Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-8zxtt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-10T21:05:48.389Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Quantification of the energy expenditure during training exercises in Standardbred trotters

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2014

J. Fortier ,
G. Deley ,
A.-G. Goachet  and
V. Julliand
J. Fortier*
Affiliation:
URANIE–USC1335 Nutrition du cheval athlète, AgroSup Dijon, 26 bd Dr Petitjean, BP 87999, 21079 Dijon cedex, France
G. Deley
Affiliation:
Centre d’Expertise de la Performance, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, 21000 Dijon, France
A.-G. Goachet
Affiliation:
URANIE–USC1335 Nutrition du cheval athlète, AgroSup Dijon, 26 bd Dr Petitjean, BP 87999, 21079 Dijon cedex, France
V. Julliand
Affiliation:
URANIE–USC1335 Nutrition du cheval athlète, AgroSup Dijon, 26 bd Dr Petitjean, BP 87999, 21079 Dijon cedex, France
*
†E-mail: justine.fortier@gmail.com
Get access

Abstract

An appropriate energy feeding management that ensures the optimal dietary energy supply according to the energy expenditure (EE) is a crucial component for the horse’s performance. The main purpose of this study was to determine the EE during four specific exercises used in the training of Standardbred trotters (promenade, jogging, parcours and interval work-outs). A total of six Standardbred geldings performed four different testing situations on a track. The intensity (expressed in percentage of the maximal velocity over 500 m, i.e. v500) and volume (distance and duration) of the testing situations were determined according to practices reported by French trainers. Promenade and jogging included only an exercise phase, whereas parcours and interval situations also included a warm-up and a recovery phase. Oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded from 2 min before the beginning through to the end of the testing situations, using a portable respiratory gas analyser. Blood lactate levels and rectal temperature were determined before and immediately after the exercise phase of each testing situations. EE of the different phases (warm-up, exercise and recovery) and EE of the entire testing situations (EETOTAL) were calculated from VO2 measurements and the O2 caloric equivalent. Interval and parcours situations induced higher physiological responses than promenade and jogging situations, particularly in terms of VO2peak, VCO2peak and HRpeak. The highest blood lactate concentration (6 mmol/l) was measured after the interval exercise, and respiratory exchange ratios ⩾1 were observed only for the parcours situation. The EE of exercise phase varied from 0.49 to 1.79 kJ/min per kg for promenade and parcours situations. The EE of warm-up and recovery phases did not differ between parcours and interval situations, and was estimated at 1.04 and 0.57 kJ/min per kg BW, respectively. On average, the warm-up and the recovery phases contributed to 38% and 19% of the EETOTAL. For promenade, jogging, parcours and interval situations, EETOTAL was evaluated at 12 618, 11 119, 13 698 and 18 119 kJ, respectively.

