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Using an adoption design to test genetically based differences in risk for child behavior problems in response to home environmental influences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2020

Robyn A. Cree Open the ORCID record for Robyn A. Cree [Opens in a new window] ,
Chang Liu ,
Ralitza Gueorguieva ,
Jenae M. Neiderhiser ,
Leslie D. Leve ,
Christian M. Connell ,
Daniel S. Shaw ,
Misaki N. Natsuaki Open the ORCID record for Misaki N. Natsuaki [Opens in a new window] ,
Jody M. Ganiban  and
Charles Beekman
...Show all authors
Robyn A. Cree*
Affiliation:
Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
Chang Liu
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The George Washington University,Washington, DC, USA
Ralitza Gueorguieva
Affiliation:
Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
Jenae M. Neiderhiser
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
Leslie D. Leve
Affiliation:
Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
Christian M. Connell
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
Daniel S. Shaw
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Misaki N. Natsuaki
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
Jody M. Ganiban
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The George Washington University,Washington, DC, USA
Charles Beekman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Megan V. Smith
Affiliation:
Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
David Reiss
Affiliation:
Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Robyn Cree, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT06511, USA. Email: robyncree@gmail.com.
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Abstract

Differential susceptibility theory (DST) posits that individuals differ in their developmental plasticity: some children are highly responsive to both environmental adversity and support, while others are less affected. According to this theory, “plasticity” genes that confer risk for psychopathology in adverse environments may promote superior functioning in supportive environments. We tested DST using a broad measure of child genetic liability (based on birth parent psychopathology), adoptive home environmental variables (e.g., marital warmth, parenting stress, and internalizing symptoms), and measures of child externalizing problems (n = 337) and social competence (n = 330) in 54-month-old adopted children from the Early Growth and Development Study. This adoption design is useful for examining DST because children are placed at birth or shortly thereafter with nongenetically related adoptive parents, naturally disentangling heritable and postnatal environmental effects. We conducted a series of multivariable regression analyses that included Gene × Environment interaction terms and found little evidence of DST; rather, interactions varied depending on the environmental factor of interest, in both significance and shape. Our mixed findings suggest further investigation of DST is warranted before tailoring screening and intervention recommendations to children based on their genetic liability or “sensitivity.”

Keywords

adoption designdifferential susceptibilityexternalizingpsychopathology factorsocial competence
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 33 , Issue 4 , October 2021 , pp. 1229 - 1247
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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