Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-24hb2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-19T08:29:24.678Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Applications of Active Materials in Integrated Systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2013

Inderjit Chopra
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, College Park
Jayant Sirohi
Affiliation:
University of Texas, Austin
Get access

Summary

Applications of smart structures technology to various physical systems are primarily focused on actively controlling vibration, performance, noise, and stability. Applications range from space systems to fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft, automotive, civil structures, marine systems, machine tools, and medical devices. Early applications of smart structures technology were focused toward space systems to actively control vibration of large space structures [1] as well as for precision pointing in space (e.g., telescope, and mirrors [2]). The scope and potential of smart structures applications for aeronautical systems have subsequently expanded. Embedded or surface-bonded smart material actuators on an airplane wing or helicopter blade can induce alteration of twist/camber of airfoil (shape change), which in turn can cause variation of lift distribution and may help to control static and dynamic aeroelastic problems. For fixed-wing aircraft, applications cover active control of flutter [3, 4, 5, 6, 7], static divergence [8, 9], panel flutter [10], performance enhancement [11], and interior structure-borne noise [12]. Compared to fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters appear to show the most potential for a major payoff with the application of smart structures technology. Given the broad scope of smart structures applications, developments in the field of rotorcraft are highlighted in a subsequent section. Although most current applications are focused on the minimization of helicopter vibration, there are other potential applications such as interior/exterior noise reduction, aerodynamic performance enhancement that includes stall alleviation, aeromechanical stability augmentation, rotor tracking, handling qualities improvement, rotor head health monitoring, and rotor primary controls implementation (e.g., swashplateless rotors) [13].

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

[1] E., Crawley. Intelligent structures for aerospace: A technology overview and assessment. AIAA Journal, 32(8):1689–1699, August 1994.Google Scholar
[2] B. K., Wada, J. L., Fanson, and E. F., Crawley. Adaptive structures. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 1(2):157–174, April 1990.Google Scholar
[3] C. Y., Lin, E. F., Crawley, and J., Heeg. Open- and closed-loop results of a strain-actuated active aeroelastic wing. Journal of Aircraft, 33(5):987–994, September-October 1996.Google Scholar
[4] J., Kudva, K., Appa, C., Martin, P., Jardine, and G., Sendeckji. Design, fabrication and testing of the DARPA/WL “smart wing” wind tunnel model. Paper # AIAA-1997-1198, Proceedings of the 38th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Kissimmee, FL, April 1997.Google Scholar
[5] J., Kudva, C. A., Martin, L. B., Scherer, A. P., Jardine, A. M. R., McGowan, R. C., Lake, G. P., Sendeckyj, and B. P., Sanders. Overview of the DARPA/AFRL/NASA Smart Wing program. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3674:230–236, 1999.
[6] J., Becker, H. W., Schroeder, K. W., Dittrich, E. J., Bauer, and H., Zippold. Advanced aircraft structures program: An overview. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3674:2–21, 1999.
[7] J. K., Durr, U., Herold-Schmidt, and H. W., Zaglauer. On the integration of piezoce-ramic actuators in composite structures for aerospace applications. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 10(11):880–889, November 1999.Google Scholar
[8] S. M., Ehlers and T. A., Weisshaar. Static aeroelastic control of an adaptive lifting surface. Journal of Aircraft, 30(4):534–540, July-August 1993.Google Scholar
[9] K. B., Lazarus, E. F., Crawley, and J. D., Bohlmann. Static aeroelastic control using strain actuated adaptive structures. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2(3):386–410, July 1991.Google Scholar
[10] K. D., Frampton, R. L., Clark, and E. H., Dowell. Active control of panel flutter with piezoelectric transducers. Journal of Aircraft, 33(4):768–774, July-August 1996.Google Scholar
[11] T., Bein, H., Hanselka, and E., Breitbach. An adaptive spoiler to control the transonic shock. Smart Materials and Structures, 9(2):141–148, April 2000.Google Scholar
[12] C. R., Fuller, C. H., Hansen, and S. D., Snyder. Experiments on active control of sound radiation from a panel using a piezoceramic actuator. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 91(6):3313–3320, 1992.Google Scholar
[13] I., Chopra. Status of application of smart structures technology to rotorcraft systems. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 45(4):228–252, October 2000.Google Scholar
[14] A. Dogan, J., Tressler, and R. E., Newnham. Solid-state ceramic actuator designs. AIAA Journal, 39(7):1354–1362, July 2001.Google Scholar
[15] T., Lee and I., Chopra. Design of peizostack-driven trailing-edge flap actuator for helicopter rotors. Smart Materials and Structures, 10(1):15–24, February 2001.Google Scholar
[16] V., Giurgiutiu, C. A., Rogers, and Z., Chaudhary. Energy-based comparison of solidstate induced-strain actuators. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 7(1):4–14, January 1996.Google Scholar
[17] V., Giurgiutiu and C. A., Rogers. Large amplitude rotary induced-strain (laris). Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 8(1):41–50, January 1997.Google Scholar
[18] M., Mitrovic, G. P., Carman, and F. K., Straub. Electromechanical characterization of piezoelectric stack actuators. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3668:586–603, 1999.
[19] E. F., Prechtl and S. R., Hall. Design of a high efficiency, large stroke, electromechanical actuator. Smart Materials and Structures, 8(1):13–30, February 1999.Google Scholar
[20] J. P., Rodgers and N. W., Hagood. Preliminary Mach-scale hover testing of an integral twist-actuated rotor blade. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3329:291–308, 1998.
