Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T05:51:22.027Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Soyabean fortification and enrichment of regular and quality protein maize tortillas affects brain development and maze performance of rats

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2007

Carlos Amaya-Guerra ,
Sergio O. Serna Saldívar  and
Maria Guadalupe Alanis-Guzman
Carlos Amaya-Guerra
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av, Pedro de Alba s/n, Cd., Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
Sergio O. Serna Saldívar*
Affiliation:
2Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, ITESM-Campus Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
Maria Guadalupe Alanis-Guzman
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av, Pedro de Alba s/n, Cd., Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
*
*Corresponding author: Professor Sergio O. Serna Saldívar, fax +52 81 83284136, email sserna@itesm.mx
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The brain development and performance of rats fed throughout two generations with an indigenous maize tortilla-based diet was studied. The experiment compared casein control with five different diets produced from: regular fresh masa; regular, enriched dry masa flour containing thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, Fe and Zn (REDMF); dry masa flour fortified with 60g/kg defatted soyabean meal and enriched (FEDMF); enriched quality protein maize (QPM) flour (EQPM); QPM flour fortified with 30g/kg defatted soyabean meal and enriched (FEQPM). In both generations, brain and cerebellum weights and myelin concentration were significantly higher (p<0·05) in rats fed the FEDMF and FEQPM diets. There was no significant difference (p>0·05) in brain DNA in first-generation rats; however, second-generation rats fed FEDMF, EQPM and FEQPM tortillas had higher cerebral DNA, neuron size and brain activity as estimated by the RNA:DNA ratio. Short-term and long-term memory performance in the Morris maze improved (p<0·05) among rats fed the FEDMF, FEQPM and EQPM diets. Second-generation rats fed the FEDMF and FEQPM diets had a superior (p<0·05) working memory and learning performance. The utilisation of regular or QPM tortillas enriched with selected micronutrients and fortified with soyabean is highly recommended to assure adequate brain development. The high lysine–tryptophan QPM made it possible to save half of the soyabean flour without sacrificing the nutritional value of soyabean-fortified tortillas.

Keywords

Maize tortillasBrain developmentQuality protein maizeSoyabean mealEnrichment and fortificationMorris maze
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 96 , Issue 1 , January 2006 , pp. 161 - 168
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2006

References

Amaya-Guerra, C, Alanis Guzman, MG & Serna Saldivar, SOEffects of soybean fortification on protein quality of tortilla-based diets from regular and quality protein maize. Plant Foods Hum Nutr (2004) 59 45–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Association of Official Analytical Chemists Official Methods of Analysis 15th ed. Arlington VAAOAC Inc 1990Google Scholar
Bressani, RChemistry, technology and nutritive value of maize tortillas. Food Rev Int (1990) 6 225–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, KAA study of the conditions and mechanism of the colorimetric estimation of deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochem J (1956) 62 315–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chase, HP, Dorsey, J & McKhann, GMThe effect of malnutrition in the synthesis of myelin lipid. Pediatrics (1967) 40 551–559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chattopadhyay, N, Kher, R & Godbole, MInexpensive SDS/phenol method for RNA and DNA extraction from tissues. BioTechniques (1993) 15 24–25.Google Scholar
Culley, WJ & Lineberger, ROEffect of undernutrition on the size and composition of the rat brain. J Nutr (1968) 96 375–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De los Monteros, AE, Korsak, RA, Tran, T, Vu D, de, Vellis, J & Edmond, JDietary iron and the integrity of the developing rat brain: a study with the artificially-reared rat pup. Cell Mol Biol (2000) 46 501–515.Google Scholar
Eggum, BO, Villegas, E & Vasal, SKProgress in protein quality of maize. J Sci Food Agric (1979) 30 1148–1153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folch, J, Lees, M & Sloane-Stanley, GHAsimple method for the isolation and purification of myelin in animal tissues.J Biol Chem (1957) 226 479–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, GN, Johnston, DA & Wiggins, RCThe relationship between nutritional adequacy and brain myelin accumulation: a comparison of varying degrees of well fed and undernourished rats. Brain Res (1984) 290 195–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Golub, MS, Keen, CL, Gershwin, ME & Hendrich, AGDevelopment, zinc deficiency and behavior. J Nutr (1995) 125 2263S–2271S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gramsbergen, A & Westerga, JLocomotor development in the undernourished rat. Behav Brain Res (1992) 48 57–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffith, RH, Smith, JS & Foster, RACortical and subcortical representational function in the Morris water maze. J Behav Neurobehav Sci (1998) 1 23–38.Google Scholar
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición de México 1999 Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública 2000Google Scholar
Krigman, MR & Hogan, ELUndernutrition in the developing rat: effect upon myelination. Brain Res (1976) 107 239–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mertz, ET, Veron, OA, Bates, LS & Nelson, OEGrowth of rats fed on opaque-2 maize. Science (1965) 148 1741–1742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, RGMSpatial localization does not require the presence of local cues. Learn Motiv (1981) 12 239–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, C, Silverstein, FSAcute disruption of cytochrome oxidase activity in brain in a perinatal rat stroke model. Pediatr Res (1994) 36 2–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oloyede, OB, Folayan, AT & Odutuga, AAEffects of low-iron status and deficiency of essential fatty acids on some biochemical constituents of rat brain. Biochem Int (1992) 27 913–922.Google ScholarPubMed
Pollit, E, Gormwn, KS, Engle, PL, Martorell, R & Rivera, JEarly supplementary feeding and cognition. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev (1993) 58 1–99.Google Scholar
Rahmannifar, A, Kirksey, A & Wachs, TDDiet during lactation associated with infant behavior and caregiver infant interaction in a semirural Egyptian village. J Nutr (1993) 123 164–175.Google Scholar
Reddy, TS & Horrocks, LAEffects of neonatal undernutrition of rats in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine from gray matter and white matter. Int J Dev Neurosci (1986) 4 89–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosso, P, Hormazabal, J & Winick, MChanges in brain weight, cholesterol, phospholipids and DNA content in marasmic children. Am J Clin Nutr (1970) 23 1275–1279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royland, J, Klinkhachorn, P, Konat, G & Wiggins, RCHow much undernourishment is required to retard brain myelin development. Neorochem Int (1992) 21 269–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AS Institute Stat View Reference 3rd ed. Cary NCSAS Publishing 1999Google Scholar
Schmidt, G & Thannhauser, SJA method for the determination of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and phosphoproteins in animal tissues. J Biol Chem (1945) 161 83–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serna Saldivar, SO, Gomez, MH & Rooney, LWThe chemistry, technology and nutritional value of alkaline-cooked corn products. Advances of Cereal Science and Technology Pomeranz, YSt Paul, MNAmerican Association of Cereal Chemists 10 1990 243–307Google Scholar
Serna Saldivar, SO, Almeida-Dominguez, HD, Rooney, LW, Gómez, MH & Bockholt, AJMethod to evaluate ease of pericarp removal on lime-cooked corn kernels. Crop Sci (1991) 31 842–844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serra, I, Hamberger, A, Ragonese, P & Giuffrida, AMEffectof undernutrition on DNA and RNA synthesis in subcellular fractions from different regions of the developing rat brain. Neurochem Res (1982) 7 887–904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smart, JL, Dobbing, J, Adlard, BF, Lynch, A & Sands, JVulnerability of developing brain: relative effects of growth restriction during the fetal and suckling periods on behalf of brain composition of adult rats. J Nutr (1973) 103 1327–1338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sproule, AM, Saldivar, SO, Bockholt, AJ, Rooney, LW & Knabe, DANutritional evaluation of tortillas and tortilla chips from quality protein maize. Cereal Foods World (1988) 33 233–236.Google Scholar
Stylianopoulos, C, Serna-Saldivar, SO & Arteaga, GEffects of fortification and enrichment of maize tortillas on growth and brain development of rats throughout two generations. Cereal Chem (2002) 79 85–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taleb, NB, Remacle, C, Hoet, JJ & Reusens, BA low-protein isocaloric diet during gestation affects brain development and alters permanently cerebral cortex blood vessels in rat offspring. J Nutr (1999) 129 1613–1619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tonkiss, J, Schultz, P & Galler, JRAn analysis of spatial navigator in prenatally malnourished rats. Physiol Behav (1994) 55 217–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, MA & Bedi, KSA quantitative assessment of the development of synapses and neurons in the visual cortex of control and undernourished rats. J Comp Neurol (1984) 227 104–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, MA & Bedi, KSThe effects of a lengthy period of undernutrition from birth and subsequent nutritional rehabilitation on the granule-to-Purkinje cell ratio in the rat cerebellum. J Anat (1988) 159 147–153.Google ScholarPubMed
Wiggins, RCMyelin development and nutritional insufficiency. Brain Research Reviews (1982) 4 151–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winick, MFood, time and cellular growth of the brain. J Med (1969) 69 302–304.Google Scholar
Winick, M & Nobel, ACellular response in rats during maturation at various ages. J Nutr (1966) 89 300–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winick, M, Rosso, P & Waterlow, JCellular growth of cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem in normal and marasmic children. Exp Neurol (1970) 26 393–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeh, YYMaternal dietary restriction causes myelin and lipid deficits in the brain of offspring. J Neurosci Res (1988) 19 357–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zamenhof, SMalnutrition and brain development. In Handbook of Neurochemistry [Lajtha, A] New York: Plenum 9 1985 151172Google Scholar
Zamenhof, S, Van Marthens, E & Gauel, LDNA (cell number) and protein in neonatal rat brain: alteration by timing of maternal dietary protein restriction. J Nutr (1971) 101 1265–1270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zamenhof, S, Van Marthens, E & Margolis, FDNA (cell number) and protein in neonatal brain: alteration by maternal dietary protein restriction. Science (1968) 160 322–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed