Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T05:27:04.963Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 4 - Experiences of Stigma and Criminal In/Justice among People Who Use Substances

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2022

Georg Schomerus
Affiliation:
Universität Leipzig
Patrick William Corrigan
Affiliation:
Illinois Institute of Technology
Get access

Summary

Stigma negatively shapes the lives of people who use substances through criminalization processes and criminal justice involvement. This chapter draws from the authors’ lived experiences to explore the harms created by stigma at the intersection of substance use and criminal justice. Stigma produces a social context contributing to high rates of criminal justice involvement among people who use substances through inequitable social conditions, criminalization of substances, and under-resourcing of substance use services. Substance use stigma is reinforced by harmful police practices, painful imprisonment experiences, and insufficient support offered to formerly incarcerated people living in the community. Approaches for reducing substance use stigma involve reforming drug policy to decriminalize substances, improving access to substance use treatment and harm reduction services, and involving people with lived and living experiences of substance use and criminal justice involvement in policymaking and service delivery.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alberton, A. M., Gorey, K. M., Angell, G. B., & McCue, H. A. (2019). Intersection of Indigenous peoples and police: Questions about contact and confidence. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 61(4), 101119. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2018-0064CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, P., Beletsky, L., Avalos, L., et al. (2020). Policing practices and risk of HIV infection among people who inject drugs. Epidemiologic Reviews, 42(1), 2740. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxaa010Google Scholar
Beaudette, J. N., & Stewart, L. A. (2016). National prevalence of mental disorders among incoming Canadian male offenders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(10), 624632. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716639929Google Scholar
Becker, H. S. (1973). Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. Free Press.Google Scholar
Beletsky, L., Cochrane, J., Sawyer, A. L., et al. (2015). Police encounters among needle exchange clients in Baltimore: Drug law enforcement as a structural determinant of health. American Journal of Public Health, 105(9), 18721879. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2015.302681Google Scholar
Best, D., Irving, J., & Albertson, K. (2017). Recovery and desistance: What the emerging recovery movement in the alcohol and drug area can learn from models of desistance from offending. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2016.1185661Google Scholar
Bondurant, S. R., Lindo, J. M., & Swensen, I. D. (2018). Substance abuse treatment centers and local crime. Journal of Urban Economics, 104, 124133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2018.01.007Google Scholar
Bonn, M., Palayew, A., Bartlett, S., Brothers, T. D., Touesnard, N., & Tyndall, M. (2020). Addressing the syndemic of HIV, Hepatitis C, overdose, and COVID-19 among people who use drugs: The potential roles for decriminalization and safe supply. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 81(5), 556560. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2020.81.556Google Scholar
Buchman, D. Z., Leece, P., & Orkin, A. (2017). The epidemic as stigma: The bioethics of opioids. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 45(4), 607620. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110517750600CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, S. L., & Peyrot, M. (2014). Tough love: Nurturing and coercing responsibility and recovery in California drug courts. Social Problems, 50(3), 416438. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2003.50.3.416Google Scholar
Chang, J., Agliata, J., & Guarinieri, M. (2020). COVID-19 – Enacting a ‘new normal’ for people who use drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 83, Article 102832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102832CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., et al. (2015). What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychological Medicine, 45(1), 1127. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714000129Google Scholar
Collins, A. B., Boyd, J., Mayer, S., et al. (2019). Policing space in the overdose crisis: A rapid ethnographic study of the impact of law enforcement practices on the effectiveness of overdose prevention sites. International Journal of Drug Policy, 73, 199207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.08.002Google Scholar
Derkzen, D., Barker, J., McMillan, K., & Stewart, L. (2017). Rates of current mental disorders among women offenders in custody in CSC. Correctional Service Canada. www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/092/R-406-en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Erikson, K. T. (1962). Notes on the sociology of deviance. Social Problems, 9(4), 307314.Google Scholar
Fischer, B. (2020). Some notes on the use, concept and socio-political framing of ‘stigma’ focusing on an opioid-related public health crisis. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 15(1), Article 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-020-00294-2Google Scholar
Garfinkel, H. (1956). Conditions of successful degradation ceremonies. American Journal of Sociology, 61(5), 420424. www.jstor.org/stable/2773484Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Goldenberg, S., Watt, S., Braschel, M., Hayashi, K., Moreheart, S., & Shannon, K. (2020). Police-related barriers to harm reduction linked to non-fatal overdose amongst sex workers who use drugs: Results of a community-based cohort in Metro Vancouver, Canada. International Journal of Drug Policy, 76, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.102618Google Scholar