[21] J. P., Rodgers and N. W., Hagood. Design and manufacture of an integral twist-actuated rotor blade. Paper # AIAA-1997-1264, Proceedings of the 38th AIAA/ ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Kissimmee, FL, April 1997.Google Scholar
[22] R. C., Derham and N. W., Hagood. Rotor design using smart materials to actively twist blades. Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society, June 1996.Google Scholar
[23] K. W., Wilkie, M. L., Wilbur, P. H., Mirick, C. E. S., Cesnik, and S. J., Shin. Aeroelastic analysis of the NASA/Army/MIT active twist rotor. 55th Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society, May 1999.Google Scholar
[24] A. A., Bent and N. W., Hagood. Anisotropic actuation with piezoelectric fiber composites. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 6(3):338–349, 1995.Google Scholar
[25] A. A., Bent and N. W., Hagood. Piezoelectric fiber composites with interdigitated electrodes. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 8(11):903–919, 1997.Google Scholar
[26] W. K., Wilkie, R. G., Bryant, J. W., High, R. L., Fox, R. F., Hellbaum, A., Jalink, B. D., Little, and P. H., Mirick. Low-cost piezocomposite actuator for structural control application. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3991:323–334, 2000.
[27] R. B., Williams, B. W., Grimsley, D. J., Inman, and W. K., Wilkie. Manufacturing and mechanics-based characterization of macro fiber composite actuators. Proceedings, 2002 ASME International Adaptiv e Structures and Materials Systems Symposium, pages 17–22, New Orleans, LA, 2002.Google Scholar
[28] R., Williams, D., Inman, and W., Wilkie. Nonlinear actuation properties of macro fiber composite actuators. Proceedings, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress, pages 15–21. Washington, DC, 2003.Google Scholar
[29] E., Ruggiero, G. H., Park, D., Inman, and J., Wright. Multi-input, multi-output modal testing techniques for a Gossamer structure. Proceedings, ASME International Adaptive Structures Symposium, pages 17–22. New Orleans, LA, 2002.Google Scholar
[30] J. S., Park and J. H., Kim. Analytical development of single crystal macro fiber composite actuators for active twist rotor blades. Smart Materials and Structures, 14(4):745–753, 2005.Google Scholar
[31] C. R., Bowen, R., Stevens, L. J., Nelson, A. C., Dent, G., Dolman, B., Su, T. W., Button, M. G., Cain, and M., Stewart. Manufacture and characterization of high activity piezoelectric fibres. Smart Materials and Structures, 15(2):295–301, 2006.Google Scholar
[32] R. E., Newnham, Q. C., Xu, and S., Yoshikawa. Transformed stress direction acoustic transducer. U.S. Patent No. 4, 999, 819, 1991.Google Scholar
[33] K., Onitsuka, A., Dogan, J. F., Tressler, Q., Xu, S., Yoshikawa, and R. E., Newnham. Metal-ceramic composite transducer, the Moonie. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 6(4):447–455, July 1995.Google Scholar
[34] A., Dogan, K., Uchino, and R. E., Newnham. Composite piezoelectric transducer with truncated conical endcaps – Cymbal. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 44(3):597–605, 1997.Google Scholar
[35] P., Ochoa, J., de Frutos, and J. F., Fernandez. Electromechanical characterization of Cymbal piezocomposites. Smart Materials and Structures, 18(9):095047, 2009.Google Scholar
[36] G., Li, E., Furman, and G. H., Haertling. Fabrication and properties of PSZT antiferro-electric RAINBOW actuators. Ferroelectrics, 188:223–236, 1996.
[37] M. W., Hooker. Properties and performance of RAINBOW piezoelectric actuator stacks. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3044:413–421, 1997.Google Scholar
[38] G., Li, E., Furman, and G. H., Haertling. Finite element analysis of RAINBOW ceramics. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 8(5):434–443, May 1997.Google Scholar
[39] M. W., Hyer and A. B., Jilani. Deformation characteristics of circular RAINBOW actuators. Smart Materials and Structures, 11(2):175–195, April 2002.Google Scholar
[40] R. F., Hellbaum, R. G., Bryant, and R. L., Fox. Thin layer composite unimorph ferroelectric driver and sensor, U.S. Patent 5, 632, 841, May 27, 1997.Google Scholar
[41] K. M., Mossi and R. P., Bishop. Characterization of different types of high-performance THUNDER actuators. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3675:43–52, 1999.
[42] J. P., Marouze and L., Cheng. A feasibility study of active vibration isolation using THUNDER actuators. Smart Materials and Structures, 11(6):854–862, 2002.Google Scholar
[43] Y., Kim, L., Cai, T., Usher, and Q., Jiang. Fabrication and characterization of THUNDER actuators – Pre-stress-induced nonlinearity in the actuation response. Smart Materials and Structures, 18(9):095033, 2009.Google Scholar
[44] K. J., Yoon, S., Shin, H. C., Park, and N. S., Goo. Design and manufacture of a lightweight piezo-composite curved actuator. Smart Materials and Structures, 11(1):163–168, February 2002.Google Scholar
[45] M., Syaifuddin, H. C., Park, and N. S., Goo. Design and evaluation of a LIPCA-actuated flapping device. Smart Materials and Structures, 15(5):1225–1230, 2006.Google Scholar
[46] S. M., Lim, S., Lee, H. C., Park, K. J., Yoon, and N. S., Goo. Design and demonstration of a biomimetic wing section using a lightweight piezo-composite actuator (LIPCA). Smart Materials and Structures, 14(4):496–503, 2005.Google Scholar
[47] W. Y., Shih, W. H., Shih, and I. A., Aksay. Scaling analysis for the axial displacement and pressure of flextensional transducers. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 80(5):1073–1078, 1997.Google Scholar
[48] S., Aimmanee and M. W., Hyer. Analysis of the manufactured shape of rectangular THUNDER-type actuators. Smart Materials and Structures, 13(6):1389–1406, 2004.Google Scholar
[49] B., Xu, Q. M., Zhang, V. D., Kugel, Q., Wang, and L. E., Cross. Optimization of bimorph based double amplifier actuator under quasistatic situation. In Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics, 1996. ISAF '96, pages 217–220, 1996.Google Scholar
[50] A., Moskalik and D., Brei. Quasi-static behavior of individual C-block piezoelectric actuators. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 8(7):571–587, July 1997.Google Scholar
[51] A., Moskalik and D., Brei. Parametric investigation of the deflection performance of serial piezoelectric C-block actuators. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 9(3):223–231, March 1998.Google Scholar
[52] A. J., Moskalik and D., Brei. Force-deflection behavior of piezoelectric C-block actuator arrays. Smart Materials and Structures, 8(5):531–543, October 1999.Google Scholar
[53] J. S., Paine and Z., Chaudhry. The impact of amplification on efficiency and energy density of induced strain actuators. Proceedings of the ASME Aerospace Division, AD-52:511–516, 1996.
