Methane Mitigation

Claudia Kemfert; Wolf-Peter Schill; David Anthoff; Daniel J.A. Johansson; Fredrik Hedenus

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511779015.006

5 - Methane Mitigation

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012

Claudia Kemfert ,

Wolf-Peter Schill ,

David Anthoff ,

Daniel J.A. Johansson and

Fredrik Hedenus

Edited by

Bjørn Lomborg

Show author details

Bjørn Lomborg: Affiliation:
Copenhagen Business School

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Introduction

Methane (CH4) is a major anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG), second only to carbon dioxide (CO2) in its impact on climate change. CH4 has a high global warming potential that is twenty-five times as large as that of CO2 on a 100-year time horizon according to the 2007 IPCC report (IPCC 2007a). Thus, CH4 contributes significantly to anthropogenic radiative forcing, although it has a relatively short atmospheric perturbation lifetime of twelve years. CH4 has a variety of sources that can be small, geographically dispersed, and not related to energy sectors.

In this chapter, we analyze CH4 emission abatement options in five different sectors and identify economic mitigation potentials for different CO2 prices. While mitigation potentials are generally large, there are substantial potentials at low marginal abatement costs (MACs). Drawing on different assumptions on the social costs of carbon (SCC), we calculate benefit-cost ratios (BCRs) for different sectors and mitigation levels.

We recommend an economically efficient global CH4 mitigation portfolio for 2020 that includes the sectors of livestock and manure, rice management, solid waste, coal mine methane, and natural gas. Depending on SCC assumptions, this portfolio leads to global CH4 mitigation levels of 1.5 or 1.9 GtCO2-eq at overall costs of around $14 billion or $30 billion and BCRs of 1.4 and 3.0, respectively. We also develop an economically less efficient alternative portfolio that excludes cost-effective agricultural mitigation options. It leads to comparable abatement levels, but has higher costs and lower BCRs.

Type: Chapter
Information: Smart Solutions to Climate Change
Comparing Costs and Benefits
, pp. 172 - 221

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511779015.006 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aaheim, A.et al., 2006: Costs savings of a flexible multi-gas climate policy, The Energy Journal, Multi-Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Climate Policy, Special Issue 3, 485–502Google Scholar

Bousquet, P.et al., 2006: Contribution of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability, Nature 443, 439–43CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

DeAngelo, B.J.et al., 2006: Methane and nitrous oxide mitigation in agriculture, The Energy Journal, Multi-Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Climate Policy, Special Issue 3, 89–108Google Scholar

Chesnaye, F.C.et al., 2001: Cost-effective reductions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases, Energy Policy 29, 1325–31CrossRef Google Scholar

Chesnaye, F.C. and Weyant, J.P., 2006: Multi-greenhouse gas mitigation and climate policy, The Energy Journal, Special Issue 3, 1–520

Delhotal, K.C.et al., 2006: Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from waste, energy and industry, The Energy Journal, Special Issue 3, 45–62Google Scholar

Gallaher, M.et al., 2005: Region-specific marginal abatement costs for methane from coal, natural gas, and landfills through 2030, in Rubin, E.S., Keith, D.W., and Gilboy, C.F. (eds.), Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, vol. I, Oxford University Press, OxfordGoogle Scholar

Golub, A., T. Hertel, H.L. Lee et al., 2009: The opportunity cost of land use and the global potential for greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture and forestry, Resource and Energy Economics31(4), 299–319

Hope, C. 2005: The climate change benefits of reducing methane emissions, Climatic Change 86, 21–39CrossRef Google Scholar

European Commission, 2009: Joint Research Centre (JRC)/Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), release version 4.0. http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu

,international environmental agreement, 2003: Building the cost curves for the industrial sources on non-CO2-greenhouse gases, Report PH4/25, International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, October

,international environmental agreement, 2008: CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2008 edn.), International Energy Agency, Paris

,IPPC, 1995: Climate change 1995. The science of climate change, Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

,IPPC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., and Johnson, C.A. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar

,IPPC, 2007a: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report – Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K. and Reisinger, A. (eds.), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, GenevaGoogle Scholar

