Alexander, M. P., Benson, D. F. and Stuss, D. T. (1989). Frontal lobes and language. Brain and Language, 37, 656–691.
Allen, H. A., Liddle, P. F. and Frith, C. D. (1993). Negative features, retrieval processes and verbal fluency in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 769–775.
∗Aloia, M. S., Gourovitch, M. L., Missar, D., Pickar, D., Weinberger, D. R. and Goldberg, T. E. (1998). Cognitive substrates of thought disorder, II: specifying a candidate cognitive mechanism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1677–1684.
Andreasen, N. C. (1979a). Thought, language and communication disorders: I. Clinical assessment, definition of terms and evaluation of their reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1315–1321.
Andreasen, N. C.(1979b). Affective flattening and the criteria for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 944–947.
Andreasen, N. C.(1979c). Thought, language, and communication disorders: II. Diagnostic significance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1325–1330.
Andreasen, N. C.(1982). Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: definition and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 784–788.
Andreasen, N. C.(1987). The Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History. Iowa city: University of Iowa College of Medicine.
Andreasen, N. C., Arndt, S., Alliger, R., Miller, D. and Flaum, M. (1995). Symptoms of schizophrenia: methods, meanings, and mechanisms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 341–351.
Andreasen, N. C. and Grove, W. M. (1986a). Evaluation of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychiatrie et Psychobiologie, 1, 108–121.
Andreasen, N. C. and Grove, W. M.(1986b). Thought, language, and communication in schizophrenia: diagnosis and prognosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12, 348–359.
Andreasen, N. C. and Olsen, S. (1982). Negative v. positive schizophrenia: definition and validation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 789–794.
Andreasen, N. J. C. and Powers, P. S. (1974). Overinclusive thinking in mania and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 452–456.
Andreasen, N. J. C., Tsuang, M. T. and Canter, A. (1974). The significance of thought disorder in diagnostic evaluations. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 15, 27–34.
Arnold, A. (1969). James Joyce. New York: Frederick Ungar.
Arora, A., Avasthi, A. and Kulhara, P. (1997). Subsyndromes of chronic schizophrenia: a phenomenological study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 96, 225–229.
Asperger, H. (1944). Die ‘Autistic Psychopathen’ im Kindeshalter. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 117, 76–136. [Translated by U. Frith (1991) as ‘Autistic Psychopathy’ in childhood. In Autism and Asperger Syndrome, ed. U. Frith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]
Astrup, C. (1979). The Chronic Schizophrenias. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Baddeley, A. (1986). Working Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Baddeley, A.(1990). Human Memory: Theory and Practice. Hove: Erlbaum.
Baddeley, A.(1996). Exploring the central executive. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 5–28.
Baddeley, A. and Wilson, B. (1986). Amnesia, autobiographical memory and confabulation. In Autobiographical Memory, ed. Rubin, D. C.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baddeley, A. and Wilson, B. (1988). Frontal amnesia and the dysexecutive syndrome. Brain and Cognition, 7, 212–230.
Barber, F., Pantelis, C., Bodger, S. and Nelson, H. (1996). Intellectual functioning in schizophrenia: natural history. In Schizophrenia: A Neuropsychological Perspective, ed. Pantelis, C., Nelson, H. E. and Barnes, T. R. E.. Chicester: Wiley.
∗Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., Perlstein, W., Baird, J., Cohen, J. D. and Schooler, N. (1999). Increased stroop facilitation effects in schizophrenia are not due to increased automatic semantic priming. Schizophrenia Research, 39, 51–64.
∗Barch, D. M., Cohen, J. D., Servan-Schreiber, D., Steingard, S., Cohen, J. D., Steinhauer, S. S. and Kammen, D. P. (1996). Semantic priming in schizophrenia: an examination of spreading activation using word pronunciation and multiple SOAs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 592–601.
Barrera, A., McKenna, P. J. and Berrios, G. E. (2004). Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: an executive or a semantic deficit? Psychological Medicine, in press.
Basso, M. R., Nasrallah, H. A., Olson, S. C. and Bornstein, R. A. (1998). Neuropsychological correlates of negative, disorganized and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 31, 99–111.
∗Baving, L., Wagner, M., Cohen, R. and Rockstroh, B. (2001). Increased semantic and repetition priming in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 67–75.
Baxter, R. D. and Liddle, P. F. (1998). Neuropsychological deficits associated with schizophrenic syndromes. Schizophrenia Research, 30, 239–249.
Bear, D. M. (1979). Temporal lobe epilepsy: a syndrome of sensory-limbic hyperconnection. Cortex, 15, 357–384.
Bear, D. M. and Fedio, P. (1977). Quantitative analysis of interictal behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy. Archives of Neurology, 34, 454–467.
Bear, D., Levin, K., Blumer, D., Chetham, D. and Ryder, J. (1982). Interictal behaviour in hospitalised temporal lobe epileptics: relationship to idiopathic psychiatric syndromes. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 45, 481–488.
Bell, M. D., Lysaker, P. H., Milstein, R. M. and Beam-Goulet, J. L. (1994). Concurrent validity of the cognitive component of schizophrenia: relationship of PANSS scores to neuropsychological assessments. Psychiatry Research, 54, 51–58.