[54] F. K., Straub. A feasibility study of using smart materials for rotor control. Smart Materials and Structures, 5(1):1–10, February 1996.Google Scholar
[55] J., Garcia-Bonito, M. J., Brennan, S. J., Elliott, A., David, and R. J., Pinnington. A novel high-displacement piezoelectric actuator for active vibration control. Smart Materials and Structures, 7(1):31–42, 1998.Google Scholar
[56] P., Tang, A., Palazzolo, A., Kascak, G., Montague, and W., Li. Combined piezoelectric-hydraulic actuator based active vibration control for a rotordynamic system. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 117:285–293, July 1995.Google Scholar
[57] V., Giurgiutiu, Z. A., Chaudhry, and C. A., Rogers. Stiffness issues in the design of ISA displacement amplification devices: Case study of a hydraulic displacement amplifier. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 2443:105–119, 1995.
[58] D. K., Samak and I., Chopra. Design of high force, high displacement actuators for helicopter rotors. Smart Materials and Structures, 5:58–67, February 1996.Google Scholar
[59] R. C., Fenn, J. R., Downer, D. A., Bushko, and N. D., Ham. Terfenol-D driven flaps for helicopter vibration reduction. Smart Materials and Structures, 5(1):49–57, February 1996.Google Scholar
[60] T., Lee and I., Chopra. Design issues of a high-stroke, on-blade piezostack actuator for helicopter rotor with trailing-edge flaps. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 11(5):328–342, May 2000.Google Scholar
[61] W., Xu and T., King. Flexural hinges for piezoelectric displacement amplifiers: Flexibility, accuracy, and stress concentration. Precision Engineering, 19(1):4–10, July 1996.Google Scholar
[62] M., Frecker and S., Canfield. Optimal design and experimental validation of compliant mechanical amplifiers for piezoceramic stack actuators. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 11(5):360–369, May 2000.Google Scholar
[63] M., Frecker, G. K., Ananthsuresh, S., Nishikawi, N., Kikuchi, and S., Kota. Topolog-ical synthesis of compliant mechanisms using multi-criteria optimization. Journal of Mechanical Design, Transactions of the ASME, 119(2):238–245, June 1997.Google Scholar
[64] B., Edinger, M., Frecker, and J., Gardner. Dynamic modeling of an innovative piezoelectric actuator for minimally invasive surgery. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 11(10):765–770, October 2000.Google Scholar
[65] A. E., Glazounov, Q. M., Zhang, and C., Kim. New torsional actuator based on shear piezoelectric response. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3324:82–93, 1998.
[66] A. E., Glazounov, Q. M., Zhang, and C., Kim. Piezoelectric actuator generating torsional displacement from piezoelectric d15 shear response. Applied Physics Letters, 72:2526, 1998.Google Scholar
[67] A. E., Glazounov, Q. M., Zhang, and C., Kim. Torsional actuator and stepper motor basedonpiezoelectric d15 shear response. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 11(6):456–468, 2000.Google Scholar
[68] S., Li, W. W., Cao, and L., Cross. The extrinsic nature of nonlinear behavior observed in lead zirconate titanate ferroelectric ceramic. Journal of Applied Physics, 69(10): 7219–24, 1991.Google Scholar
[69] V., Mueller and Q. M., Zhang. Shear response of lead zirconate titanate piezoceramics. Journal of Applied Physics, 83(7):3754–3761, 1998.Google Scholar
[70] D., Thakkar and R., Ganguli. Helicopter vibration reduction in forward flight with induced-shear based piezoceramic actuation. Smart Materials and Structures, 13(3): 599–608, 2004.Google Scholar
[71] L. R., Centolanza and E. C., Smith. Design and experimental testing of an induced-shear piezoelectric actuator for rotor blade trailing edge flaps. Paper # AIAA-2000-1713, Proceedings of the 41st AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Atlanta, GA, 2000.Google Scholar
[72] L. R., Centolanza, E. C., Smith, and B., Munsky. Induced-shear piezoelectric actuators for rotor-blade trailing-edge flaps. Smart Materials and Structures, 11(1):24–35, February 2002.Google Scholar
[73] L. R., Centolanza, E. C., Smith, and A., Morris. Induced shear piezoelectric actuators for rotor blade trailing edge flaps and active tips. Paper # AIAA-2001-1559, Proceedings of the 42nd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Seattle, WA, April 2001.Google Scholar
[74] C. M., Bothwell, R., Chandra, and I., Chopra. Torsional actuation with extension-torsional composite coupling and magnetostrictive actuators. AIAA Journal, 33(4): 723–729, April 1995.Google Scholar
[75] A. P. F., Bernhard and I., Chopra. Hover testing of active rotor blade-tips using a piezo-induced bending-torsion coupled beam. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 9(12):963–974, December 1998.Google Scholar
[76] P. C., Chen and I., Chopra. Wind tunnel test of a smart rotor model with individual blade twist control. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 8(5):414–425, May 1997.Google Scholar
[77] G. A., Lesieutre, J., Loverich, G. H., Koopmann, and E. M., Mockensturm. Increasing the mechanical work output of an active material using a nonlinear motion transmission mechanism. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 15(1):49–58, January 2004.Google Scholar
[78] M. J., Brennan, J., Garcia-Bonito, S. J., Elliott, A., David, and R. J., Pinnington. Experimental investigation of different actuator technologies for active vibration control. Smart Materials and Structures, 8(1):145–153, February 1999.Google Scholar
[79] U., Schaaf. Pushy motors. IEE Review, 41(3): 105–108, May 1995.Google Scholar
[80] J., Wallaschek. Piezoelectric ultrasonic motors. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 6(1):71–83, 1995.Google Scholar
[81] T. P., Galante, J. E., Frank, J., Bernard, W., Chen, G. A., Lesieutre, and G. H., Koopmann. Design, modeling, and performance of a high force piezoelectric inchworm motor. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 10(12):962–972, December 1999.Google Scholar
[82] J., Park, G. P., Carman, and H. T., Hahn. Design and testing of a mesoscale piezoelectric inchworm actuator with microridges. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 11(9):671–684, September 2000.Google Scholar
[83] K., Duong and E., Garcia. Design and performance of a rotary motor driven by piezoelectric stack actuators. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Part 1, 35(12A):6334–6341, December 1996.Google Scholar
[84] J. E., Frank, G. H., Koopmann, W., Chen, E. M., Mockensturm, and G. A., Lesieutre. Design and performance of a resonant roller wedge actuator. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3985:198–206, 2000.
