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Excavations at Zerélia, Thessaly

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2013

Extract

The mound known as Zerélia stands on a hill between two small lakes to the south-west of Almyró in Phthiotis (Fig. 1). Recent writers on the topography of the district have conjectured that this was the site of Itonos and the famous temple of Athena Itonia. We first visited the site in July 1907, and believed, that apart from the question of the site of the temple, it would repay excavation, since we recognised that the mound (Fig. 2) was probably formed by the accumulation of débris from prehistoric settlements. Thanks to a grant from the Cambridge University Worts Fund, and to subscriptions from several friends we were enabled to excavate here in June 1908.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1908

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References

page 197 note 1 Staehlin, , Ath. Mitt. 1906, pp. 15 ff.Google Scholar

page 198 note 1 Cf. Tsountas, Προιστορικαὶ ᾿Ακροπόλεις Διμηνίου καὶ Σέσκλου p. 11, 61; this book will be cited throughout as Tsountas.

page 198 note 2 See below, p. 224.

page 199 note 1 v. Ath. Mitt. 1904, pp. 204 ff.; Wiegand-Schrader, priene, pp. 491 ff.; Wallis, Byzantine Ceramic Art.

page 199 note 2 Ath. Mitt. 1906, p. 16.

page 199 note 3 v. below, p. 225.

page 199 note 4 Ath. mitt. 1906, pp. 10, 13.

page 199 note 5 Sixty stades, ix. 433.

page 199 note 6 Dorier, ii. p. 477.

page 199 note 7 ix. 435, 437.

page 199 note 8 Bursian, , Geographie von Griechenland, i. p. 52.Google Scholar

page 201 note 1 Cf. Ath. Mitt. 1908, pp. 289, 290; J.H.S. 1908, pp. 323 ff.; Classical Review, 1908, pp. 234, 235; Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1908, part 4.

page 204 note 1 Tsountas, p. 177, Pls. 7, 15.

page 205 note 1 Tsountas, pp. 160–164.

page 206 note 1 Tsountas, p. 269, Fig. 186.

page 209 note 1 Tsountas, p. 209, Pls. 8, 9, 20–29.

page 209 note 2 Tsountas, Pl. 6, 2.

page 209 note 3 Tsountas, Pl. 9.

page 210 note 1 Much of this ware has been found at Phthiotic Thebes by Dr. Arvanitopoulos.

page 210 note 2 Tsountas, p. 222, Pls. 8, 10.

page 211 note 1 Tsountas, p. 226, Pls. 6 (3), 11.

page 211 note 2 Tsountas, p. 252, Figs. 154–159.

page 211 note 3 Tsountas, pp. 3–12.

page 212 note 1 Schliemann, Mycenae, p. 154, Fig. 230.

page 213 note 1 Phylakopi, p. 154. These fragments, though not illustrated in the book, are in the National Museum at Athens. Other fragments have been found at Tiryns and at the temple of Aphrodite in Aegina.

page 213 note 2 Tsountas, p. 139, Fig. 40.

page 213 note 3 Tsountas, p. 12, 60.

page 213 note 4 Tsountas, p. 8, 38.

page 213 note 5 Tsountas, p. 131.

page 213 note 6 Tsountas, pp. 134, 140, 141, Figs. 34, 42, 45.

page 213 note 7 We may compare with it Tsountas, p.138, Fig. 39.

page 213 note 8 Πρακτικά 1899, p. 101; Ath. Mitt. 1896, p. 247.

page 213 note 9 B.S.A. xiii. pp. 321 ff.

page 213 note 10 Ath. Mitt. 1889, p. 266, Pl. XI.8.

page 213 note 11 B.S.A. xi. p. 79, Fig. 3.

page 213 note 12 See above, § 2.

page 215 note 1 Tsountas, pp. 125 ff.

page 215 note 2 Bulle, , Orchomenos, i. pp. 61 ff.Google Scholar, Pls. XXII. ff.

page 215 note 3 Doerpfeld, Vierter Brief iiber Leukas-Ithaka, p. 8. Compare also the Tombs, at Tiryns, , Ath. Mitt. 1907, p. iii.Google Scholar

page 215 note 4 Tsountas, pp. 150 ff.; Tsountas, it is true, dates these two tombs much later than the others: this is due entirely to the early date which he assigns to the beginning of the Thessalian Bronze Age; v. below, p. 222.

page 215 note 5 Tsountas, p. 139, Fig. 40.

page 215 note 6 Doerpfeld, op. cit. p. 10.

page 215 note 7 Bulle, op. cit. Pl. XXV. I.

page 216 note 1 v. above, § 2.

page 216 note 2 Cf. above, § 1, 1.

page 218 note 1 A similar head in the Almyró Museum comes from the mound of Tsangli (Karabairam), Tsountas, p. 8, No. 38.

page 218 note 2 Tsountas, op. cit. pp. 286, 287.

page 219 note 1 Blinkenberg, Archaeologische Studien.

page 220 note 1 One of these is from Tomb F; v. p. 214, Fig. 15, b

page 221 note 1 Tsountas, p. 313.

page 221 note 2 Tsountas, p. 320.

page 221 note 3 Excavations at Phylakopi, chap. viii. (Bosanquet); for other possible sources of obsidian see ibid. p. 229.

page 221 note 4 Tsountas, p. 328, Figs. 252, 253.

page 221 note 5 Tsountas, Pl. 45, 1–7.

page 221 note 6 Cf. Tsountas, Pl. 43, 10.

page 222 note 1 Tsountas, Pls. 46, 47.

page 222 note 2 The only bronze found at Zerélia was in the tombs (v. p. 215), apart from a fish-hook of doubtful date found in clearing Dr. Vollgraff's trial trench. There is, however, in the Almyró Museum a double axe of bronze from this site, which was found on the surface by a peasant.

page 222 note 3 Tsountas, op. cit. pp. 361 ff.; cf. Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1908, Part IV.

page 222 note 4 Μελέτη 1908, pp. 615, 616.

page 222 note 5 See the unpublished pottery in the Chaeronea Museum.

page 222 note 6 Closer inspection of the two kinds of ware shows that the resemblance between them is over-stated by us in Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1908, Part IV.

page 223 note 1 E.g. vases from Pagasae (Ath. Mitt. 1889, Pls. X., XI.), Dimini, (Ath. Mitt. 1886, pp. 435 ff.)Google Scholar and Kapakli (᾿Εφ.᾿Αρχ 1906, pp. 211 ff.); there are also three late vases from Gonnos in the Almyró Museum, and we have found Late Minoan III sherds with Neolithic vase fragments on the surface of prehistoric mound snear Larissa and Pharsala.

page 224 note 1 Ath. Mitt. 1906, pp. I ff.

page 224 note 2 Leake, (Northern Grette, iv. p. 361Google Scholar) rightly remarks ‘A little below the citadel, where the ground is very rocky, some large irregular masses were fitted to the rock as a basis to the superstructure.’

page 224 note 3 Ath. Mitt. 1906, pp 10 ff.

page 224 note 4 Ath. Mitt. 1906, pp. 15 ff.

page 224 note 5 Staehlin, op. cit. p. 33.

page 224 note 6 This building was completely excavated in 1908 by Dr. Arvanitopoulos.

page 225 note 1 Giannopoulos, , B.C.H. 1892, pp. 473 ff.Google Scholar