Injury to the neck can have significant consequences. Given the number of vital structures confined to a relatively small space, it is not surprising that trauma to the neck accounts for some of the highest rates of mortality in trauma patients.1 The three categories of neck trauma include blunt, penetrating, and strangulation or hanging, each with different associated injuries.

The genitourinary (GU) system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, penis, scrotum, and female genitalia. Of the 27.7 million patients per year presenting to emergency departments (ED) for traumatic injury, about 10% of these traumas primarily involve the GU system, and another 10–15% of patients with abdominal trauma will have GU injuries as well.1 GU trauma patients are predominantly young (80% less than the age of 45 years) and male (85% of all patients).2 Delays or missed diagnosis of GU trauma can result in increased morbidity and mortality due to preventable complications with long term consequences.3

While elderly patients comprise a small percentage of total major trauma patients (8–12%), they represent a disproportionate percentage of trauma mortalities and costs (15–30%, Figures 6.1 and 6.2).

Trauma evaluation and management often focuses on protocols, especially in adults. In children, however, special considerations are made based on epidemiology, physiology, and mechanisms of injury on the location affected.

The terms “missed injury” and “delayed diagnosis” have undergone evolution in their academic meaning over the last several decades of trauma care. Missed injury is typically reserved for an unidentified injury for which the opportune moment for intervention has passed. A delayed diagnosis is the term given to injuries not identified on the primary or secondary survey of the initial trauma evaluation. There is obvious overlap in the ways these terms are employed throughout trauma care, and specific institutions may possess their own interpretations. Many emergency medicine texts list a missed injury as one that is discovered after the patient has left the Emergency Department (ED), whether discharged home or admitted. This version of the “missed injury definition” would include possible injuries which were suspected in the ED (not truly “missed”), though not officially found due to appropriate delays in imaging while more acute issues are being resolved in the operating room (OR) or Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The national trauma database of the American College of Surgeons defines missed injury as an “injury-related diagnosis discovered after initial workup is completed and admission diagnosis is determined.”1 Delayed diagnosis was proposed to describe diagnoses that were not found on primary and secondary survey. The tertiary survey was intended to identify many of these injuries,2 though some literature still defines injuries found during the tertiary survey as “delayed.”3,4 In any case, the use of a tertiary survey should be employed in all trauma evaluations, as it leads to a reduction in clinically significant initially unidentified injuries.5 Trauma surgery has also created leveling algorithms based on the mechanism of injury to help activate appropriate resources for trauma patients. Finally, multiple evidence-based decision tools (i.e. Ottawa knee rules, Canadian head computed tomography rules, etc.) exist to help delineate imaging decisions.