[85] E. M., Mockensturm, J. E., Frank, G. H., Koopmann, and G. A., Lesieutre. Modeling and simulation of a resonant bimorph actuator drive. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 4327:472–480, 2001.
[86] J. E., Frank, E. M., Mockensturm, G. H., Koopmann, G. A., Lesieutre, W., Chen, and J. Y., Loverich. Modeling and design optimization of a bimorph-driven rotary motor. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 14(4-5):217–227, April/May 2003.Google Scholar
[87] S., Ueha and Y., Tomikawa. Ultrasonic Motors: Theory and Application. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993.Google Scholar
[88] T., Sashida and T., Kenjo. An Introduction to Ultrasonic Motors. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993.Google Scholar
[89] K., Uchino. Piezoelectric Actuators and Ultrasonic Motors. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1997.Google Scholar
[90] J. N., Kudva, B. P., Sanders, J. L., Pinkerton-Florance, and E., Garcia. Overview of the DARPA/AFRL/NASA Smart Wing Phase II program. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 4332:383–389, 2001.
[91] L. D., Mauck and C. S., Lynch. Piezoelectric hydraulic pump development. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 11(10):758–764, October 2000.Google Scholar
[92] D., Shin, D., Lee, K. P., Mohanchandra, and G. P., Carman. Development of a SMA-based actuator for compact kinetic energy missile. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 4701:237–243, 2003.
[93] J., Sirohi and I., Chopra. Design and development of a high pumping frequency piezoelectric-hydraulic hybrid actuator. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 14(3):135–148, March 2003.Google Scholar
[94] K., Konishi, H., Ukida, and K., Sawada. Hydraulic pumps driven by multilayered piezoelectric elements – Mathematical model and application to brake device. Proceedings of the 13th Korean Automatic Control Conference, 1998.Google Scholar
[95] K., Konishi, T., Yoshimura, K., Hashimoto, and N., Yamamoto. Hydraulic actuators driven by piezoelectric elements (1st report, trial piezoelectric pump and its maximum power). Journal of Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineering (C), 59(564):213–220, 1993.Google Scholar
[96] K., Konishi, T., Yoshimura, K., Hashimoto, T., Hamada, and T., Tamura. Hydraulic actuators driven by piezoelectric elements (2nd report, enlargement of piezoelectric pumps output power using hydraulic resonance). Journal of Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineering (C), 60(571):228–235, 1994.Google Scholar
[97] K., Konishi, K., Hashimoto, T., Miyamoto, and T., Tamura. Hydraulic actuators driven by piezoelectric elements (3rd report, position control using piezoelectric pump and hydraulic cylinder). Journal of Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineering (C), 61 (591):134–141, 1995.Google Scholar
[98] K., Konishi, H., Ukida, and T., Kotani. Hydraulic actuators driven by piezoelectric elements (4th report, construction of mathematical models for simulation). Journal of Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineering (C), 63(605):158–165, 1997.Google Scholar
[99] M. J., Gerver, J. H., Goldie, J. R., Swenbeck, R., Shea, P., Jones, R. T., Ilmonen, D. M., Dozor, S., Armstrong, R., Roderick, F. E., Nimblett, and R., Iovanni. Magnetostrictive water pump. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3329:694–705, 1998.
[100] K., Nasser, D. J., Leo, and H. H., Cudney. Compact piezohydraulic actuation system. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3991:312–322, 2000.
[101] W. S., Oates and C. S., Lynch. Piezoelectric hydraulic pump system dynamic model. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 12(11):737–744, November 2001.Google Scholar
[102] E. H., Anderson, J. E., Lindler, and M. E., Regelbrugge. Smart material actuator with long stroke and high power output. Papaer # AIAA-2002-1354, Proceedings of the 43rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Denver, CO, April 2002.Google Scholar
[103] S., John, J., Sirohi, G., Wang, and N. M., Wereley. Comparison of piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, and electrostrictive hybrid hydraulic actuators. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 18(10):1035–1048, October 2007.Google Scholar
[104] K., Bridger, J. M., Sewell, A. V., Cooke, J. L., Lutian, D., Kohlhafer, G. E., Small, and P. M., Kuhn. High-pressure magnetostrictive pump development: A comparison of prototype and modeled performance. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 5388:246–257, 2004.
[105] G., McKnight, L., Momoda, D., Croft, D. G., Lee, D., Shin, and G. P., Carman. Miniature thin film NiTi hydraulic actuator with MEMS microvalves. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 5762:187–195, 2005.
[106] D. G., Lee, S. W., Or, and G. P., Carman. Design of a piezoelectric-hydraulic pump with active valves. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 15(2):107–115, February 2004.Google Scholar
[107] R. M., Tieck, G. P., Carman, Y., Lin, and C., O'Neill. Characterization of a piezo-hydraulic actuator. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 5764:671–679, 2005.
[108] S., Shoji and M., Esashi. Microflow devices and systems. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 4:157–171, 1994.
[109] D., Accoto, O. T., Nedelcu, M. C., Carrozza, and P., Dario. Theoretical analysis and experimental testing of a miniature piezoelectric pump. IEEE International Symposium on Micromechatronics and Human Science, pages 261–268,1998.Google Scholar
[110] N. W., Hagood, D. C., Roberts, L., Saggere, K. S., Breuer, K.-S., Chen, J. A., Carretero, H., Li, R., Mlcak, S. W., Pulitzer, M. A., Schmidt, M. S., Spearing, and Y.-H., Su. Micro-hydraulic transducer technology for actuation and power generation. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3985:680–688, 2000.
[111] A., Ullmann. The piezoelectric valve-less pump – performance enhancement analysis. Sensors and Actuators, A(69):97–105, 1998.Google Scholar
[112] A., Ullmann, I., Fono, and Y., Taitel. A piezoelectric valve-less pump-dynamic model. Transactions of the ASME, 123:92–98, March 2001.Google Scholar
[113] T., Gerlach, M., Schuenemann, and H., Wurmus. A new micropump principle of the reciprocating type using pyramidic micro flow channels as passive valves. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 6:199–201, 1995.
[114] J., Smits. Piezoelectric micropump with three valves working peristaltically. Sensors and Actuators, A(21-23):203–206, 1990.Google Scholar
[115] J.-Ho, Park, K., Yoshida, and S., Yokota. Resonantly driven piezoelectric micropump-fabrication of a micropump having high power density. Mechatronics: Mechanics, Electronics, Control, 9(7):687–702, October 1999.Google Scholar
[116] J., Watton. Fluid Power Systems. Prentice-Hall, 1989.Google Scholar
[117] D., McCloy and H. R., Martin. Control of Fluid Power: Analysis and Design. Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, England, second (revised) edition, 1980.Google Scholar
[118] Products for Micropositioning, US edition. Physik Instrumente (PI), 1997.
[119] J., Sirohi and I., Chopra. Design and testing of a high pumping frequency piezoelectric-hydraulic hybrid actuator. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Adaptive Structures and Technologies, Potsdam, Germany, October 7-9, 2002.Google Scholar
[120] K., Nasser and D. J., Leo. Efficiency of frequency-rectified piezohydraulic and piezo-pneumatic actuation. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 11(10): 798–810, October 2000.Google Scholar
[121] C., Cadou and B., Zhang. Performance modeling of a piezo-hydraulic actuator. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 14(3):149–160, March 2003.Google Scholar
[122] H., Tan, W., Hurst, and D., Leo. Performance modeling of a piezohydraulic actuation system with active valves. Smart Materials and Structures, 14:91–110, 2005.
[123] S., John, C., Cadou, J. H., Yoo, and N. M., Wereley. Application of CFD in the design and analysis of a piezoelectric hydraulic pump. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 17(11):967–979, 2006.Google Scholar
[124] J., Sirohi, C., Cadou, and I., Chopra. Investigation of the dynamic characteristics of a piezohydraulic actuator. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 16(6): 481–492, 2005.Google Scholar
[125] C., Dorny. Understanding Dynamic Systems: Approaches to Modeling, Analysis and Design. Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1993.Google Scholar
[126] E., Doebelin. System Dynamics Modeling and Response. Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, Columbus, OH, 1972.Google Scholar
[127] E., Doebelin. System Modeling and Response, Theoretical and Experimental Approaches. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.Google Scholar
[128] T., Bourouina and J.-P., Grandchamp. Modeling micropumps with electrical equivalent networks. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 6(4):398–404, 1996.Google Scholar
[129] J. L., Shearer, A. J., Murphy, and H. H., Richardson. Introduction to System Dynamics. Addison Wesley, 1967.Google Scholar
[130] E. B., Wylie and V. L., Streeter. Fluid Transients. McGraw-Hill International Book Company, 1978.Google Scholar
[131] R. E., Goodson and R. G., Leonard. A survey of modeling techniques for fluid line transients. Journal of Basic Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, Series D, 94:474–482, June 1972.Google Scholar
[132] A. S., Iberall. Attenuation of oscillatory pressures in instrument lines. Journal of Research, National Bureau of Standards, 45:2115, July 1950.Google Scholar
[133] C. P., Rohmann and E. C., Grogan. On the dynamics of pneumatic transmission lines. Transactions of ASME, 79:853, 1957.Google Scholar
[134] N. B., Nichols. The linear properties of pneumatic transmission lines. ISA Transactions, 1(1):5–14, January 1962.Google Scholar
[135] F. T., Brown. The transient response of fluid lines. Journal of Basic Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, Series D, 84(4):547–553, December 1962.Google Scholar
[136] R. L., Woods. A first-order square root approximation for fluid transmission lines. In Fluid Transmission Line Dynamics, ASME Special Publication for the ASME Winter Annual Meeting, pages 37–50, Washington, DC, November 15-20, 1983.Google Scholar
[137] K., Suzuki. A new hydraulic pressure intensifier using oil hammer. In Fluid Transients in Fluid-Structure Interaction, ASME Special Publication for the ASME Winter Annual Meeting, pages 43–50, Boston, MA, December 13-18, 1987.Google Scholar
[138] R. W., Prouty. Helicopter Performance, Stability and Control. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Inc., Malabar, FL, 1990.Google Scholar
[139] J. R., Olson. Reducing helicopter costs. Vertiflite, 39(1):10–16, January/February 1993.Google Scholar
[140] E. A., Fradenburgh. The first 50 years were fine… but what should we do for an encore?The 1994 Alexander A. Nikolsky Lecture. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 40(1):3–19, January 1995.Google Scholar
[141] R., Ormiston. Aeroelastic considerations for rotorcraft primary control with on-blade elevons. Presented at the American Helicopter Society 57th Annual Forum, Washington, DC, May 9-11, 2001.Google Scholar
[142] P. C., Chen and I., Chopra. Hover test of a smart rotor with induced strain actuation of blade twist. AIAA Journal, 35(1):6–16, January 1997.Google Scholar
[143] N. A., Koratkar and I., Chopra. Analysis and testing of a Froude scaled rotor with piezoelectric bender actuated trailing-edge flaps. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 8(7):555–70, July 1997.Google Scholar
[144] M. V., Fulton and R. A., Ormiston. Hover testing of a small-scale rotor with on-blade elevons. In 53rd American Helicopter Society Forum, pages 249–273, Virginia Beach, VA, May 1997.Google Scholar
[145] M. V., Fulton and R. A., Ormiston. Small-scale rotor experiments with on-blade elevons to reduce blade vibratory loads in forward flight. In 54th American Helicopter Society Forum, Washington, DC, May 1998.Google Scholar
[146] A. P. F., Bernhard and I., Chopra. Hover testing of active rotor blade-tips using a piezo-induced bending-torsion coupled beam. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 9(12):963–974, December 1998.Google Scholar
[147] F. K., Straub, D. K., Kennedy, A. D., Stemple, V. R., Anand, and T. S., Birchette. Development and whirl tower test of the SMART active flap rotor. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 5388:202–212, 2004.
