Close, N., & Sadler, L. S. (2018). Minding the Baby®: Developmental trauma and home visiting. In Steele, H. & Steele, M. (Eds.), Handbook of attachment-based interventions (pp. 151–173). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Sleed, M., Baradon, T., & Fonagy, P. (2013). New beginnings for mothers and babies in prison: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Attachment and Human Development, 15, 349–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sleed, M., Slade, A., & Fonagy, P. (in press). Reflective functioning on the Parent Development Interview: Validity and reliability in relation to socio-demographic factors. Attachment and Human Development.Google Scholar
Smaling, H. J. A., Huijbregts, S. C. J., Suurland, J., van der Heijden, K. G., & Mesman, J., van Goozen, S. H. M., & Swaab, H. (2016). Prenatal reflective functioning and accumulated risk as predictors of maternal interactive behavior during free play, the still face paradigm, and two teaching tasks. Infancy, 21, 766–784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smaling, H. J. A., Huijbregts, S. C. J., Suurland, J., van der Heijden, K. G., van Goozen, S. H. M., & Swaab, H. (2015). Prenatal reflective functioning in primiparous women with a high-risk profile. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36, 251–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solomon, J., & George, C. (1996). Defining the caregiving system: Toward a theory of caregiving. Infant Mental Health Journal, 17, 183–197.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E. A., & Collins, A. (2005). The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Stacks, A. M., Muzik, M., Wong, K., Beeghly, M., Huth-Bocks, A., Irwin, J. L., & Rosenblum, K. (2014). Maternal reflective functioning among mothers with childhood maltreatment histories: Links to sensitive parenting and infant attachment security. Attachment and Human Development, 16, 515–533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steele, H., & Steele, M. (2017). Handbook of attachment-based interventions. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Steele, M., Steele, H., Bonuck, K., Meissner, P., & Murphy, A. (2018). Group attachment-based intervention: A multifamily trauma-informed intervention. In Steele, H. & Steele, M. (Eds.), Handbook of attachment-based interventions (1st ed., pp. 198–219). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Suchman, N., DeCoste, C., Castiglioni, N., McMahon, T., Rounsaville, B., & Mayes, L. (2010). The Mothers and Toddlers Program, an attachment-based parenting intervention for substance using women: Preliminary results from a randomized clinical pilot. Attachment and Human Development, 12, 483–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suchman, N., DeCoste, C., Leigh, D., & Borelli, J. (2010). Reflective functioning in mothers with drug use disorders: Implications for dyadic interactions with infants and toddlers. Attachment and Human Development, 12, 567–585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suchman, N., DeCoste, C. L., McMahon, T. J., Dalton, R., Mayes, L. C., & Borelli, J. L. (2017). Mothering from the Inside Out: Results of a second randomized clinical trial testing a mentalization-based intervention for mothers in addiction treatment. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 617–636. doi:10.1017/S0954579417000220CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suchman, N., DeCoste, C., Rosenberger, P., & McMahon, T. (2012). Attachment-based intervention for substance-using mothers: A preliminary test of the proposed mechanisms of change. Infant Mental Health Journal, 33, 360–371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suchman, N., Ordway, M. R., de las Heras, L., & McMahon, T. (2016). Mothering from the Inside Out: Results of a pilot study testing a mentalization-based therapy for mothers enrolled in mental health services. Attachment and Human Development, 18, 596–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toepfer, P., Heim, C., Entringer, S., Binder, E., Wadhwa, P., & Buss, C. (2017). Oxytocin pathways and the intergenerational transmission of maternal early life stress. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 73, 293–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toth, S. L., Maughan, A., Manly, J. T., Spagnola, M., & Cicchetti, D. (2002). The relative efficacy of two interventions in altering maltreating preschool children's representational models: Implications for attachment theory. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 877–908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toth, S. L., Michl-Petzing, L. C., Guild, D., & Lieberman, A. F. (2018). Child-Parent Psychotherapy: Theoretical bases, clinical applications, and empirical support. In Steele, H. & Steele, M. (Eds.), Handbook of attachment-based interventions (pp. 296–317). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Toth, S. L., Rogosch, F. A., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2006). The efficacy of toddler-parent psychotherapy to reorganize attachment in the young offspring of mothers with severe depressive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1006–1016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Kolk, B. (2014). The body keeps the score. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Weatherston, D., & Barron, C. (2009). What does a reflective supervisory relationship look like? In Heller, S. & Gilkerson, L. (Eds.), A practical guide to reflective supervision. Washington, DC: Zero to Three Press.Google Scholar
Zeanah, C. Z. (2018). Handbook of infant mental health (4th ed.). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar