Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xm8r8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-19T18:34:36.329Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Mineral Wealth and Protest in Sub-Saharan Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2016

Moisés Arce  and
Rebecca E. Miller
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Challenging the scholarship on the relationship between natural resources and civil society, this article advances a framework that differentiates the various types of protests surrounding mineral extraction in sub-Saharan Africa and explains how this extraction encourages contentious activity. On the basis of protest event data from thirty-nine countries in SSA for the 1990–2006 period, as well as available survey data, the article provides confirming evidence that mineral wealth increases protest activity.

Résumé:

Contestant les recherches faites sur la relation entre les ressources naturelles et la société civile, cet article propose un model qui différencie les différents types de manifestations autour de l’extraction minière en Afrique subsaharienne et explique comment cette extraction encourage une activité contentieuse. Sur la base de données d’événement de protestation dans trente-neuf pays d’Afrique en SSA pour la période de 1990–2006, ainsi que de données disponibles, l’article fournit des preuves confirmant que la richesse minérale augmente les activités de protestation.

Keywords

Resource extractionprotestsresource cursecivil societyrightsservices
Type
ARTICLES
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 59 , Issue 3 , December 2016 , pp. 83 - 105
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agence France Presse (AFP). 2000. “South Africa’s Traditional Leaders Fighting for Political Survival.” September 28.Google Scholar
Adger, W. Neil. 2006. “Vulnerability.” Global Environmental Change 16 (3): 268–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Afrobarometer. 2012. “Kenya: Round 5.” www.afrobarometer.org.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, et al. 2003. “Fractionalization.” Journal of Economic Growth 8 (2): 155–94.Google Scholar
Almeida, Paul D. 2007. “Defensive Mobilization: Popular Movements against Economic Adjustment Policies in Latin America.” Latin American Perspectives 34 (3): 123–39.Google Scholar
Almeida, Paul, and Johnston, Hank. 2006. “Neoliberal Globalization and Popular Movements in Latin America.” In Latin American Social Movements: Globalization, Democratization, and Transnational Networks, edited by Johnston, Hank and Almeida, Paul, 3–18. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Ameyibor, Edward. 1998. “Ghanaians Say Gold Mining Is Destroying Their Land.” New York Amsterdam News, December 31. http://connection.ebscohost.com.Google Scholar
Arce, Moisés. 2014. Resource Extraction and Protest in Peru. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Arellano-Yanguas, Javier. 2010. Local Politics, Conflict and Development in Peruvian Mining Regions. Ph.D. diss., University of Sussex.Google Scholar
Arriola, Leonardo R. 2013. “Protesting and Policing in a Multiethnic Authoritarian State: Evidence from Ethiopia.” Comparative Politics 45 (2): 147–68.Google Scholar
Bebbington, Anthony. 2009. “Latin America: Contesting Extraction, Producing Geographies.” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 30 (1): 7–12.Google Scholar
Cameron, A. Colin, and Trivedi, Pravin K.. 1998. Regression Analysis of Count Data. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul. 2010. The Plundered Planet. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul, and Hoeffler, Anke. 2002. “On the Incidence of Civil War in Africa,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 13–28.Google Scholar
Cook, Susan E. 2013. “Community Management of Mineral Resources: The Case of the Royal Bafokeng Nation.” Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 113 (1): 61–66.Google Scholar
Devarajan, Shantayanan, and Fengler, Wolfgang. 2013. “Africa’s Economic Boom.” Foreign Affairs 92 (3): 68–81.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Harry. 1975. “Case Study and Theory in Political Science.” In Strategies of Inquiry, edited by Greenstein, F. I. and Polsby, N. W., 79–137. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
The Economist . 2011. “Africa’s Natural Resources: Spread the Wealth.” February 12.Google Scholar
The Economist . 2012a. “South Africa’s Mines: In the Pits.” August 25.Google Scholar
The Economist . 2012b. “Resource Nationalism in Africa: Wish You Were Mine.” February 11.Google Scholar
The Economist . 2013a. “Africa Rising: A Hopeful Continent.” March 2.Google Scholar
The Economist . 2013b. “Emerging Africa: Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana—The Wealth Beneath.” March 2.Google Scholar
Environmental News Service (ENS). 2010. “Newmont Gold Mine to Pay Ghana Millions for Cyanide Spill.” January 23. http://www.ens-newswire.com.Google Scholar
Eros, J. M., and Candelario-Quintana, Luissette. 2006. “Mineral Facilities of Africa and the Middle East.” National Minerals Information Center, United States Geological Survey. http://pubs.usgs.gov.Google Scholar
Francisco, Ronald A. 2009. The Dynamics of Conflict. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Gilmore, Elisabeth, et al. 2005. “Conflict Diamonds: A New Dataset.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 22 (3): 257–72.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Jeff, and Jasper, James M., eds. 2003. The Social Movements Reader: Cases and Concepts. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Greyl, Lucie. 2015. “Titanium Mining in the Kwale District, Kenya.” Environmental Justice Atlas, December 30. https://ejatlas.org.Google Scholar
Haber, Stephen, and Menaldo, Victor. 2011. “Do Natural Resources Fuel Authoritarianism? A Reappraisal of the Resource Curse.” The American Political Science Review 105 (1): 1–26.Google Scholar
Hearn, Julie. 2001. “The ‘Uses and Abuses’ of Civil Society in Africa.” Review of African Political Economy 28 (87): 43–53.Google Scholar
Hellman, Judith Adler. 1997. “Social Movements: Revolution, Reform and Reaction.” NACLA Report on the Americas 30 (6): 13–18.Google Scholar
Hendrix, Cullen S., and Salehyan, Idean. 2012. “Social Conflict in Africa Database (SCAD).” www.scaddata.org.Google Scholar
Herskovitz, Jon. 2012. “South Africa’s ‘Richest Tribe’ Offers Platinum Model.” Reuters, October 19. http://www.reuters.com.Google Scholar
Hilbe, Joseph M. 2007. Negative Binomial Regression. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodler, Roland. 2006. “The Curse of Natural Resources in Fractionalized Countries.” European Economic Review 50 (6): 1367–86.Google Scholar
IRIN News . 2008. “Zambia: Mining Companies Accused of Environmental Negligence.” January 8. http://www.irinnews.org.Google Scholar
Karl, Terry Lynn. 2007. “Ensuring Fairness: The Case for a Transparent Fiscal Social Contract.” In Escaping The Resource Curse, edited by Humphreys, M., Sachs, J. D., and Stiglitz, J. E., 256–85. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Tomz, Michael, and Wittenberg, Jason. 2000. “Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation.” American Journal of Political Science 44 (2): 347–61.Google Scholar
Le Billon, Philippe. 2008. “Diamond Wars? Conflict Diamonds and Geographies of Resource Wars.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98 (2): 345–72.Google Scholar
Long, J. Scott. 1997. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.Google Scholar
Lujala, Paivi. 2009. “Deadly Combat over Natural Resources Gems, Petroleum, Drugs, and the Severity of Armed Civil Conflict.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53 (1): 50–71.Google Scholar
Luna, Juan Pablo, and Maureira, Sergio Toro. 2013. “Social Protest in Chile: Causes and Likely Consequences.” AmericasBarometer Insights 96: 1–7.Google Scholar
Madagascar Tribune . 2012. “Mise en context du projet d’exploitation d’ilménite par la societé.” March 2. http://www.madagascar-tribune.com.Google Scholar
Mahdavy, Hussein. 1970. “The Patterns and Problems of Economic Development in Rentier States: The Case of Iran.” In Studies in Economic History of the Middle East, edited by Cook, M. A., 428–67. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Makene, Madoshi, Emel, Jody, and Murphy, James. 2012. “Calling for Justice in the Goldfields of Tanzania.” Resources 1 (1): 3–22.Google Scholar
Makumbe, John Mw. 1998. “Is There a Civil Society in Africa?” International Affairs 74 (2): 305–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manson, Andrew. 2013. “Mining and ‘Traditional Communities’ in South Africa’s ‘Platinum Belt’: Contestations over Land, Leadership and Assets in North-West Province c.1996–2012.” Journal of Southern African Studies 39 (2): 409–23.Google Scholar
Manson, Andrew, and Mbenga, Bernard. 2003. “‘The Richest Tribe in Africa’: Platinum-Mining and the Bafokeng in South Africa’s North West Province, 1965–1999.” Journal of Southern African Studies 29 (1): 25–47.Google Scholar
Marshall, Monty G., Gurr, Ted Robert, and Jaggers, Keith. 2009. Polity IV Project: Dataset Users’ Manual. Severn, Md.: Center for Systematic Peace.Google Scholar
Maykuth, Andrew. 2001. “Mineral Bill Ires South African Tribe.” The Philadelphia Inquirer, April 17. http://articles.philly.com.Google Scholar
Mensah, Seth Opoku, and Okyere, Seth Asare. 2014. “Mining, Environment and Community Conflicts: A Study of Company–Community Conflicts over Gold Mining in the Obuasi Municipality of Ghana.” Journal of Sustainable Development Studies 5 (1): 64–99.Google Scholar
Mohan, Giles. 2002. “The Disappointments of Civil Society: The Politics of NGO Intervention in Northern Ghana.” Political Geography 21 (1): 125–54.Google Scholar
Mzembe, Andrew Ngawenja. 2016. “Doing Stakeholder Engagement Their Own Way: Experience from the Malawian Mining Industry.” Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 23 (1): 1–14.Google Scholar
Nyar, Annsilla, and Wray, Chris. 2012. “Understanding Protest Action: Some Data Collection Challenges for South Africa.” Transformation 80 (1): 22–43.Google Scholar
Özkaynak, Begüm, Rodríguez-Labajos, Beatriz, and Aydın, Cem İskender. 2015. “Towards Environmental Justice Success in Mining Resistances: An Empirical Investigation.” EJOLT Report No. 14.Google Scholar
Paler, Laura. 2013. “Keeping the Public Purse: An Experiment in Windfalls, Taxes, and the Incentives to Restrain Government.” American Political Science Review 107 (4): 706–25.Google Scholar
Perreault, Thomas. 2006. “From the Guerra Del Agua to the Guerra Del Gas: Resource Governance, Neoliberalism and Popular Protest in Bolivia.” Antipode 38 (1): 150–72.Google Scholar
Perreault, Thomas, and Valdivia, Gabriela. 2010. “Hydrocarbons, Popular Protest and National Imaginaries: Ecuador and Bolivia in Comparative Context.” Geoforum 41 (5): 689–99.Google Scholar
Polgreen, Lydia. 2012. “Mine Strike Mayhem Stuns South Africa as Police Open Fire.” New York Times, August 16.Google Scholar
Ross, Michael L. 2009. “Oil and Democracy Revisited.”Google Scholar
Ross, Michael L. 2012. The Oil Curse: How Petroleum Shapes the Development of Nations. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sakala, Charles. 2014. “Zambia: Environmental Activists Protest Mining in Lower Zambezi National Park” AllAfrica, February 3. http://allafrica.com.Google Scholar
Sarin, Radhika. 2006. “World Bank Backs Controversial Gold Mine.” World Watch 19 (3).Google Scholar
Schündeln, Matthias. 2013. “Ethnic Heterogeneity and the Private Provision of Public Goods.” The Journal of Development Studies 49 (1): 36–55.Google Scholar
Sosibo, Kwanele. 2006. “Platinum Wars.” Mail and Guardian, January 31.Google Scholar
Spronk, Susan, and Webber, Jeffery R.. 2007. “Struggles against Accumulation by Dispossession in Bolivia: The Political Economy of Natural Resource Contention.” Latin American Perspectives 34 (2): 31–47 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. 2nd edition. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tomz, Michael, Wittenberg, Jason, and King, Gary. 2003. CLARIFY: Software for Interpreting and Presenting Statistical Results. Version 2.1. http://gking.harvard.edu/.Google Scholar
Vittor, Luis. 2014. “Indigenous People and Resistance to Mining Projects: An Overview.” ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America. Winter. http://revista.drclas.harvard.edu.Google Scholar
Wassa Association of Communities Affected by Mining (WACAM). 2009. “Wassa Association of Communities Affected by Mining Changes Name to ‘WACAM.’” August 18. http://www.wacamghana.org/.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2012. “World Development Indicators.” http://data.worldbank.org.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2013a. “Africa’s Pulse: An Analysis of Issues Shaping Africa’s Economic Future.” Volume 8 (October). Washington D.C.: The World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2013b. “Global Economic Monitor (GEM) Commodities.” http://data.worldbank.org.Google Scholar
Yeboah, Stephen. 2010. “Ghana: Why ‘Militarization’ in the Mining Sector Must Stop.” Ghanaian Chronicle, January 25.Google Scholar