[148] F. K., Straub, V. R., Anand, T. S., Birchette, and B. H., Lau. Wind tunnel test of the SMART active flap rotor. Proceedings of the 65th Annual AHS Forum, Grapevine, TX, 2009.Google Scholar
[149] D., Schimke, P., Jänker, A., Blaas, R., Kube, G., Schewe, and C., Keßler. Individual blade control by servo-flap and blade root control, a collaborative research and development programme. In 23rd European Rotorcraft Forum, pages 46.1–46.16, Dresden, Germany, September 1997.Google Scholar
[150] D., Schimke, P., Jänker, V., Wendt, and B., Junker. Wind tunnel evaluation of a full-scale piezoelectric flap control unit. In 24th European Rotorcraft Forum, Marseilles, France, September 1998. Paper TE-02.Google Scholar
[151] P., Jänker, V., Klöppel, F., Hermle, T., Lorkowski, S., Storm, M., Christmann, and M., Wettemann. Development and evaluation of a hybrid piezoelectric actuator for advanced flap control technology. In 25th European RotorcraftForum, Rome, Italy, September 1999. Paper G-21.Google Scholar
[152] B. G., van der Wall, R., Kube, A., Buter, U., Ehlert, W., Geissler, M., Raffel, and G., Schewe. A multi concept approach for development of adaptive rotor systems. In 8th Army Research Office (ARO) Workshop on the Aeroelasticity of Rotorcraft Systems, State College, PA, October 1999.Google Scholar
[153] T., Lorkowski, P., Jänker, F., Hermle, S., Storm, M., Christmann, and M., Wettemann. Development of a piezoelectrically actuated leading edge flap for dynamic stall delay. In 25th European Rotorcraft Forum, Rome, Italy, September 1999. Paper G-20.Google Scholar
[154] F., Toulmay, V., Kloppel, F., Lorin, B., Enenkl, and J., Gaffiero. Active blade flaps-the needs and current capabilites. Presented at the American Helicopter Society 57th Annual Forum, Washington, DC, May 9-11, 2001.Google Scholar
[155] M., Tarascio, M., Gervais, T., Gowen, J., Ma, K., Singh, G., Gopalan, K., Kleinhesselink, Y., Zhao, and I., Chopra. Raven SAR Rotorcaft. Technical report, Alfred Gessow Rotorcraft Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 2001.Google Scholar
[156] I., Chopra and J. L., McCloud. A numerical simulation study of open-loop, closed-loop and adaptive multicyclic control systems. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 28(1):63–77, January 1983.Google Scholar
[157] W., Johnson. Self-tuning regulators for multicyclic control of helicopter vibration. NASA Technical Report TP 1996, March 1982.Google Scholar
[158] J., Epps and I., Chopra. Shape memory alloy actuators for in-flight tracking of helicopter rotor blades. Smart Materials and Structures, 10(1):104–111, 2001.Google Scholar
[159] K., Singh, J., Sirohi, and I., Chopra. An improved shape memory alloy actuator for rotor blade tracking. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 14(12):767–786, 2003.Google Scholar
[160] C., Liang, F., Davidson, L. M., Schetky, and F. K., Straub. Applications of torsional SMA actuators for active rotor blade control – opportunities and limitations. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 2717:91–100, 1996.
[161] D. K., Kennedy, F. K., Straub, L. M., Schetky, Z., Chaudhry, and R., Roznoy. Development of a SMA actuator for in-flight rotor blade tracking. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3985:62–75, 2000.
[162] O. K., Rediniotis, D. C., Lagoudas, L. J., Garner, and L. N., Wilson. Development of a spined underwater biomimetic vehicle with SMA actuators. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3668:642–655, 1999.
