Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Understanding Neuropsychiatric Disorders
  • Cited by 3
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
January 2011
Print publication year:
2010
Online ISBN:
9780511782091
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511782091
Subjects:
Medical Imaging, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Medicine, Psychiatry
Information

Book description

An informative and comprehensive review from the leading researchers in the field, this book provides a complete one-stop guide to neuroimaging techniques and their application to a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders. For each disorder or group of disorders, separate chapters review the most up-to-date findings from structural imaging, functional imaging and/or molecular imaging. Each section ends with an overview from a internationally-renowned luminary in the field, addressing the question of 'What do we know and where are we going?' Richly illustrated throughout, each chapter includes a 'summary box', providing readers with explicit take-home messages. This is an essential resource for clinicians, researchers and trainees who want to learn how neuroimaging tools lead to new discoveries about brain and behaviour associations in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

Contents

Page 2 of 2

Contents
  • 24 - Functional imaging of Alzheimer's disease
    pp 332-350
    • By Vanessa Taler, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA, Andrew J. Saykin, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
  • View abstract

    Summary

    Functional neuroimaging studies examining metabolism, and brain activity during cognitive tasks in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been performed to determine the way in which AD neuropathology alters cortical activation patterns. Although structural imaging plays a critical role in understanding AD, regions of cortical atrophy are not always in accord with measures of decreased regional cerebral blood flow. This chapter reviews findings from various cognitive tasks conducted in three modalities: functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Attempts to delineate the earliest markers of AD using functional neuroimaging have focused on patients exhibiting memory impairment in the absence of dementia (mild cognitive impairment) or significant subjective cognitive complaints. A variety of tracers have recently been developed to allow in-vivo imaging of the beta-amyloid (Ab) deposits that are one of the neuropathological hallmarks of AD.
  • 25 - Molecular imaging of Alzheimer's disease
    pp 351-360
    • By Norbert Schuff, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
  • View abstract

    Summary

    Neurochemical imaging offers an opportunity to study at a molecular level in-vivo the neuronal substrates that underpin Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H MRSI) measures have the potential of offering a relatively direct window into neurochemical alterations in the brain. This chapter reviews key findings of 1H MRSI in AD, MCI and aging, and discusses the potential value of this technology for diagnosis and prognosis of AD as well as for the assessment of therapeutic intervention. Other promising neurochemical imaging modalities that directly probe neurotransmitter systems using radioactive positron emission tomography (PET) tracers and amyloid PET imaging are also discussed. Overall, MRS is a promising investigational technique in dementia and related cognitive disorders to provide unique measures of multivariate spectroscopic profiles of the brain.
  • 26 - Neuroimaging of Parkinson's disease
    pp 361-370
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter discusses the recent neuroimaging studies that have started to unravel some of the mysteries behind the behavior and cognitive manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD). In-vivo anatomical and functional confirmation of the cortico-striatal loops in humans comes from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. In the early stages of PD, frontal lobe dysfunction most likely reflects deafferentation in relation to dopamine deficiency. In keeping with neuropathological studies, which have demonstrated Lewy bodies and cell loss in medial temporal lobe areas high-resolution MRI images have demonstrated hippocampal atrophy in PD. There is pathological and in-vivo positron emission tomography (PET) evidence that other neurotransmitters, particularly cholinergic pathways, are involved in PD dementia (PDD). In-vivo PET studies are currently investigating whether concomitant amyloid pathology may contribute to dementia in PD subjects, although at this point, it appears that amyloid deposition is associated more with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) than with PDD.
  • 27 - Neuroimaging of other dementing disorders
    pp 371-394
    • By William Hu, Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA, Murray Grossman, Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter focuses on the group differences between disorders and highlights the role of structural and functional imaging in non-Alzheimer dementias. Modern imaging techniques have allowed for structural and functional analysis of patients with frontotemporal dementia-behavioral variant (bv-FTD). In searching for an imaging biomarker for FTD or frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), functional brain imaging studies, including both single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), represented a significant step forward in the clinical diagnosis of bv-FTD. FDG-PET studies in semantic dementia (SD) patients have shown dysfunction in the bilateral temporal regions and medial orbitofrontal regions. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in individual patients with progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) have shown minimal atrophy, left perisylvian atrophy, or left-hemispheric atrophy. The first antemortem diagnostic tests for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) came from cerebrospinal fluid analysis and elecroencephalography (EEG).
  • 28 - Neuroimaging of cognitive disorders: commentary
    pp 395-402
    • By Mony J. de Leon, Department of Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA, Henry Rusinek, Department of Radiology New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA, Wai Tsui, Department of Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA and Nathan Kline Institute Orangeburg, NY, USA, Thomas Wisniewski, Department of Neurology New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA and Department of Developmental Neurobiology Institute for Basic Research Staten Island, NY, USA, Jerzy Wegiel, Department of Developmental Neurobiology Institute for Basic Research Staten Island, NY, USA, Ajax George, Department of Radiology New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter offers a highly personal view of three-dimensional tomographic imaging related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The age of structural imaging in AD began with X-ray computed tomography (CT). CT studies introduced the negative angulation acquisition plane to more efficiently reveal and measure temporal horn enlargement and incidentally found evidence for hippocampal atrophy. Structural imaging has been invaluable in anatomically defining the regional tissue vulnerability and atrophy correction as estimated by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and amyloid imaging and other tracers. Structural imaging owes a great debt to pathology for the contributions made to understanding the lesions and pathologic anatomy of AD. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging has yet to deliver a specific marker of AD pathology, MRI has provided sensitive characterizations of the effects of AD pathology and the promise of new MR contrast agents for identifying amyloid plaque pathology.
  • Section V - Substance Abuse
  • View abstract

    Summary

    Alcoholism is frequently accompanied by comorbidities of drugs of abuse and psychiatric diseases. For example, individuals with schizophrenia are at increased risk for developing substance abuse disorders. The availability of imaging tools has enhanced the appreciation of the effects of chronic and excessive alcohol exposure on the human brain. In-vivo computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of alcoholism complement postmortem neuropathological investigations in the search for structural brain abnormalities due to alcoholism. This chapter first reviews the general principles of brain imaging and of images analyses as they pertain to the characterization of appropriate structural regions. Then, it reviews the literature on the effects of alcoholism on brain structure as revealed by brain imaging. In combination with structural imaging, experimental models of alcoholism could be a translational point in identifying mechanisms of alcohol-related brain dysmorphology.
  • 30 - Functional imaging of substance abuse
    pp 429-445
    • By Omar M. Mahmood, Psychology Service VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA, Susan F. Tapert, Psychology Service VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter provides a summary of work using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate cognitive functioning, cue reactivity and reward processing, and neural predictors of treatment outcome in individuals with substance abuse or dependence. Several fMRI studies have investigated neural response in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) when reacting to alcohol-related stimuli. fMRI studies can provide unique insights into the effects of treatment for alcohol-related disorders and clinical outcomes for patients. Depending on the cognitive task administered, fMRI studies have found that chronic marijuana use is associated with altered brain activation across various neural networks that may be attributable to the widespread distribution of cannabinoid receptors in the brain. In the first fMRI study of cognitive ability in opioid dependence, performance on a response inhibition task elicited diminished activation of the anterior cingulate cortex compared to healthy controls.
  • 31 - Molecular imaging of substance abuse
    pp 446-462
    • By Brian C. Schweinsburg, Department of Psychiatry Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA, Alecia D. Dager Schweinsburg, Department of Psychiatry Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA, Graeme F. Mason, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Diagnostic Radiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
  • View abstract

    Summary

    The use of substances for psychoactive effects dates to antiquity with evidence in archaeological finds of alcohol-related intoxication and possibly ritualistic use of Nymphaea caerulea in ancient Egypt and alcohol abuse in classic Greek and Roman culture. The neurobehavioral characterization of addiction encompasses a broad spectrum of features. In line with a neurobiological model of addiction, altered neurochemistry remains at the core of the acute and chronic addictive process that is so disruptive to individuals, their families, and the public. This underscores the importance of describing the addiction process through careful in-vivo neurochemical investigation, and it is fortunate that there exist today powerful imaging tools to enhance understanding of human addiction. Drugs of abuse that include methamphetamine, opioids, nicotine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cannabinoids, and alcohol are discussed. Gender differences in response to acute and long-term exposure may be subserved by neurochemical differences as well.
  • 32 - Neuroimaging of substance abuse: commentary
    pp 463-464
    • By Adolf Pfefferbaum, Neuroscience Program SRI International Menlo Park, CA, USA and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
  • View abstract

    Summary

    The neuroimaging window into the brain structure and physiology of alcohol and other substances abuse disorders has already provided a wealth of insight into the characterization of common and specific neuropathology. Magnetic resonance (MR) neuroimaging is uniquely suited for the delineation of the nature of alcohol and substance abuse induced neuropathology. Alcoholism is a lifelong disorder that interacts with the dynamic changes that occur in the brain throughout the life span from adolescence to senescence. Functional MR studies of craving during abstinence could provide predictors of prognosis for relapse and recovery. There are potential beneficial effects of many abused substances. Opiates are used to reduce pain; psychostimulants, including nicotine, are used to maintain alertness in dangerous battle conditions. Marijuana is used for nausea control and appetite stimulation; and alcohol in moderation has cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protective properties demonstrable with neuroimaging.
  • Section VI - Eating Disorders
  • View abstract

