At the outset of this book, we asserted that the combined efforts of the government and the private sector have not adequately reduced the public's vulnerability to catastrophic terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and other low-probability, high-impact events. Contributors to this volume have discussed five elements of a coherent and complete response: evaluating vulnerabilities, managing organizations, securing networks, creating markets, and building trust. The effectiveness of each depends on the execution of the others. Yet none will develop without a sixth element: sustained commitments carried out through effective leadership.

By “leadership” we do not mean the political image of a charismatic individual able to mobilize action through sheer force of personality (although that is a valuable, albeit rare, attribute). Rather we mean the assumption of responsibility and accountability by individuals with sufficient authority over resources and decisions to effectively address catastrophic events. As many studies document, however, the reality of an immediate response to a disaster is overwhelmingly unplanned, decentralized, and the product of private action – “leadership” on a micro-level, perhaps, but not at the scale of national policy.