[163] V., Giurgiutiu, C. A., Rogers, and J., Zuidervaart. Incrementally adjustable rotor-blade tracking tab using SMA composites. Paper # AIAA-1997-1387, Proceedings of the 38th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC, Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Kissimmee, FL, April 1997.Google Scholar
[164] K., Ogata. Modern Control Engineering, 3rd edition. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1997.Google Scholar
[165] L. C., Brinson. One-dimensional constitutive behavior of shape memory alloys: Thermomechanical derivation with non-constant material functions and redefined martensite internal variable. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 4(2):229–242, 1993.Google Scholar
[166] I. H., Abbott and A. E., von Doenhoff. Theory of Wing Sections. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1959.Google Scholar
[167] H., Prahlad and I., Chopra. Comparative evaluation of shape memory alloy constitutive models with experimental data. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 12(6):383–395, December 2001.Google Scholar
[168] C., Liang, C. A., Rogers, and E., Malafeew. Investigation of shape memory polymers and their hybrid composites. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 8(4):380–386, 1997.Google Scholar
[169] J., Epps and R., Chandra. Shape memory alloy actuation for active tuning of composite beams. Smart Materials and Structures, 6(3):251–264, 1997.Google Scholar
[170] C. A., Rogers and D. K., Barker. Experimental studies of active strain energy tuning of adaptive composites. Paper # AIAA-1990-1086, Proceedings of the 31st AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Long Beach, CA, April 1990.Google Scholar
[171] A., Baz, K., Imam, and J., McCoy. Active vibration control of flexible beams using shape memory actuators. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 140(3):437–456, 1990.Google Scholar
[172] T. C., Kiesling, Z., Chaudhry, J., Paine, and C., Rogers. Impact failure modes of thin graphite epoxy composites embedded with superelastic nitinol. Paper # AIAA-1996-1475, Proceedings of the 37th AIAA, ASME, ASCE, AHS, and ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, April 1996.Google Scholar
[173] D. C., Lagoudas and I. G., Tadjbakhsh. Deformations of active flexible rods with embedded line actuators. Smart Materials and Structures, 2(2):71, 1993.Google Scholar
[174] C. A., Rogers. Active vibration and structural acoustic control of shape memory alloy hybrid composites: Experimental results. Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 88: 2803–2807, 1990.
[175] H., Jia, F., Lalande, R. L., Ellis, and C. A., Rogers. Impact energy absorption of shape memory alloy hybrid composite beams. Paper # AIAA-1997-1045, Proceedings of the 38th AIAA/ASME/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Kissimmee, FL, April 1997.Google Scholar
[176] A., Baz, J., Ro, M., Mutua, and J., Gilheany. Active buckling control of Nitinol-reinforced composite beams. Conference on Active Material and Adaptive Structures, Alexandria, VA, pages 167–176, November 1991.Google Scholar
[177] W., Zhang, J., Kim, and N., Koratkar. Energy-absorbent composites featuring embedded shape memory alloys. Smart Materials and Structures, 12(4):642–646, 2003.Google Scholar
[178] T., Turner. A new thermoelastic model for analysis of shape memory alloy hybrid composites. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 11(5):382–394, 2000.Google Scholar
[179] B., Gabry, F., Thiebaud, and C., Lexcellent. Topographic study of shape memory alloy wires used as actuators in smart materials. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 11(8):592–603, 2000.Google Scholar
[180] Y., Xu, K., Otsuka, N., Toyama, H., Yoshida, H., Nagai, and T., Kishi. A novel technique for fabricating SMA/CFRP adaptive composites using ultrathin TiNi wires. Smart Materials and Structures, 13(1):196–202, 2004.Google Scholar
[181] R. L., Forward. Electronic damping of vibrations in optical structures. Applied Optics, 18(5):690–697, 1979.Google Scholar
[182] N. W., Hagood and A., von Flotow. Damping of structural vibrations with piezoelectric materials and passive electrical networks. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 146(2): 243–268, 1991.Google Scholar
[183] G. A., Lesieutre. Vibration damping and control using shunted piezoelectric materials. The Shock and Vibration Digest, 30(3):187–195, May 1998.Google Scholar
[184] J., Tang, Y., Liu, and K. W., Wang. Semiactive and active-passive hybrid structural damping treatments via piezoelectric materials. The Shock and Vibration Digest, 32(3): 189–200, May 2000.Google Scholar
[185] M., Ahmadian and A. P., DeGuilio. Recent advances in the use of piezoceramics for vibration suppression. The Shock and Vibration Digest, 33(1):15–22, January 2001.Google Scholar
[186] J. W., Dally, W. F., Riley, and K. G., McConnell. Instrumentation for Engineering Measurements. 2nd edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1993.Google Scholar
[187] C. L., Davis and G. A., Lesieutre. An actively tuned solid-state vibration absorber using capacitive shunting of piezoelectric stiffness. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 232(3): 601–617, 2000.Google Scholar
[188] L., Meirovitch. Elements of Vibration Analysis. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1986.Google Scholar
[189] A. J., Prescott. Loss compensated active gyrator using differential-input operational amplifiers. Electronic Letters, 2:283–284,1966.Google Scholar
[190] D. F., Berndt and S. C., DuttaRoy. Inductor simulation using a single unity gain amplifier. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, SC-4:161–162, 1969.
[191] S. C., DuttaRoy and V., Nagarajan. On inductor simulation using a unity gain amplifier. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, SC-5(95–98), 1970.Google Scholar
[192] S., Kim, S., Pakzad, D., Culler, J., Demmel, G., Fenves, S., Glaser, and M., Turon. Health monitoring of civil infrastructures using wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, April 25-27, Cambridge, MA, pages 254–263, 2007.Google Scholar
[193] Y., Wang, K. J., Loh, J. P., Lynch, M., Fraser, K., Law, and A., Elgamal. Vibration monitoring of the Voigt Bridge using wired and wireless monitoring systems. In The Proceedings of the 4th China-Japan-US Symposium on Structural Control and Monitoring, October 16-17, 2006.Google Scholar
[194] N. E., duToit, B. L., Wardle, and S-G., Kim. Design considerations for MEMS-scale piezoelectric mechanical vibration energy harvesters. Integrated Ferroelectrics, 71:121–160, 2005.Google Scholar
[195] H. A., Sodano, G., Park, and Inman, D. J.Estimation of electric charge output for piezoelectric energy harvesting. Strain, 40(2):49–58, 2004.Google Scholar
[196] J. L., Kauffman and G. A., Lesieutre. A low-order model for the design of piezoelectric energy harvesting devices. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 20(5): 495–504, 2009.Google Scholar
[197] G. K., Ottman, H. F., Hofmann, and G. A., Lesieutre. Optimized piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit using step-down converter in discontinuous conduction mode. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 18(2):696–703, 2003.Google Scholar
[198] A. M., Wickenheiser and E., Garcia. Power optimization of vibration energy harvesters utilizing passive and active circuits. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 21(13):1343–1361, September 2010.Google Scholar
[199] Y. K., Tan and S. K., Panda. A novel piezoelectric based wind energy harvester for low-power autonomous wind speed sensor. Proceedings of the 33th Annual IEEE Conference of Industrial Electronics Society (IECON07), Taipei, Taiwan, 2007.Google Scholar
[200] D. A., Wang and H. H., Ko. Piezoelectric energy harvesting from flow-induced vibration. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 20(2), 2010.Google Scholar
[201] W. P., Robbins, D., Morris, I., Marusic, and T. O., Novak. Wind-generated electrical energy using flexible piezoelectric materials. IMECE2006-14050, ASME Publications-AD, 71:581–590, 2006.
[202] M., Bryant and E., Garcia. Modeling and testing of a novel aeroelastic flutter energy harvester. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 133(1):011010.1–011010.11, 2011.Google Scholar
[203] J., Sirohi and R. R., Mahadik. Wind energy harvesting using a galloping piezoelectric beam. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 134(1): 011009, 2011.Google Scholar
[204] A., Erturk and D. J., Inman. An experimentally validated bimorph cantilever model for piezoelectric energy harvesting from base excitations. Smart Materials and Structures, 18(2):025009, 2009.Google Scholar
[205] N. G., Elvin, A. A., Elvin, and M., Spector. A self-powered mechanical strain energy sensor. Smart Materials and Structures, 10(2):293–299, 2001.Google Scholar
[206] W. P., Mason. Piezoelectric Crystals and Their Application to Ultrasonics. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1950.Google Scholar
[207] S. H., Crandall, D. C., Karnopp, E. F., Kurtz Jr., and D. C., Pridmore-Brown. Dynamicsof Mechanical and Electromechanical Systems. Krieger Publishing Company, Inc., 1982.Google Scholar
[208] N. W., Hagood, W. H., Chung, and A., von Flotow. Modelling of piezoelectric actuator dynamics for active structural control. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 1(3):327–354, 1990.Google Scholar
[209] J. M., Dietl and E., Garcia. Beam shape optimization for power harvesting. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 21(6):633–646, 2010.Google Scholar
[210] J., Sirohi and I., Chopra. Fundamental behavior of piezoceramic sheet actuators. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 11(1):47–61, 2000.Google Scholar
[211] R. A., DiTaranto. Theory of vibratory bending for elastic and viscoelastic layered finite-length beams. ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, 32:881–886, 1965.
[212] D. J., Mead and S., Markus. The forced vibration of a three-layer, damped sandwich beam with arbitrary boundary conditions. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 10(2):163–175, 1969.Google Scholar
[213] C. D., Johnson. Design of passive damping systems. Journal of Mechanical Design, 117(B):171–176, 1995.Google Scholar
[214] C. T., Sun and Y. P., Lu. Vibration Damping of Structural Elements. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1995.Google Scholar
[215] J. M., Plump and J. E., Hubbard. Modeling of an active constrained layer damper. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Acoustics, Toronto, pages 24–31, 1986.Google Scholar
[216] A., Baz and J., Ro. Partial treatment of flexible beams with active constrained layer damping. Recent Developments in Stability, Vibration and Control of Structural Systems, ASME, New York, 167:61–80, 1993.
[217] W. C., Van Nostrand, G. J., Knowles, and D. J., Inman. Finite element model for active constrained layer damping. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 2193:126–137, 1994.
[218] I. Y., Shen. Bending-vibration control of composite and isotropic plates through intelligent constrained layer treatments. Smart Materials and Structures, 3(1):59–70, March 1994.Google Scholar
[219] W., Liao and K., Wang. A new active constrained layer configuration with enhanced boundary actions. Smart Materials and Structures, 5(5):638–648, October 1996.Google Scholar
[220] A., Baz and J., Ro. Vibration control of plates with active constrained layer damping. Smart Materials and Structures, 5(3):272–280, June 1996.Google Scholar
[221] S. C., Huang, D. J., Inman, and E. M., Austin. Some design considerations for active and passive constrained layer damping treatments. Smart Materials and Structures, 5(3): 301–313, 1996.Google Scholar
[222] A., Baz. Optimization of energy dissipation characteristics of active constrained layer damping. Smart Materials and Structures, 6(3):360–368, June 1997.Google Scholar
[223] W., Shields, J., Ro, and A., Baz. Control of sound radiation from a plate into an acoustic cavity using active piezoelectric-damping composites. Smart Materials and Structures, 7(1):1–11, February 1998.Google Scholar
[224] C., Chantalakhana and R., Stanway. Active constrained layer damping of plate vibrations: A numerical and experimental study of modal controllers. Smart Materials and Structures, 9(6):940–952, December 2000.Google Scholar
[225] M. C., Ray, J., Oh, and A., Baz. Active constrained layer damping of thin cylindrical shells. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 240(5):921–935, 2001.Google Scholar
[226] J. A., Rongong and G. R., Tomlinson. Passive and active constrained layer damping of ring type structures. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, 3045:282–292, 1997.
[227] H. C., Park, S. H., Ko, C. H., Park, and W., Hwang. Vibration control of an arc type shell using active constrained layer damping. Smart Materials and Structures, 13(2):350–354, April 2004.Google Scholar
[228] A., Sampath and B., Balachandran. Studies on performance functions for interior noise control. Smart Materials and Structures, 6(3):315–332, 1997.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×