Goldstein, P. J. (1985). The drugs/violence nexus: A tripartite conceptual framework. Journal of Drug Issues, 15(4), 493506. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204268501500406Google Scholar
Greer, A., Sorge, J., Sharpe, K., Bear, D., & Macdonald, S. (2018). Police encounters and experiences among youths and adults who use drugs: Qualitative and quantitative findings of a cross-sectional study in Victoria, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 60(4), 478504. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2017-0044.r1Google Scholar
Hughes, C. E., Barratt, M. J., Ferris, J. A., Maier, L. J., & Winstock, A. R. (2018). Drug-related police encounters across the globe: How do they compare? International Journal of Drug Policy, 56, 197207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.005Google Scholar
International Network of People who Use Drugs. (2021). Drug decriminalisation: Progress or political red herring? Assessing the impact of current models of decriminalization on people who use drugs. www.inpud.net/en/drug-decriminalisation-progress-or-political-red-herringGoogle Scholar
Jorgensen, C. (2018). Badges and bongs: Police officers’ attitudes toward drugs. SAGE Open, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018805357Google Scholar
Khenti, A. (2014). The Canadian war on drugs: Structural violence and unequal treatment of Black Canadians. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25(2), 190195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.12.001Google Scholar
Koester, S., Mueller, S. R., Raville, L., Langegger, S., & Binswanger, I. A. (2017). Why are some people who have received overdose education and naloxone reticent to call emergency medical services in the event of overdose? International Journal of Drug Policy, 48, 115124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.008Google Scholar
Kolind, T., & Duke, K. (2016). Drugs in prisons: Exploring use, control, treatment and policy. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 23(2), 8992. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2016.1153604Google Scholar
Levy, J. (2014). The harms of drug use: Criminalisation, misinformation, and stigma. International Network of People who Use Drugs. www.inpud.net/The_Harms_of_Drug_Use_JayLevy2014_INPUD_YouthRISE.pdfGoogle Scholar
Livingston, J. D. (2020). Structural stigma in health-care contexts for people with mental health and substance use issues: A literature review. Mental Health Commission of Canada. www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/sites/default/files/2020-07/structural_stigma_in_healthcare_eng.pdfGoogle Scholar
Maynard, R. (2017). Policing Black lives: State violence in Canada from slavery to the present: Fernwood.Google Scholar
McNeil, R., & Small, W. (2014). ‘Safer environment interventions’: A qualitative synthesis of the experiences and perceptions of people who inject drugs. Social Science & Medicine, 106, 151158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.051Google Scholar
Radcliffe, P., & Stevens, A. (2008). Are drug treatment services only for ‘thieving junkie scumbags’? Drug users and the management of stigmatised identities. Social Science & Medicine, 67(7), 10651073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.06.004Google Scholar
Rolando, S., Asmussen Frank, V., Duke, K., et al. (2020). ‘I like money, I like many things’. The relationship between drugs and crime from the perspective of young people in contact with criminal justice systems. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 28(1), 716. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2020.1754339Google Scholar
Room, R. (2005). Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24(2), 143155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500102434Google Scholar
Sander, G., Scandurra, A., Kamenska, A., et al. (2016). Overview of harm reduction in prisons in seven European countries. Harm Reduction Journal, 13(1), Article 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-016-0118-xGoogle Scholar
Sarang, A., Rhodes, T., Sheon, N., & Page, K. (2010). Policing drug users in Russia: Risk, fear, and structural violence. Substance Use & Misuse, 45(6), 813865. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826081003590938Google Scholar
Stevens, A., Hughes, C. E., Hulme, S., & Cassidy, R. (2022). Depenalization, diversion and decriminalization: A realist review and programme theory of alternatives to criminalization for simple drug possession. European Journal of Criminology, 19(1), 29–54, Article 1477370819887514. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370819887514Google Scholar
Tsai, A. C., Kiang, M. V., Barnett, M. L., et al. (2019). Stigma as a fundamental hindrance to the United States opioid overdose crisis response. PLoS Medicine, 16(11), e1002969. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002969Google Scholar
van Olphen, J., Eliason, M. J., Freudenberg, N., & Barnes, M. (2009). Nowhere to go: How stigma limits the options of female drug users after release from jail. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 4(1), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-4-10Google Scholar
Werb, D., Kamarulzaman, A., Meacham, M. C., et al. (2016). The effectiveness of compulsory drug treatment: A systematic review. International Journal on Drug Policy, 28, 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.12.005Google Scholar
Whitesell, M., Bachand, A., Peel, J., & Brown, M. (2013). Familial, social, and individual factors contributing to risk for adolescent substance use. Journal of Addiction, Article 579310. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/579310CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×