    Summary

    The conceptual framework of the pathophysiology and etiology of the eating disorders (EDs) anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) as well as the emerging ED binge eating disorder (BED), has undergone significant changes in the past few decades. Structural imaging techniques such as computer tomography (CT) and radiation-free magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide information on gross structural abnormalities. Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) studies have recently come to prominence as a functional assessment method. Functional brain imaging is performed in conjunction with paradigms and tasks that are meant to elicit areas of brain activation that might be specific for AN pathophysiology. Many different paradigms have been used over the past years, with positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) comprising the earlier work and functional MRI achieving prominence more recently. A mixed group of AN and BN subjects had reduced prefrontal myo-inositol and lipid compounds compared to controls.
  • 34 - Neuroimaging of obesity
    pp 487-509
    • By Gene-Jack Wang, Department of Psychiatry Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA and Medical Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, NY, USA, Nora D. Volkow, National institute of Drug Abuse and National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Bethesda, MD, USA, Joanna S. Fowler, Department of Psychiatry Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA and Medical Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, NY, USA, Panayotis K. Thanos, National institute of Drug Abuse and National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Bethesda, MD, USA
  • View abstract

    Summary

    Functional neuroimaging techniques have been used to assess the link between intake of food ingredients (i.e. glucose) and changes in hypothalamus, and to compare responses in lean and obese individuals. Several functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies reported transient changes of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals in the hypothalamus after administration of glucose in rats and humans. Many peripheral metabolic signals directly or indirectly interact with brain dopamine (DA) pathways. This chapter discusses the relation of DA in brain regions during sensory perception of food. These regions include insular cortex, somatosensory cortex, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and amygdala. These brain imaging studies have the potential to facilitate the understanding of mechanisms underlying obesity and overeating behaviors and provide scientific bases for the assessment of the efficacy of drug treatments and for the development of novel pharmacological approaches.
  • 35 - Neuroimaging of eating disorders: commentary
    pp 510-516
    • By Janet Treasure, Institute of Psychiatry Guys Campus Kings College London London, UK
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter speculates how innate vulnerabilities and acquired changes may allow varieties of abnormal eating behavior to occur. In man, the cortical, deliberative component plays a more dominant role. The function of this system includes choices, costs, learning and decision making. An imbalance between these three components may explain some of the clinical variation in eating behaviors. Glucose, insulin and other GI-related hormones modulate brain appetite systems by mechanisms involving both the hedonic and nutrostat systems. The role of dopamine (DA) as a key neurochemical in the hedonic system has been confirmed by several studies. Neuroimaging studies designed to interrogate reward function and dopamine pathways in obesity have led to fascinating findings. The chapter presents a model of brain function in eating disorders. Both obesity and the eating disorders are associated with abnormal functioning in regulatory control areas and in the hedonic systems.
  • Section VII - Developmental Disorders
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter reviews magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings on developmental disabilities that arise from both modular and distributed perspectives on brain function, although the former clearly represent the majority of existing data. It focuses exclusively on autism spectrum disorders (ASD) including the diagnoses of autism, Asperger's Syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder. Some evidence indicates that observed abnormalities in language areas may reflect different processing styles, rather than deficits per se. Visual information processing has always been a topic of great interest to ASD researchers, as individuals with ASD often show preserved and sometimes enhanced visual abilities. A large number of studies have established the role of superior temporal sulcus in various aspects of social perception. Mirror neuron system (MNS) has proven responsive to both the perception and implementation of specific body movements. The relatively high spatial resolution of MRI lends itself very well to the isolation of specific brain structures.
  • 37 - Neuroimaging of Williams–Beuren syndrome
    pp 537-554
    • By Andreia Santos, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Germany, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Heidelberg and Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Germany
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter reviews imaging studies delineating the unique neuropsychiatric features of Williams-Beuren syndrome (WS), as well as recent advances in investigating the neural substrates of the disorder, which have provided significant contributions to unraveling the impact of a specific genetic defect on brain structure and function. It discusses the clinical, behavioral, cognitive and genetic profiles of WS. Studies using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have found significant brain differences between WS and typically developing individuals. Significant advances in the understanding of the structural basis of WS have come from the application of voxel-based morphometry (VBM), which allows the study of genetic variation without restriction to anatomical boundaries. Findings of the studies reviewed in the chapter offer a systems-level characterization of genetically mediated abnormalities of neural interactions that can be probed for the identification of single-gene effects on brain maturation.
  • 38 - Neuroimaging of developmental disorders: commentary
    pp 555-558
    • By Nancy J. Minshew, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter focuses on two fascinating neurodevelopmental disorders: autism and Williams syndrome. In autism, the discovery of low- and high functioning individuals with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) among siblings and twins, and the discovery of variability in affectation among family members with the same gene, led to more acceptance of studying individuals without intellectual disability as a research strategy for gaining insight into the fundamental nature of the disorder. The hallmark strengths of autism were the remarkable memory for minute or inconsequential details and the often superior visuospatial abilities. In Williams syndrome, there is a severe visuospatial construction deficit resulting in an inability to construct a whole from parts. Puzzle assembly and block design are poor, but face and object identifications are normal. The potential contributions of neuroimaging research especially in combination with other modalities are on the brink of an entirely new world of discoveries.

Page 2 of 2

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.