,IPPC, 2007b: Technical summary, in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis – Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.L. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar

,IPPC, 2007c: Summary for policymakers, in Climate Change 2007: Mitigation – Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Metz, B., Davidson, O.R., Bosch, P.R., Dave, R., and Meyer, L.A. (eds), Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar

,IPPC, 2007d: Agriculture, in Climate Change 2007: Mitigation – Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Metz, B., Davidson, O.R., Bosch, P.R., Dave, R., and Meyer, L.A. (eds), Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar

,IPPC, 2007e: Waste management, in Climate Change 2007: Mitigation – Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Metz, B., Davidson, O.R., Bosch, P.R., Dave, R., Meyer, L.A. (eds), Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Jakeman, G. and Fisher, B.S., 2006: Benefits of multi-gas mitigation: an application of the global trade and environment model (GTEM), The Energy Journal, Multi-Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Climate Policy, Special Issue 3, 323–42Google Scholar

Johnson, J.M.-F.et al., 2007: Agricultural opportunities to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, Environmental Pollution 150, 107–24CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kemfert, C.et al., 2006: Economic impact assessment of climate change – a multi-gas investigation with WIAGEM-GTAPEL-ICM, The Energy Journal, Multi-Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Climate Policy, Special Issue 3, 441–60Google Scholar

Keppler, F.et al., 2006: Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions, Nature 439, 187–91CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lechtenbömer, S.et al., 2007: Tapping the leakages: methane losses, mitigation options and policy issues for Russian long distance gas transmission pipelines, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 1, 387–95CrossRef Google Scholar

Lelieveld, J.et al., 2005: Low methane leakage from gas pipelines, Nature, 434(7035), 841–2CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lucas, P.L.et al., 2007: Long-term reduction potential of non-CO2 greenhouse gases, Environmental Science & Policy 10, 85–103CrossRef Google Scholar

McKinsey & Co., 2007: Reducing US greenhouse gas emissions: how much at what cost? US Greenhouse Gas Abatement Mapping Initiative, Executive Report, Jon Creyts et al., December, www.mckinsey.com/clientservice/ccsi/pdf/US_ghg_final_report.pdf

Methane to Markets, 2008: Global methane emissions and mitigation opportunities. Fact Sheet, www.methanetomarkets.org

Milich, L. 1999: The role of methane in global warming: where might mitigation strategies be focused?, Global Environmental Change 9, 179–201CrossRef Google Scholar

Monni, S., R.P. Patti, A. Letilä, I. Savolainen, and S. Syri, 2006: Global climate change mitigation scenarios for solid waste management, VTT Publications 603, VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications2006/P603.pdf, accessed September 1, 2009

Nisbet, R.E.R.et al., 2009: Emission of methane from plants, Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276(1660), 1347–54CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Nordhaus, W. 2007: The Challenge of Global Warming: Economic Models and Environmental Policy, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2008: Costs of Inaction on Key Environmental Challenges, OECD, Paris

Povellato, A.et al., 2007: Cost-effectiveness of greenhouse gases mitigation measures in the European agro-forestry sector: a literature survey, Environmental Science & Policy 10, 474–90CrossRef Google Scholar

Smith, P.et al., 2009: Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363, 789–813CrossRef Google Scholar

Stern, N. 2007, The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Tol, R.S.J. 2002a: Estimates of the damage costs of climate change, part 1: benchmark estimates, Environmental and Resource Economics 21, 47–73CrossRef Google Scholar

Tol, R.S.J., 2002b: Estimates of the damage costs of climate change, part 2: dynamic estimates, Environmental and Resource Economics 21, 135–60CrossRef Google Scholar

Tol, R.S.J.,2008: The social cost of carbon: trends, outliers and catastrophes, Economics 2, 2008–25Google Scholar

,USEPA, 2006a: Global Mitigation of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs EPA 430-R-06-005, Washington, DC

,USEPA, 2006b: Global Anthropogenic Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990–2020, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs, Climate Change Division, Washington, DC

Vuuren, D.et al., 2006: Long-term multi-gas scenarios to stabilise radiative forcing – exploring costs and benefits within an integrated assessment framework, The Energy Journal, Multi-Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Climate Policy, Special Issue 3, 201–34Google Scholar

Wassmann, R. and Pathak, H., 2007: Introducing greenhouse gas mitigation as a development objective in rice-based agriculture: II. Cost-benefit assessment for different technologies, regions and scales, Agricultural Systems 94, 826–40CrossRef Google Scholar

Weiske, A.et al., 2006: Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in European conventional and organic dairy farming, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 112, 221–32CrossRef Google Scholar

Weitzman, M. 2007: A review of The Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change, Journal of Economic Literature 45(3), 703–24

Witzke, H. and Noleppa, S., 2007: Methan und Lachgas: die vergessenen Klimagase, Berlin, WWFGoogle Scholar

Yang, M., 2009: Climate change and energy policies, coal and coalmine methane in China, Energy Policy 37, 2858–69CrossRef Google Scholar

Yoon, S.et al., 2009: Feasibility of atmospheric methane removal using methanotrophic biotrickling filters, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 83, 949–56CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Anthoff, D.et al., 2009a: Discounting for climate change, Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal 3, 2009–24Google Scholar

Anthoff, D., 2009b: Risk aversion, time preference, and the social cost of carbon, Environmental Research Letters 4(2)CrossRef Google Scholar

Batjes, J.J. and Goldewijk, C.G.M., 1994: The IMAGE 2 Hundred Year (1890–1990) Database of the Global Environment (HYDE), RIVM, Bilthoven, 410100082

Cline, W.R., 1992: The Economics of Global Warming, Institute for International Economics, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar

Fankhauser, S., 1994: Protection vs. retreat – the economic costs of sea level rise, Environment and Planning A 27, 299–319CrossRef Google Scholar

Gollier, C., 2004: Maximizing the expected net future value as an alternative strategy to gamma discounting, Finance Research Letters 1, 85–9CrossRef Google Scholar

Gollier, C. and Zeckhauser, R., 2005: Aggregation of heterogeneous time preferences, Journal of Political Economy 113(4), 878–96CrossRef Google Scholar

Guo, J.et al., 2006: Discounting and the social cost of carbon: a closer look at uncertainty, Environmental Science & Policy 9(3), 205–16CrossRef Google Scholar

Hammitt, J.K.et al., 1992: A sequential-decision strategy for abating climate change, Nature 357, 315–18CrossRef Google Scholar

Hope, C. and Newbery, D. 2007: Calculating the social cost of carbon, in Delivering a Low Carbon Electricity System: Technologies, Economics and Policy, Grubb, M., Jamasb, T. and Pollitt, M.G. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Kattenberg, A.et al., 1996: Climate models – projections of future climate, in Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change – Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Houghton, J.T., Filho, L.G. Meiro, Callander, B.A.et al. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 285–357Google Scholar

Kemfert, C. and Schill, W.-P., 2009: Methane mitigation, chapter 5 in this volume

Leggett, J.et al., 1992: Emissions scenarios for the IPCC: an update in Climate Change 1992 – The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, Houghton, J.T., Callander, B.A. and Varney, S.K. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 71–95Google Scholar

Link, P.M. and Tol, R.S.J., 2004: Possible economic impacts of a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation: an application of FUND, Portuguese Economic Journal 3(2), 99–114CrossRef Google Scholar

Maier-Reimer, E. and Hasselmann, K., 1987: Transport and storage of carbon dioxide in the ocean: an inorganic ocean circulation carbon cycle model, Climate Dynamics 2, 63–90CrossRef Google Scholar

Manne, A.S. and Richels, R.G., 2001: An alternative approach to establishing trade-offs among greenhouse gases, Nature 410, 675–77CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mendelsohn, R.O.et al., 2000: Comparing impacts across climate models, Integrated Assessment 1, 37–48CrossRef Google Scholar

Nordhaus, W., 2008: A Question of Balance: Weighing the Options on Global Warming Policies, Yale University Press, New Haven, CTGoogle Scholar

Nordhaus, W. and Boyer, J., 2000: Warming the World: Economics Models of Global Warming, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

