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Isotopic Confirmation of the Timing and Intensity of Maize Consumption in Greater Cahokia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2020

Thomas E. Emerson Open the ORCID record for Thomas E. Emerson [Opens in a new window] ,
Kristin M. Hedman ,
Mary L. Simon ,
Mathew A. Fort  and
Kelsey E. Witt
Thomas E. Emerson*
Affiliation:
Illinois State Archaeological Survey, 209 Nuclear Physics Laboratory, 23 Stadium Drive University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61820, USA
Kristin M. Hedman
Affiliation:
Illinois State Archaeological Survey, 209 Nuclear Physics Laboratory, 23 Stadium Drive University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61820, USA
Mary L. Simon
Affiliation:
Illinois State Archaeological Survey, 209 Nuclear Physics Laboratory, 23 Stadium Drive University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61820, USA
Mathew A. Fort
Affiliation:
Illinois State Archaeological Survey, 209 Nuclear Physics Laboratory, 23 Stadium Drive University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61820, USA
Kelsey E. Witt
Affiliation:
Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California, Merced, CA95343, USA
*
(teee@illinois.edu, corresponding author)
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Abstract

The history of maize (Zea mays L.) in the eastern Woodlands remains an important study topic. As currently understood, these histories appear to vary regionally and include scenarios positing an early introduction and an increase in use over hundreds of, if not a thousand, years. In this article, we address the history of maize in the American Bottom region of Illinois and its importance in the development of regional Mississippian societies, specifically in the Cahokian polity located in the central Mississippi River valley. We present new lines of evidence that confirm subsistence-level maize use at Cahokia was introduced rather abruptly at about AD 900 and increased rapidly over the following centuries. Directly dated archaeobotanical maize remains, human and dog skeletal carbon isotope values, and a revised interpretation of the archaeological record support this interpretation. Our results suggest that population increases and the nucleation associated with Cahokia were facilitated by the newly introduced practices of maize cultivation and consumption. Maize should be recognized as having had a key role in providing subsistence security that—combined with social, political, and religious changes—fueled the emergence of Cahokia in AD 1050.

La historia del maíz (Zea mays L.) en los Bosques Orientales (Eastern Woodlands) sigue siendo un tema de estudio importante. Como se entiende actualmente, estas historias parecen variar regionalmente e incluyen escenarios que proponen una introducción temprana y un aumento en su uso a lo largo de cientos, sino mil, años. En este artículo, abordamos la historia del maíz en la región del Bajo Americano de Illinois y su importancia en el desarrollo de las sociedades regionales Mississippianas, específicamente en la comunidad de Cahokia ubicada en el valle central del río Mississippi. Presentamos nuevas líneas de evidencia que confirman que el uso del maíz a nivel de subsistencia en Cahokia se inició de manera bastante abrupta en aproximadamente 900 dC y aumentó rápidamente durante los siglos siguientes. Restos arqueológicos de maíz fechados directamente, valores isotópicos de carbono de restos óseos humanos y caninos, y una interpretación revisada del registro arqueológico respaldan esta interpretación. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el aumento de la población y la nucleación asociada con Cahokia fueron facilitados por las prácticas de cultivo y consumo de maíz recientemente introducidas. Se debe de reconocer que el maíz tuvo un papel clave en la provisión de seguridad de subsistencia que, combinado con cambios sociales, políticos y religiosos, impulsó el surgimiento de Cahokia en el año 1050 dC.

Keywords

Cahokiaearly maizedietary stable isotopesnixtamalizationCahokiahistoria del maizisotópicos de carbononixtamalización
Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 85 , Issue 2 , April 2020 , pp. 241 - 262
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 by the Society for American Archaeology

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