1. Turner, Frederick Jackson, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1920)Google Scholar, passim.

2. Paxson, Frederic L., The History of the American Frontier, 1763–1893 (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1924)Google Scholar, passim.

3. Hansen, Marcus Lee, The Immigrant in American History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1940)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, see especially pp. 136, 137. He also pointed out in “The Problem of the Third Generation Immigrant,” Augustana Historical Publications (Unnumbered volume; Rock Island, Ill.: Augustana Historical Society, 1938), p. 19Google Scholar, that historians have ignored “the hundreds of immigrant communities in America that formed the human connecting link between the old world and the new,” and the millions of personal contacts between the two continents.

4. Hansen, , The Immigrant in American History, pp. 203–205 and p. 217.Google Scholar

5. Ibid., p. 66.

6. Ibid., p. 67.

7. Nothstein, I. O., editor, Selected Documents Dealing with the Organization of the First Congregations and the First Conferences of the Augustana Synod and their Growth Until 1860 (Augustana Historical Society Publicans, Vol. X; Rock Island, Ill.: Augustana Historical Society, 1944), I, 95–97.Google Scholar [Hereafter cited as Augustana Synod Selected Documents, I].

8. Ibid., p. 96.

9. Walther to Lochner, 22 September 1946, Fuerbringer, Ludwig, editor, Briefe von C. F. W. Walther an seine Freunde, Synodalgenossen und Familienglieder (St. Louis: Coneordia Publishing House, 1915), I, 31.Google Scholar F. Lochner, Walther's brother-in-law, had received a call to Edwardsville, Ill. Waither advised him to accept it. He wrote: “Ich bin der festen überzeugung (sic), Gott hat an diesem Platz für Dich einen Wirkungskreis bestimmit, wie ich denn überhaupt glaube, dass wir uns alle nach und nach mehr nach dem Westen hin wenden und hier konzentrieren müssen. Die Gemeinden im Osten sind ein verpfuchtes Drechslerholz, besser und hoffnungsvoller ist auf jeden Fall das rohe, noch völling unbearbeitete Buschholz des Westens.” [Hereafter cited as Walters Briefe].

10. Der Lutheraner, I (1 09 1844),1.Google Scholar

11. Quoted by Chr. Anderson in Ylvisaker, S. C., editor, Grace for Grace: Brief History of the Norwegian Synod (Mankato, Minnesota: Lutheran Synod Book Co., 1943), p. 51.Google Scholar

12. General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America; Second Convention, Pittsburgh, Penna., November 12 to 18, A. D. 1863 (Pittsburgh: Bakewell & Marthens, 1868), p. 15Google Scholar; see pp. 14–18 for the entire report. “The fact, that within the past six months upward of 50,000 persons have emigrated to the North West from the Lutheran kingdoms of Sweden and Norway alone, bringing with them but two or three ministers, indicates, indeed, the greatness of the incoming emigration, but is silent concerning the tens of thousands of Scandinavians already in the West, who are literally as sheep without a shepherd. “The immigration from the various countries of Germany, which, for the last quarter of a century, has been spreading itself principally over the Northern and Middle States, is so vast in its proportions, and so important in nil its relations to the future of our country and our common Protestantism, that its wide-spread and appalling destitution makes the heart sick, as we think of the melancholy inadequacy of all existing means to supply its needs!” Pp. 15, 16.

13. Wyneken, Fr., Die Noth der deutschen Lutheraner in Nordamerika, Ihren Glaubensgenossen in der Heimath an's Herz gelegt (First American edition; Pittsburg [sic]: Druckerei der lutherischen Kirchenzeitung, 1844) pp. 1–32.Google Scholar [Hereafter cited as Wyneken, Notruf].