Shine, K.P.et al., 1990: Radiative forcing of climate, in climate change – The IPCC Scientific Assessment, Houghton, J.T., Jenkins, G.J. and Ephraums, J.J. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 41–68Google Scholar

Stern, N., 2007: The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, CambridgeUniversity Press, CambridgeCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Tol, R.S.J., 1995: The damage costs of climate change – towards more comprehensive calculations, Environmental and Resource Economics 5, 353–74Google Scholar

Tol, R.S.J., 1996: The damage costs of climate change: towards a dynamic representation, Ecological Economics 19, 67–90CrossRef Google Scholar

Tol, R.S.J., 2002a: Estimates of the damage costs of climate change. part 1: benchmark estimates, Environmental and Resource Economics 21(2), 47–73CrossRef Google Scholar

Tol, R.S.J., 2002b: Estimates of the damage costs of climate change. part 2: dynamic estimates, Environmental and Resource Economics 21(2), 135–60CrossRef Google Scholar

Tol, R.S.J., 2005: An emission intensity protocol for climate change: an application of FUND, Climate Policy 4, 269–87CrossRef Google Scholar

Tol, R.S.J., 2006: Multi-gas emission reduction for climate change policy: an application of FUND, The Energy Journal:Multi-Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Climate Policy (Special Issue 3), 235–50Google Scholar

Weitzman, M.L., 1998: Why the far-distant future should be discounted at its lowest possible rate, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 36, 201–8CrossRef Google Scholar

Weitzman, M.L., 2001: Gamma discounting, American Economic Review 91(1), 260–71CrossRef Google Scholar

Weitzman, M.L., 2008: On modeling and interpreting the economics of catastrophic climate change, Review of Economics and Statistics91(1), 1–19Google Scholar

Allais, O. and Nichele, V., 2007: Capturing structural changes in french meat and fish demand over the period 1991–2002, European Review of Agricultural Economics 34(4), 517–38CrossRef Google Scholar

Allan, R. et al., 2007: Bali Climate Declaration by Scientists, Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, www.ccrc.unsw.edu.au/news/2007/Bali.html

Archer, D., Eby, M., Brovkin, V., Ridgwell, A., Cao, L., Mikolajewicz, U., Caldeira, K., Matsumoto, K., Munhoven, G., Montenegro, A., and Tokos, K., 2009: Atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel carbon dioxide, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 37, 117–34CrossRef Google Scholar

Azar, C., 1998: Are optimal CO2 emissions really optimal? – Four critical issues for economists in the greenhouse, Environmental and Resource Economics 11(3–4), 301–15CrossRef Google Scholar

Banse, M., Grethe, H., and Nolte, S., 2005: Documentation of ESIM Model Structure, Base Data and Parameters, in GAMS, User Handbook, Berlin and GöttingenGoogle Scholar

Burton, M. and Young, T., 1992: The structure of changing tastes for meat and fish in Great Britain, European Review of Agricultural Economics 19(2), 165–80CrossRef Google Scholar

Carlsson-Kanyama, A. and González, A.D., 2009: Potential contributions of food consumption patterns to climate change, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89(5), 1704–9CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cederberg, C., Sonesson, U., Henriksson, M., Sund, V., and Davis, J., 2009: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Production of Meat, Milk and Eggs in Sweden 1990 and 2005, SIK Report 793, Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology (SIK), Gothenburg

Dasgupta, P., 2008: Discounting climate change, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 37, 141–69CrossRef Google Scholar

FAO, 2009: FAO statistical database, http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx

Fiore, A.M., West, J.J., Horowitz, L.W., Naik, V., and Schwarzkopf, M.D., 2008: Characterizing the tropospheric ozone response to methane emission control and the benefits to climate and air quality, Journal of Geophysical Research 113(D8), D08307CrossRef Google Scholar

Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D.W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D.C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., and Dorland, R., 2007: Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis – Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Solomon, , Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.L. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Fuglestvedt, J.S., Berntsen, T.K., Godal, O., Sausen, R., Shine, K.P., and Skodvin, T., 2003: Metrics of climate change: assessing radiative forcing and emission indices, Climatic Change 58, 267–331CrossRef Google Scholar