Keywords

energy expenditureoxygen uptakework outhorses
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 9 , Supplement 5 , May 2015 , pp. 793 - 799
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Art, T and Lekeux, P 1995. Ventilatory and arterial blood gas tension adjustments to strenuous exercise in Standardbreds. American Journal of Veterinary Research 56, 1332–1337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Art, T, Duvivier, DH, van Erck, E, de Moffarts, B, Votion, D, Bedoret, D, Lejeune, JP, Lekeux, P and Serteyn, D 2006. Validation of a portable equine metabolic measurement system. Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement 36, 557–561.Google Scholar
Asai, Y, Matsui, A, Osawa, T, Kawai, M and Kondo, S 1999. Digestible energy expenditure in grazing activity horses. Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement 30, 490–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrey, E, Galloux, P, Valette, JP, Auvinet, B and Wolter, R 1993. Stride characteristics of overground versus treadmill locomotion in the saddle horse. Acta Anatomica 146, 90–94.Google Scholar
Bertuzzi, R, Franchini, E, Kokubun, E and Kiss, M 2007. Energy system contributions in indoor rock climbing. European Journal of Applied Physiology 101, 293–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bompa, TO and Haff, GG 2009. Periodization: theory and methodology of training, 5th edition. Human Kinetics, Stanningley, UK.Google Scholar
Cohen, J 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.Google Scholar
Couroucé, A, Geffroy, O, Barrey, E, Auvinet, B and Rose, R 1999. Comparison of exercise tests in French trotters under training track, racetrack and treadmill conditions. Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement 30, 528–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
di Prampero, P and Ferretti, G 1999. The energetics of anaerobic muscle metabolism: a reappraisal of older and recent concepts. Respiration Physiology 118, 103–115.Google Scholar
Duffield, R, Dawson, B, Pinnington, H and Wong, P 2004. Accuracy and reliability of a Cosmed K4b2 portable gas analysis system. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 7, 11–22.Google Scholar
Eaton, M 1994. Energetics and performance. In The athletic horse: principles and practice of equine sports medicine (ed. D Hodgson and R Rose), pp. 49–61. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA.Google Scholar
Eaton, M, Hodgson, D, Evans, D and Rose, R 1999. Effects of low- and moderate-intensity training on metabolic responses to exercise in Thoroughbreds. Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement 30, 521–527.Google Scholar
Fortier, J, Julliand, V, Harris, P and Goachet, AG 2014. Training management of Standardbred trotters: a field survey in France. Comparative Exercise Physiology 10, 63–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goachet, A, Fortier, J, Julliand, V, Assadi, H and Lepers, R 2011. The use of equine K4b² during incremental field exercise tests in driven Standardbred trotters: a preliminary study. In Proceedings of the Equine Nutrition and Training Conference (ed. A Lindner), pp. 221–226. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Paris, France.Google Scholar
Goachet AG et Julliand, V. Implementation of field cardio-respiratory measurements to assess energy expenditure in Arabian endurance horses. Animal, in press, doi:10.1017/S1751731114003061.Google Scholar
Gottlieb-Vedi, M, Essen-Gustavsonn, B and Persson, S 1991. Draught load and speed compared by submaximal tests on a treadmill. In Proceeding 3rd International Conference on Equine Exercise Physiology (ed. S Persson, A Lindholm and L Jeffcott), pp. 92–96. ICEEP Publications, Davis, USA.Google Scholar
Gottlieb-Vedi, M, Persson, S, Erickson, H and Korbutiak, E 1995. Cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic effects of interval training at VLA4. Zentralbl Veterinarmed 42, 165–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
INRA-HN-IE 1997. Notation de l’état corporel des chevaux de selle et de sport. Guide pratique. Institut de l’Elevage, Paris, France.Google Scholar
Langsetmo, I and Poole, D 1999. VO2 recovery kinetics in the horse following moderate, heavy, and severe exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 86, 1170–1177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, L 2009. Assessing energy balance. In Advances in equine nutrition IV (ed. JD Pagan), pp. 43–50. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.Google Scholar
Martin-Rosset, W 2012. Nutrition et alimentation des chevaux. Editions Quae, Versailles, France.Google Scholar
McCutcheon, L, Geor, R and Hinchcliff, K 1999. Effects of prior exercise on muscle metabolism during sprint exercise in horses. Journal of Applied Physiology 87, 1914–1922.Google Scholar
Meixner, R, Hörnicke, H and Ehrlein, H 1981. Oxygen consumption, pulmonary ventilation and heart rate of riding horse during walk, trot and gallop. Biotelemetry 6, 125–128.Google Scholar
Mello, F, Bertuzzi, R, Grangeiron, P and Franchini, E 2009. Energy systems contributions in 2000 m race simulation: a comparison among rowing ergometers and water. European Journal of Applied Physiology 107, 615–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council (NRC) 2007. Nutrient requirements of horses. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Pagan, J and Hintz, H 1986. Equine energetics II. Energy expenditure in horses during submaximal exercise. Journal of Animal Science 63, 822–830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pösö, A, Essen-Gustavsson, B and Persson, S 1993. Metabolic responses to standardised exercise test in Standardbred trotters with red cell hypervolaemia. Equine Veterinary Journal 25, 527–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pösö, A, Lampinen, K and Räsänen, L 1995. Distribution of lactate between red blood cells and plasma after exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement 18, 231–234.Google Scholar
Sommaire, L 2007. Pratiques alimentaires et entrainement du cheval de course de 3 ans: enquete dans 60 écuries en France. Etude des apports azotés et énergétiques. Thesis Veterinary, Ecole National Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.Google Scholar
Tyler, C, Hodgson, D and Rose, R 1996. Effect of a warm-up on energy supply during high intensity exercise in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 28, 117–120.Google Scholar
van Erck, EV, Votion, DM, Serteyn, D and Art, T 2007. Evaluation of oxygen consumption during field exercise tests in Standardbred trotters. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 4, 43–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viru, A and Viru, M 2000. Nature of training effects. In Exercise and sport science (ed. W Garrett and D Kirkendall), pp. 67–95. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA.Google Scholar
Votion, D, Caudron, I, Lejeune, J, Van Der Heyden, L, Art, T, Van Erck, E and Serteyn, D 2006. New perspective for field measurement of cardiorespiratory parameters in exercising horses. Pferdeheikunde 5, 619–624.Google Scholar
Wegener, J, Lindner, A and Hartmann, U 2012. Survey on the training of Standardbred racehorses by a successfull trainer. Pferdeheilkunde 28, 268–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilmore, J, Costill, D and Kenney, W 2009. Physiologie du sport et de l’exercice, 4th edition. De Boeck, Bruxelles, Belgium.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Fortier Supplementary Material

Figure S1

Download Fortier Supplementary Material(File)
File 611.3 KB