14. “Report of the Executive Committee of the Missionary Society of the Synod of Pennsylvania, containing brother Wyneken's Report,” Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, XX (10, 1947), 124–135Google Scholar; the quotation is from p. 134. This “Report” was reprinted from the [English] Minutes of the German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Pennsylvania, held in Allentown, in Trinity Week, in the Year of Our Lord, 1839 (Easton, Pa.: Abr. H. Senseman, 1839)Google Scholar to which was appended the “Proceedings of the Missionary Society of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Pennsylvania, 1839,” pp. 5–14.

15. “Synodalrede,” Sechster Synodal Bericht der deutschen evang.-luther ischen Synode von Missouri, Ohio und asderen Staaten vom Jahre 1852 (St. Louis: Druck der M. Niednerschen Buehdruckerei, n. d. [1852Google Scholar,] p. 6 Chr. Hoehstettler, , Die Geschichte der Evangelisch - lutherisohen Missouri-Synode in Nord-Amerika und ihrer Lehrkämpfe von der sächsischen Auswanderung im Jahre 1838 an bis zum Jahre 1884 (Dresden: Verlag von Heinrich J. Naumann, 1885), p. 91Google Scholar, calls Wyneken “der Vater der deutschamerikanischen Mission.”

16. Craemer, A., “Aufruf an allen Glieder unserer Synode, sich den immer noch so fühlbaren Mangel derselben an Predigern und Sehullehrer recht zu Herzen dringen zu lassen,” Der Lutheraner, X (14 02 1854), 101.Google Scholar

17. Verhandlungen der Zweiten Sitzungen des westlichen Distrikts der Deutsohen Evang-Luth. Synode von Missouri, Ohio und andern Staaten, im Jahre 1856 (St. Louis: Druckerei der evangluth. Synode von Missouri, Ohio u. a. St., n. d. [1856], p. 7.Google Scholar

18. Sweet, William Warren, Religion on the American Frontier: The Congregationalists (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935), III, 266.Google Scholar

19. Ibid., p. 392. See Rohne, J. Magnus, Norwegian American Lutheranism up to 1872 (New York: Macmillan Co., 1926), pp. 34–41.Google Scholar

20. Autobiography of Peter Cartwright (Centennial edition; New York and Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1956), p. 297.Google Scholar

21. Hansen, , The Immigrant in American History, pp. 136–137.Google Scholar

22. Walther to Brunn Spring, 1866, Waithers Briefe, II, 36Google Scholar: “Dean so laut das Schreien nach Predigern allenthalben ist, so grosse Schwierigkeiten hat es doch in der Regel, wenn dem Rufe gefolgt wird, das die Leute dem Worte Gottes auch wirklich gehorsam werden. Man will eben nicht in das Heidentum zurücksinken, aber entsetzt sich, wenn man nach Ankunft eines rechten Predigers sieht, was der miter christlichen Gemeindewesen versteht. Dazu kommt, dass, wo em Prediger rechten Glaubens sein Werk beginnt, alsobald die Sektierer wie Raubbienen ihre Erscheinung machen, mid sogleich den mit Mühe unter Seufzen und Trhnen eingetragenen Honig zu rauben.”

23. Hasselquist to the Executive Committee of the American Home Missionary Society, Galesburg, Ill., 14 June 1854, Augustana Historical Society Publications (Rock Island, Ill.: Augustana Historical Society, 1935), V, 76.Google Scholar

24. Wolf, Edmund J., Die Lutheraner in Amerika: Eine Geschichte ihres Kampfes Fortschritts, Einflusses und ihres.Staunenswerten Wachstums, translated by Nicum, Joh. (New York: J. A. Hill & Co., 1891), pp. 517, 518.Google Scholar

25. Treasury Department, Bureau of Statistics, Tables Showing Arrivals of Alien Passengers and Imlnigrants in the United States from 1820 to 1888 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1889), Table No. 1, pp. 12, 20, 24, 28.Google ScholarHansen, Marcus Lee, “German Schemes of Colonization before 1860,” Smith College Studies in History, IX (10, 1923, and 01, 1924), 51Google Scholar, cited the number of emigrants from Germany with reference to Duval's Histoire de l'Emigration, p. 52.

26. Bromwell, William J., History of Immigration to the United States…, (New York: Redfield, 1856), pp. 16, 17.Google Scholar

27. Ibid., p. 177.

28. Rohne, op. cit., p. 181.

29. Qualey, Carlton C., Norwegian Settlements in the United States (North-field, Minnesota: Norwegian-American Historical Association, 1938), pp. 4–7.Google Scholar

30. Hutchinson, E. P., Immigrants and Their Children, 1850–1950 (Census Monograph Series for the Social Science Research Council in cooperation with the U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census; New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ine., 1956), p.2.Google Scholar

31. Aughey, Samuel, “Course and Character of Emigration, and What Per Cent is Available to the Lutheran Church,” The Quarterly Review of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, III (07, 1878), 328–387.Google Scholar This essay was an address delivered before the Home Missionary Convention of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church at Omaha, Nebraska, 15 May 1878.

32. Ibid., pp. 387f.

33. Ibid., p. 390 [390–392].

34. Ibid., p. 291 [sic, should be 391]: “Still more churches have been organized by the Missouri Synod [than by the General Synod], most of whose ministers, that I have met, are labormg with great zeal and self denial to gather the scattered members of the fold. And I admit that I greatly prefer that the German Lutherans should be gathered into congregations by the Missourians, rather than see them lost to the church.”

35. Esbjörn, L. P. to A. H. M. S. R., 23 02 1855, Augustana Synod Selected Documents, I, 25.Google Scholar

36. Bergendoff, Conrad, editor, “Reports to the American Home Missionary Society, 1849–1856,” Augustana Historical Society Publications (Rock Island, Ill.: Augustana Historical Society, 1935), V, 35–36.Google Scholar

37. Ibid., pp. 56–84. See also Ander, Oscar F., T. N. Hasselguist: The Career and Influence of a Swedish-American Clergyman, Journalist and Educator (Augustana Library Publications, No. 14; Rock Island, Ill.: Augustana Library Publications, 1931), pp. 24–27.Google Scholar

38. Bergh, J. A., Den norsk lutherske Kirkes Historic i Amerika (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1914), pp. 15ff;Google Scholar Rohae, op. cit., pp. 42ff; Haiversen, H., editor, Festskrift til Den Norske Synodes Jubiläum,1853–1908 (Decorah, Iowa: Den norske Synodes Forlag, 1903), pp. 5–66Google Scholar; Chr. Anderson, “Historical Sketch of the Beginnings, Growth and Development of the Norwegian Synod,” in Ylvisaker (editor), op. cit., pp. 9–53. Biographical sketches of some of the early leaders are found in Lillegard, George C., editor, Faith of Our Fathers (Mankato, Minnesota: Lutheran Synod Book Co., 1953), pp. 9–35.Google Scholar

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40. Rohne, op. cit., p. 181.

41. Translation in Lillegard, “The Doctrinal Controversies of the Norwegian Synod,” in Ylvisaker, op. cit., p. 139. Another translation is given by Rohne, op. cit., p. 178. These have been compared with the Norwegian text in Kirkelig Maanedstidende, VII (08, 1862), 228.Google Scholar

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43. Ibid., p. 91.

44. Ibid., p. 111.

45. Zweiter Synodalbericht der Deutschen Evangelisch-Lutherischen Synode von Missouri, Ohio und andern Staaten vom Jahre 1848 (St. Louis: Gedruekt bei Arthur Olshausen, 1848), p. 24.Google Scholar See also Suelflow, August R., The Heart of Missouri (St. Louis: Coneordia Publishing House, 1954), p. 37.Google Scholar

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47. Ibid., p. 36.

48. Ereter Synodal-Bericht der deutsehen Ev.-Luth. Synode von Missouri, Ohio u. a. Staaten vom Jahre 1847 (Second edition; St. Louis: Druckerej der Synode von Missouri, Ohio und andern Staaten, 1876), pp. 18–20.Google Scholar

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50. Ibid., pp. 24, 25.