,International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2009: GGI Scenario Database, www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/GGI/DB/

,Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007: Summary for Policymakers, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis – Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.L. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Jansen, E., Overpeck, J., Briffa, K.R., Duplessy, J.-C., Joos, F., Masson-Delmotte, V., Olago, D., Otto-Bliesner, B., Peltier, W.R., Rahmstorf, S., Ramesh, R., Raynaud, D., Rind, D., Solomina, O., Villalba, R., and Zhang, D., 2007: Palaeoclimate, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis – Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.L. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Johansson, D.J.A., 2009: Temperature stabilization, ocean heat uptake and radiative forcing profiles, submitted to Climate Change

Johansson, D.J.A., Persson, U.M., and Azar, C., 2006: The cost of using global warming potentials: analysing the trade off between CO2, CH4, and N2O, Climatic Change 77, 291–309CrossRef Google Scholar

Johansson, D.J.A., Persson, U.M., and Azar, C., 2008: Uncertainty and learning: implications for the trade-off between short-lived and long-lived greenhouse gases, Climatic Change 88, 293–308CrossRef Google Scholar

Joos, F., Bruno, M., Fink, R., Siegenthaler, U., Stocker, T.F., Quéré, C., and Sarmiento, J.L., 1996: An efficient and accurate representation of complex oceanic and biospheric models of anthropogenic carbon uptake, Tellus B 48(3), 397–417CrossRef Google Scholar

Kandlikar, M., 1996: Indices for comparing greenhouse gas emissions: Integrating science and economics, Energy Economics 18, 265–81CrossRef Google Scholar

Kemfert, C. and Schill, W.-P. 2009: Methane mitigation, chapter 5 in this volume

Kriegler, E., Hall, J.W., Held, H., Dawson, R., and Schellnhuber, H.J., 2009: Imprecise probability assessment of tipping points in the climate system, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(13), 5041–6CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Manne, A.S. and Richels, R.G., 2001: An alternative approach to establishing trade-offs among greenhouse gases, Nature 410(6829), 675–77CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Matthews, H.D. and Caldeira, K., 2008: Stabilizing climate requires near-zero emissions, Geophysical Research Letters 35, L04705CrossRef Google Scholar

Nordhaus, W.D., 2008: A Question of Balance: Economic Modeling of Global Warming, Yale University Press, New Haven, CTGoogle Scholar

Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., Linden, P.J., and Hanson, C.E. (eds), 2007: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability – Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Prather, M., Ehhalt, D.H., Dentener, F., Derwent, R., Dlugokencky, E., Holland, E., Isaksen, I., Katima, J., Kirchhoff, V., Matson, P., Midgley, P., and Wang, M., 2001: Atmospheric chemistry and greenhouse gases, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis – Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., Linden, P.J., and Xiaosu, D. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Ramaswamy, V., Boucher, O., Haigh, J., Hauglustaine, D., Haywood, J., Myhre, G., Nakajima, T., Shi, G.Y., and Solomon, S., 2001: Radiative forcing of climate change, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis – Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., Linden, P.J., and Xiaosu, D. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Reilly, J.M. and Richards, K.R., 1993: Climate change damage and the trace gas index issue, Environmental and Resource Economics 3, 41–61CrossRef Google Scholar

Richardson, K., Steffen, W., Schellnhuber, H.J., Alcamo, J., Barker, T., Kammen, D., Leemans, R., Liverman, D., Munasinghe, M., Osman-Elasha, B., Stern, N., and Waever, O., 2009: Synthesis Report: Climate Change – Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, www.climatecongress.ku.dk

Schmutzler, A. and Goulder, L.H., 1997: The choice between emission taxes and output taxes under imperfect monitoring, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 32(1), 51–64CrossRef Google Scholar

Shindell, D.T., Faluvegi, G., Bell, W., and Schmidt, G.A., 2005: An emissions-based view of climate forcing by methane and tropospheric ozone, Geophysical Research Letters 32(4), L048031CrossRef Google Scholar

