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³ Inglehart, Ronald, The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977).Google Scholar

⁴ For a detailed discussion of these hypotheses, see Rothman, Stanley and Lichter, S. Robert, ‘Alienation and Authoritarianism in Advanced Capitalist Society’, Society/Transaction, (05/06 1982), 18–24Google Scholar, and ‘Ideology, Authoritarianism and Mental Health’, Political Psychology (12 1984, forthcoming).Google Scholar See also Rothman, Stanley and Lichter, S. Robert, ‘The Nuclear Energy Debate: Scientists, the Media and the Public’, Public Opinion (09/10 1982), 47–52Google Scholar; Rothman, Stanley, ‘The Mass Media in Post Industrial Society’, in Lipset, S. M., America as a Post-Industrial Society (Standford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1979), pp. 346–88.Google Scholar

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⁷ Kernberg, , Borderline Conditions and Pathological NarcissismGoogle Scholar; Meissner, , The Paranoid Process.Google Scholar

⁸ For a more detailed discussion see Rothman, and Lichter, , ‘Alienation and Authoritarianism in Advanced Capitalist Society’Google Scholar, and Rothman, Stanley and Lichter, S. Robert, ‘Media and Business Elites: Two Classes in Conflict?’, The Public Interest (Fall, 1982), pp. 117–25.Google Scholar

⁹ Weiss, Carol H., ‘What American Leaders Read’, Public Opinion Quarterly, XXXVIII (1974), 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰ We can identify the media outlets sampled because personnel were interviewed as individuals. We approached the business firms as organizations, however, and a requirement for their co-operation in each case was a promise of anonymity. Our statements about the nature of our sample and our response rate can be verified by Response Analysis, the independent survey research organization which conducted the interviews for us.

¹¹ Rothman, , ‘The Mass Media in Post-Industrial Society’.Google Scholar

¹² For more detailed discussions see Rothman, and Lichter, , ‘Media and Business Elites’.Google Scholar

¹³ Lipset, , ‘Why no socialism in the United States?’Google Scholar

¹⁴ This is especially true on ‘new morality issues’ For example, 85 per cent of the general public regard adultery as wrong, and 75 per cent regard homosexuality as wrong. Incidentally, only 7 per cent of the general population list no religious affiliation, and only 22 per cent classify themselves as liberals. (National Opinion Research Center, February/March, 1983; National Opinion Research Center, February/April, 1983; National Opinion Research Center, February/April, 1982).

¹⁵ Bell, , The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Atkinson, John W., ed., Motives in Fantasy, Action and Society (New York: Van Nostrand, 1958)Google Scholar; Winter, David, The Power Motive (New York: Free Press, 1973).Google Scholar

¹⁷ Winter, , The Power MotiveGoogle Scholar; Winter, D. G. and Stewart, A. J. in London, H. and Exner, J., eds, Dimensions of Personality (New York: Wiley, 1978).Google Scholar

¹⁸ Cole, J., ‘Narcissistic Character Traits in Left Activists’ (unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1979).Google Scholar

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²⁰ To further check on our findings, we asked Dr Cole to develop a blind clinical analysis of a random sample of sixty sets of TAT pictures drawn equally from journalists and business men. Her clinical assessments confirmed the results of the more formal scoring systems. She found a range of personality types in both groups. However, the media sample contained a relatively large number of highly narcissistic individuals. On the other hand, while the business group also included some narcissistic types, business men were more likely to be characterized by anal obsessiveness. We intend to publish a detailed discussion of her findings in the near future.

²¹ We are barely touching on a wide range of issues about which there is considerable disagreement among students of the press. Although we recognize that other factors play a role (competition for mass audiences, the structure of television, etc.) we do believe that the journalists' paradigms also affect news coverage.

²² Rothman, and Lichter, , ‘The Nuclear Energy Debate’.Google Scholar

²³ Most studies of ‘bias’ in the national media concentrate on elections where, because the situation is well structured, we think it least likely to be manifest. Our strategy is to study a series of more ‘ambiguous’ social and political issues over a ten-year time-period.

²⁴ We attempted to write stories which presented both positions. We may not always have succeeded. For example, some of our colleagues have suggested that this story has an anti-affirmative action slant because an abstract position is contrasted with personal experience. Others have suggested that the slant is pro-affirmative action because a general position is contrasted with a statement based on individual self-interest. However, it really does not matter. If the story does contain a slant the only effect would be to reduce the chance of our finding differences in the summaries.

²⁵ The coding system bears no resemblance to any of those used for scoring motivational patterns. A copy of the codebooks is available upon request and will be placed on file with our other materials at the Roper Public Opinion Center at the University of Connecticut once the study is complete.

²⁶ We recognize the inadequacy of these catch-all terms in dealing with such diverse issues as affirmative action, income distribution and attitudes toward business or authority figures. Nevertheless, they are popularly identified as such, and responses to our social attitude items clearly indicate that media and business elites differ significantly on all these dimensions. Therefore we feel justified in combining their perceptions in these diverse areas into an overall scale measuring social perspective.

²⁷ Paletz, D. L. et al. , ‘Interest Groups and the Media: A Study of Common Cause’ (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, 11 1977, New Orleans, Louisiana).Google Scholar

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³² The problem of measuring the effect of the media is an extremely complex one. Here again, most efforts in this area have necessarily concentrated on short-term impacts, where measurable effects are less likely to be found. For a general review of the literature on both issues as of 1978, see Rothman, , ‘The Mass Media in Post-Industrial Society’Google Scholar For some new and imaginative attempts to measure the influence of the mass media see Noelle-Neumann, Elizabeth ‘Return to the Concept of a Powerful Mass Media’, Studies of Broadcasting (03, 1973), pp. 67–112Google Scholar, Radio and TV Culture Research Institute, Japan, Nippon Hoso Kyokai. Also Noelle-Neumann, Elizabeth et al. , Communications in the Community (Paris: Unesco, 1981).Google Scholar

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