51. See e.g., Hoehstetter, op. cit., pp. 27–51.

52. Der Hirtenbrief des Herrn Pastors Grabau zu Buffalo vom Jahre 1840: Nebst den zwischen ihm und meherer lutherischen Pastoren von Missouri gewechselten Schriften (New York: H. Ludwig & Co., 1849).Google Scholar

53. Published in Erlangen by A. Deichert.

54. Hebart, Siegfried, Wilhelm Loehes Lehre von der Kirche, ihrern Amt und Regiment: Em Beitrag zur Geschichte der Theologie im 19. Jahrhundert (Neuendettelsau: Greimund - Verlag, 1939)Google Scholar, has the best treatment on Loehe's doctrine of the church.

55. Deindörfer, Johannes, Geschichte der Evangel.-Luth. Synode von Iowa und anderen Staaten (Chicago: Wartburg Publishing House, 1897), pp. 3–48.Google Scholar

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59. Ibid., pp. 47–86.

60. Ibid., pp. 86–115. Wilhelm Sihler had a series of articles on the question “Wie werden wahrhaft lutherisehe Gemeinden gegründet und erzogen?” Lehre und Wehre, I (06, 1855), 161–176Google Scholar; I (September, 1855), 257–266; I (November, 1855), 326–336; II (November, 1856), 330–336; III (February, 1857), 33–42: III (June, 1857), 170–180; III (August, 1857), 225–237; IV (January, 1858), 6–9; IV (February, 1858), 54–57; VI (March, 1858), 82–89; IV (April, 1858), 110–113. In this series he stressed four points: 1) the pure preaching of the Word according to law and gospel; 2) the cure of souls, the pastoral concern for the individual, teaching the ignorant, correcting the erring, reproving the sinners, and comforting the bereaved; 3) the practice of church discipline; and 4) proper church polity, one which avoided Priesterherrschaft and also Volksherrschaft, with the congregation functioning in calling pastors and teachers, regulating the order of services, founding and maintaining schools, exercising church discipline, granting no special privileges to any social class, and having God's Word and the Lutheran confessions as their guide. Mundinger, Carl S., Government in the Missouri Synod: The Genesis of Decentralized Government in the Missouri Synod (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1947)Google Scholar is an extremely valuable study that deserves to be much more widely known.

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78. Ylvisaker, op. cit., pp. 69–74; Bergh, op. cit., pp. 138–145; Meyer, Carl S., “Intersynodical Unity Fostered through Cooperation in Education (1859–1874),” Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, XXIX (Summer, 1956), 50–56Google Scholar; Larsen, op. cit., pp. 97–166.

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96. “The Southern Address,” in Maurice W. Armstrong, Lefferts A. Loetscher, and Chester A. Anderson, editors, The Presbyterian Enterprise: Sources of American Presbyterian History (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1956), pp. 212–218.Google Scholar

97. A. Schmitt in Baltimore under date of April 1863 issued a 34-page pamphlet without title page with the heading Die Sclaverei im Lichte der heiligen Schrift betrachtet, written by Wilhelm Shier. As a footnote to the article the author states that self- evidently the discussion is not concerned with the political aspects of the question. This is a reprint of the series which appeared under the same title in Der Lutheraner, XIX (1 02 1863), 89–93Google Scholar; XIX (15 February 1863), 97–101; XIX (1 March 1863), 106–107; XIX (15 March 1863), 113–115. See also [Walther, C. F. W.], “Vorwort,” Lehre und Wehre, IX (02 1863), 33–46.Google Scholar Walther endorsed the article by K. B[rauer], “Die Sclaverei und die Bibel,” Ibid. (August, 1856), 225–233. Some of the old Lutheran teachers were cited in shorter articles in Lehre und Wehre: “Melanchthon und Luther ueber die Sclaverei,” Ibid., II (11, 1856), 352; “Der Hengstenberg über die Sclavenfrage,” Ibid., VIII (04, 1862), 105–110; “Die alten lutherischen Lehrer über Sclaverei,” Ibid., IX (03, 1863), 79–83; IX (April, 1863), 118–120; IX (May, 1863), 142–147. Then there is an article with the heading “Eine neuerer lutherischer Theolog [Harless] über Sclaverei,” Ibid., IX (June, 1863), 186, 187. There is also an echo of a controversy in an article signed by “Ein Glied der ist?” Ibid., X (February, 1864), 53–58.

98. Lillegard, “The Controversy Regarding Slavery,” in Ylvisaker, op. cit., pp. 148–155; Bergh, op. cit., pp. 146–172; Rohne, op. cit., pp. 202–222.

99. Abell, Aaron I., The Urban Impact on American Protestantism (Harvard Historical Studies, Vol. LIV; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1943), pp. 41, 42.Google Scholar

100. A comprehensive monograph on Protestant churches' aid for newly arrived immigrants is lacking; the efforts of the various Lutheran Synods, too, need further study.

101. Nicum, J., Geschichte des Evangelisch-Lutherischen Ministeriums von Staate New York und angrenzenden Staaten und Ländern (New York: Verlag des New York-Ministeriums, 1888), p. 361.Google Scholar

102. Vierter Synodal-Bericht der deutschen Ev.-Luth. Synode von Missouri, Ohio u. a. Staaten, vom Jahre 1850 (Zweite Auflage; St. Louis: Druckerei der Synode von Missouri, Ohio und anderu Staaten, 1876), p. 132.Google Scholar

103. Fünfter Synodal-Bericht der deutschen Ev.-Luth. Synode von Missouri, Ohio u. a. Staaten vom Jahre 1851 (Zwejte Auflage; St. Louis: Druckerei der Synode von Missouri, Ohio und andern Staaten, 1876), p. 173.Google Scholar

104. Sechster Synodal-Bericht der deutschen Ev.-Luth. Synode von Missouri, Ohio u. a. Staaten vom Jahre 1852 (Zweite Auflage; St. Louis: Druckerei der Synode von Missouri, Ohio und andern Staaten, 1876), p. 218.Google Scholar

105. Siebenter Synodal-Bericht der deutschen. Ev.-Luth. Synode von Missouri, Ohio u. a. Staaten. vom Jahre 1853 (Zweite Auflage; St. Louis: Druckerei der Synode von Missouri, Ohio und andern Staaten, 1876), p. 268.Google Scholar

106. Nicum, op. cit., pp. 266–268.

107. “Auszug der wichstigen Verhandlungen und Beschlüsse aus den Protokollen des Ministeriums,” Ibid., p. 447.

108. Ibid., p. 449.

109. Zwölfter und Dreizehnter SynodalBericht der Allgemeinen Deutschen Evang.-Luth. Synode von Missouri, Ohio u. a. Staaten vom Jahre 1864 u. 1866 (St. Louis: Druck. von Aug. Wiebusch u. Sohn, 1867), p. 90.Google Scholar

110. Foehlinger, F. W., “Emigration-Mission,” Der Lutheraner, XXIV (1 12 1867), 50Google Scholar; see pp. 49–52 for the entire article.

111. Ibid., p. 51.

112. Verhandlungen der Zwölften Jahresversammlung des Oestlichen Distriktes der Deutschen Ev.-Lutherischen Synode von Missouri, Ohio u. a. Staaten, im Jahre 1867 (New York [sic]: Gedruckt bei H. Ludwig, 1867), pp. 29, 30.Google Scholar

113. Among the Keyl papers in the Concordia Historical Institute, St. Louis, is a printed four-page song-folder used at the marriage on 29 October 1862, passports issued to Keyl, his naturalization papers, letters, and clippings of various obituaries of him. An 88-page biography was written by Roesener, Paul, Unser erster Emigrantenmissionar, Pastor Stephanus Keyl, geboren den 27. Juni 1838, gestorben den 15. Dez. 1905 (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1908).Google Scholar See also the biography by his son, , Keyl, Theo. S., “The Life and Activities of Pastor Stephanus Keyl, The First Immigrant Missionary of the Missouri Synod, June 27, 1838-December 15, 1905,” Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, XXII (07, 1949), 65–77.Google Scholar

114. Viersehnter Synodal-Bericht der Allgemeinen Deutschen Evang.-Luth. Synode von Missouri, Ohio u. a. Staaten, abgehalten zu Fort Wayne, Ind., im Jahre 1869 (St. Louis: Druckerei der Synode von Missouri, Ohio, u. a. Staaten, 1869), pp. 35, 102, 109.Google Scholar

115. Roesener, op. cit., p. 56. A Pilger-Haus had been established in Saginaw City, Michigan, already in 1853 by the Bavarians who had settled there. Fritschel, , Quellen, pp. 106, 107.Google Scholar

116. Roesener, op. cit., p. 55.

117. Verhandlungen der fünfzehnten Jahresversammlung des Oestlichen Districts der deutsehen Evang.-Luth. Synode von Missouri, Ohio u. a. Staaten, im Jahre 1870 gehalten zu Baltimore, Md. (St. Louis: Druckerei der Synode von Missouri, Ohio und anderen Staaten, 1870), p. 70Google Scholar; Verhandlungen der sechzehnten Jahresversammlung des Oestlichen Districts der Deutschen Evang.-Luth. Synode von Missouri, Ohio u. a. Staaten, im Jahre 1871 gehalten zu Buffalo, N. Y. (St. Louis: Druckerei der Synode von Missouri, Ohio und anderen Staaten, 1871), p. 80.Google ScholarFünfzehnter Synodal-Bericht der Allgemeinen Deutschen Evang-Luth. Synode von Missouri, Ohio und anderen Staaten, 1872), pp. 103–104.Google Scholar

118. General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. First Convention, Fort Wayne, Indiana, November 20 to 26 A. D. 1867 (Pittsburg: Bakewell & Martens, 1867), p. 32.Google ScholarOchsenford, S. E., Documentary History of the General Council of the Evangelical Lntheran Church in North America (Philadelphia: General Council Publication House, 1912), p. 153Google Scholaret passim.

119. General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Third Convention, Chicago, Ill., November 4 to 10. A. D. 1869 (Pittsburg: Bakewell & Martens, 1869), p. 26.Google Scholar

120. Aligemeine Versammlung der Evangeli-sch-Lutherischen Kirche in Amerika. Vierte Convention, gehalten vu Lancaster, Ohio. vom 3. bis 9. November 1870 (Philadelphia: G. P. Lippe, 1871), pp. 15–20, 38, 41.Google Scholar

121. Allgemeine Versammlung der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche in Amerika. Fünfte Convention gehalten zu Rochester, N. Y., vom 2. bis 9. November 1871 (Philadelphia: G. P. Lippe, 1872), p. 48.Google Scholar Nicum, op. cit., pp. 361–366, told about “Das deutsche Emigrantenhaus.”

122. Lewenhaupt, A., “An Official Report on Norwegian and Swedish Immigration 1870,” Norwegian - American Studies and Records (Northfield, Minn.: Norwegian-American Historical Association, 1943), XIII, 46–65;Google Scholar the quotation is from p. 49.

123. “Treuherzig Winke und allgemeins Rathschläge für deutsche Einwanderer, Von einem alten Settler,” no place of publication, publisher, or date of publication given. The name and address of Rev. S. Keyl is on the last page. A copy of this 8-page pamphlet is in the Keyl papers of the Coacordia Historical Institute, St. Louis. The quotation is here on p. 4.

124. Ibid., p. 8.