Stehfest, E., Bouwman, L., Vuuren, D.P., Elzen, M.G.J., Eickhout, B., and Kabat, P., 2009: Climate benefits of changing diet, Climatic Change 95(1–2), 83–102CrossRef Google Scholar

Smith, J.B., Schneider, S.H., Oppenheimer, M., Yohe, G.W., Hare, W., Mastrandrea, M.D., Patwardhan, A., Burton, I., Corfee-Morlot, J., Magadza, C.H.D., Füssel, H.M., Pittock, A.B., Rahman, A., Suarez, A., and Ypersele, J.P., 2009: Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) “reasons for concern,”Proceedings of National Academy Science 106, 4133–7CrossRef Google Scholar

Solomon, S., Plattner, G.K., Knutti, R., and Friedlingstein, P., 2009: Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 106(6), 1704–9CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Stern, N.H., 2007: The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sterner, T., 2003: Policy Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Management, RFF Press; Washington, DC, USAGoogle Scholar

Stitch, S., Cox, P.M., Collins, and W.J.Huntingford, C., 2007: Indirect radiative forcing of climate change through effects on the land-carbon sink, Nature 448, 791–4CrossRef Google Scholar

Tanaka, K., 2008: Inverse Estimation for the Simple Earth System Model ACC2 and Applications, PhD thesis, International Max Planck Research School on Earth System Modelling, Hamburg

The Royal Society, 2008: Ground-Level Ozone in the 21st Century: Future Trends, Impacts and Policy Implications, Science Policy Report 15/08, royalsociety.org

Tol, R.S.J., 2008: The social cost of carbon: trends, outliers, and catastrophes, Economics 2, 2005–25Google Scholar

Tol, R.S.J., 2009: The economic effects of climate change, Journal of Economic Perspectives 23(2), 29–51CrossRef Google Scholar

USEPA, 2006: Global Mitigation of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs (6207J), Washington, DC

Vuuren, D.P., Weyant, J., and Chesnaye, F., 2006: Multi-gas scenarios to stabilize radiative forcing, Energy Economics 28, 102–20CrossRef Google Scholar

Warren, R., 2006: Impacts of global climate change at different annual mean global temperature increases, in Schellnhuber, H.J., Cramer, W., Nakicenovic, N., Wigley, T., and Yohe, G. (eds.), Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Warren, R., Hope, C., Mastrandrea, M., Tol, P.S.J., Adger, N., and Lorenzoni, I., 2006: Spotlighting Impact Functions in Integrated Assessment: Research Report Prepared for the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Working Paper 91

Watkiss, P. and Downing, T. 2008: The social cost of carbon: valuation estimates and their use in UK policy, Integrated Assessment 8(1), 85–105Google Scholar

Weitzman, M.L., 2009: On Modeling and interpreting the economics of catastrophic climate change, The Review of Economics and Statistics 91(1), 1–19CrossRef Google Scholar

West, J.J. and Fiore, A.M., 2005: Management of tropospheric ozone by reducing methane, Enviornmental Science & Technology 39(13), 4685–91CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

West, J.J., Fiore, A.M., Horowitz, L.W., and Mauzerall, D.L., 2006: Global health benefits of mitigating ozone pollution with methane emissions control, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 103(11), 3988–93CrossRef Google Scholar

West, J.J, Szopa, S., and Hauglustaine, D.A., 2007: Human mortality effects of future concentrations of tropospheric ozone, Comptes Rendus Geosciences 339, 775–83CrossRef Google Scholar

Williams, A.G., Audsley, E., and Sandars, D.L., 2006: Determining the Environmental Burdens and Resource Use in the Production of Agricultural and Horticultural Commodities, Silsoe Research Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford

Wigley, T.M.L., Smith, S.J., and Prather, M.J., 2002: Radiative forcing due to reactive gas emissions, Journal of Climate 15, 2690–62.0.CO;2>CrossRef Google Scholar

Wirsenius, S., Hedeus, F., and Mohlin, K., 2009: Greenhouse gas taxes on animal food products: rationale, tax scheme and climate mitigation effects, submitted to Climatic Change

Book contents

5 - Methane Mitigation

Summary

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive