Introduction

As global displacement increases, understandings of refugee citizenship rights and belonging have become particularly salient. In June 2021, the United Nations Refugee Agency, UNHCR, reported that the number of people forcibly displaced from their homes due to armed conflict, warfare and political persecution had reached 84.2 mil-lion – the highest figure ever recorded. While 48 million individuals were ‘internally displaced’, within their country of residence, 36 million had left their country and crossed international borders, where they wait in cities or refugee camps until they deem it safe to return home or they are forcibly repatriated (UNHCR 2021). Those who cannot return home may decide to seek asylum (protection from the state) in the country to which they first fled, or to apply for refugee status through the UNHCR (1996) in the hope that they might be resettled in a third country that is signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention. However, only 107,800 asylum seekers and refugees were resettled in 2019 (Solf and Rehberg 2021). This number dropped to 34,400 in 2020 amid the Covid-19 pandemic, and by mid-2021, the United Nations had documented 26.6 million refugees in need of assistance, placing pressure on governments across the world to accept more refugees and offer more durable resettlement solutions (UNHCR 2021).

As one of the signatories to the Convention, Aotearoa New Zealand (hereafter, New Zealand) resettles refugees through an annual refugee quota. This quota has recently been increased due to the growing humanitarian crisis and significant activist pressure, such as the Double the Quota campaign (Stephens 2018a). A refresh of the 2013 New Zealand Refugee Resettlement Strategy is also underway (Bonnet 2021). The Strategy was originally implemented by the government, local non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and refugee background communities, with the vision that

This vision is further supported by five practical outcomes related to self-sufficiency, social participation, health and well-being, education and safe housing.