Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-rkxrd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-17T11:47:36.813Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Significance of the Word of God for Calvin

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

John T. McNeill
Affiliation:
East Middlebury, Vermont

Extract

In the Reformation the phrase “The Word of God” was mighty and prevailed. It was pronounced with assurance and heard with acceptance. To use it was to invoke in one's behalf a divine utterance of incontestible authority, that was documented of old in the canonical scriptures but now freshly reverenced and understood after long centuries of disregard. The Reformation was, or at any rate aimed to be, a reform of the visible church by applying to it the superior authority of the Word of God, so that the Word may be said to be the panoply of the Reformation, its all-sufficient armor and resource. This appears from Luther's early writings through Calvin's whole work, and that of Protestant writers to a much later era, and is a familiar note in our day.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1959

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Supra ecclesiam.” Luther, , Babyioni an Captivity of the Church, section on Ordination: Werke, W. A. VI, 560Google Scholar; Works of Martin Luther, Philadelphia edition II, 273Google Scholar.

2. Disputation of Ilanz, Theses presented by Comander, Jan. 7, 1526; and the Ten Theses of Bern, prepared by Berthold Haller, Franz Kolb and Huldreich Zwingli and presented Jan. 7, 1528.

3. On Christian Liberty. Werke, W. A. VII, 54Google Scholar; Luther's Works, American Edition, XXI, 346.Google Scholar

4. Institutes I, xiii, 7.

5. Commentary on John 1:3.

6. The prevailing application of Verbum Dei in the Church Fathers is to the second Person of the Trinity as in John 1. The use of the expression for Holy Scripture is easily traceable, however. See Melanchton, De ecclesia et de auotoritate verbi Dei (1539) in Stupperich, R., Melanchthons Werke in Auswahl I (Gütersloh, 1951), 238Google Scholar; Harnack, A., History of Dogma, tr. Millar, J., V (London, 1898), 155fGoogle Scholar. Cf. Bede, the Venerable, , Ecclesiastical History of the English People, III, vGoogle Scholar: “enutriti verbo Dei”—nourished on God's word. Loeb, Classical Library, Bede I, 350Google Scholar; Library of Christian Classics IX, 408. Wyclif's use of the expression in this sense is habitual. Frequently a double reference, to Christ and Scripture, appears to be implied. This is probably the case where Augustine describes a sacrament as visebile verbum”: Discourses on John's Gospel lxxx, 3Google Scholar: “Accedit verbum ad elementum et fit sacramentum, etiam ipsum tamquam visibile verbum.” MPL 35, 1840Google Scholar. (with reference to Rom. 10:10).

7. In scripturis sanctis, quibus continentur.” Geneva Catechism, 1545Google Scholar, Corpus Reformatorum, Calvin, VI, 1101Google Scholar; tr. Reid, J. K. S., Library of Christian Classics XXII (Philadelphia, 1954), p. 130Google Scholar.

8. Institutes I, vii, 4, 5Google Scholar; I, viii, 13.

9. Van Dusen, H. P., Spirit, Son and Father. (New York, 1958), p. 49Google Scholar.

10. Institutes I, ix.Google Scholar

11. Ibid., sections 3, 4.

12. Luther, , Werke, ed. Walch, XIV, 149Google Scholar. For an alternate translation see Woolf, B. L., Reformation Writings of Martin Luther (London 1956), p. 307Google Scholar.

13. Commentary on Gal. 4:22–26. Cf. his letter to Lelio Socino (1552): “I have always had a horror of paradoxes and tricks of argument (argutiae) do not please me at all. But nothing will ever prevent me from simply professing that which I have learned from the Word of God.” (C. R. XIV, 330)Google Scholar. The words “I abhor paradoxes” occur also in his tract, The Council of Trent with the Antidote” (Corpus Reformatorum, Calvin, VII, 474Google Scholar; tr. Beveridge, , Tracts III, 149)Google Scholar.

14. Institutes II, xi, 12.Google Scholar

15. II, x, 23.

16. I, vi, 2.

17. II, xi, 1–12.

18. Institutes II, xi, 1112.Google Scholar

19. Fuhrmann, P. T., “Calvin the Expositor of Scripture,” Interpretation VI (1952,) 193.Google Scholar

20. Institutes II, x, 2022.Google Scholar

21. Commentary on Isaiah, Is. 25:9. See also Commentary on II Cor. 3:14, 16, 17; and Commentary on I Peter, 1:10, 11.

22. Institutes III, xvii, 12Google Scholar.

23. Institutes I, xiii, 1Google Scholar. Cf. I, xvii, 12, 13.

24. Cf. Institutes IV, viii, 7Google Scholar and Commentary on I Pet. 1:25 (“revelationis fines”).

25. Commentary on Gen. 1:16.

26. Aquinas, , Summa Theologica I, qu. lxviii, art. 3.Google Scholar

27. Institutes I, vi, 1.Google Scholar

28. Calvini Opera Selecta. ed. P. Barth and W. Niesel, I (Munich, 1926), 414Google Scholar f; tr. Fuhrmann, P. T., Calvin, Instruction in Faith (Philadelphia, 1949), p. 73Google Scholar.

29. Commentary on Micah 4:1.

30. E.g. Commentary on Eph. 1:10.

31. See for example, Commentary on Hos. 5:2; Amos 6:13; Haggai 1:13.

32. Gregory the Great, Moralia (Praefatio), Migne, , P.L. 75, 517.Google Scholar

33. Institntes i, vi, 2.Google Scholar

34. Dowey, E. A., The Knowledge of God in Calvin's Theology (New York, 1952), p. 91.Google Scholar

35. Cf. Doumergue's remark on another passage: “Ce que le Saint Esprit a dicté, c'est une doctrine.” (Doumergue, E., Jean Calvin, IV, 78,Google Scholar) and Reid, J. K. S., The Authority of Scripture (London, 1957), p. 44Google Scholar. On p. 54 Dr. Reid has a list of titles on Calvin's view of inspiration. I am not supplying a bibliography here, but most of the works that have provided materials for this paper (apart from Calvin's own which have been chiefly used) are there mentioned by Reid.

36. Institutes III, vii, 3Google Scholar. Cf. III, xxv, 7: “hoc dictat aperta ratio.”

37. Institutes I, v, 3.Google Scholar

38. Institutes II, xvii, 1.Google Scholar

39. Goumaz, L., La doctrine du salut d'après les commentaires de Jean Calvin sur le Nouveau Testament (Paris, 1917), p. 112.Google Scholar

40. Dowey, op. cit., pp. 92f.

41. Institutes IV, xvii, 20.Google Scholar

42. Institutes I, vii, 5.Google Scholar

43. Corpus Reformatorum, Calvin XXXIX, 705.Google Scholar

44. Commentary on II Peter, “Argument.”

45. Commentary on Rom. 5:15.