Benjamin, T. B. and Watt, T. F. (1969). Psychopathology and semantic interpretation of ambiguous words. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 706–714.
Benson, D. F. (1973). Psychiatric aspects of aphasia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 555–566.
Berrios, G. E. (1985). Positive and negative symptoms and Jackson. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 95–97.
Berrios, G. E.(1991). Positive and negative signals: a conceptual history. In Negative Versus Positive Schizophrenia, ed. Marneros, A., Andreasen, N. C. and Tsuang, M. T.. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.
∗Besche-Richard, C. and Passerieux, C. (2003). Semantic context-processing deficit in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients: evidence from new semantic priming paradigms. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 8, 173–189.
∗Besche, C., Passerieux, C., Segui, J., Sarfati, Y., Laurent, J. -P. and Hardy-Bayle, M. C. (1997). Syntactic and semantic processing in schizophrenic patients evaluated by lexical-decision tasks. Neuropsychology, 11, 498–505.
Bilder, R. M., Mukherjee, S., Rieder, R. O. and Pandurangi, A. K. (1985). Symptomatic and neuropsychological components of defect states. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 409–419.
Bishop, D. V. M. (1989). Test for the Reception of Grammar, 2nd edn. London: Medical Research Council.
Bishop, D. V. M.(1997). Uncommon Understanding: Development and Disorders of Language Comprehension in Children. Hove: Psychology Press.
Bishop, D. V. M.(2000). Pragmatic language impairment: a correlate of SLI, a distinct subgroup, or part of the autistic continuum. In Speech and Language Impairments in Children: Causes, Characteristics, Intervention and Outcome, ed. Bishop, D. V. M. and Leonard, L. B.. Hove: Psychology Press.
Bishop, D. V. M. and Rosenbloom, L. (1987). Classification of childhood language disorders. In Language Development and Disorders: Clinics in Developmental Medicine (Double Issue), ed. Yale, W. and Rutter, M.. London: MacKeith Press.
Bishop, D. V. M. and Adams, C. (1989). Conversational characteristics of children with semantic-pragmatic disorder. II. What features lead to a judgement of inappropriacy?British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 24, 241–263.
Blakey, A. F., Hellewell, J. S. E. and Deakin, J. F. W. (1996). Thought disorder in schizophrenia reflects general cognitive impairment and not focal linguistic dysfunction. Schizophrenia Research, 18, 205.
Blaney, T. (1974). Two studies on the language behaviour in schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83: 23–31.
Blashfield, R. K. (1984). The Classification of Psychopathology: Neo-Kraepelinian and Quantitative Approaches. New York: Plenum Press.
Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (trans. J. Zinkin, 1950). New York: International Universities Press.
∗Blum, N. A. and Freides, D. (1995). Investigating thought disorder in schizophrenia with the lexical decision task. Schizophrenia Research, 16, 217–224.
Blumer, D. (1975). Temporal lobe epilepsy and its psychiatric significance. In Psychiatric Aspects of Neurologic Disease, ed. Benson, D. F. and Blumer, D.. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Blumer, D.(1995). Personality disorders in epilepsy. In Neuropsychiatry of Personality Disorders, ed. Ratey, J. J.. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Blumer, D. and Benson, D. F. (1975). Personality changes with frontal and temporal lobe lesions. In Psychiatric Aspects of Neurological Disease, ed. Benson, D. F. and Blumer, D.. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Blumer, D. and Benson, D. F.(1982). Psychiatric manifestations of epilepsy. In Psychiatric Aspects of Neurological Disease, Vol II, ed. Benson, D. F. and Blumer, D.. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Bozeat, S., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Patterson, K., Garrard, P. and Hodges, J. R. (2000). Non-verbal semantic impairment in semantic dementia. Neuropsychologia, 38, 1207–1215.
Brandt, J., Seidman, L. J. and Kohl, D. (1985). Personality characteristics of epileptic patients: a controlled study of generalized and temporal lobe cases. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7, 25–38.
Brekke, J. S., DeBonis, J. A. and Graham, J. W. (1994). A latent structure analysis of the positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35, 252–259.
Brekke, J. S., Raine, A. and Thomson, C. (1995). Cognitive and psychophysiological correlates of positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms in the schizophrenia spectrum. Psychiatry Research, 57, 241–250.
Brown, G. W., Birley, J. L. T. and Wing, J. K. (1972). Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic disorders: a replication. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 241–258.
Brown, G. W., Carstairs, G. M. and Topping, G. C. (1958). The post hospital adjustment of chronic mental patients. Lancet, ii, 685–689.
Brown, G. W., Monck, E. M., Carstairs, G. M. and Wing, J. K. (1962). The influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic illness. British Journal of Preventative and Social Medicine, 16, 55–68.
Brown, K. W. and White, T. (1992). Syndromes of chronic schizophrenia and some clinical correlates. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 317–322.
Brüne, M. (2003). Theory of mind and the role of IQ in chronic disorganised schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 60, 57–64.
Buckingham, H. W. Jr. (1982). Can listeners draw implicatures from schizophrenics?Behaviourial and Brain Sciences, 5, 592–594.
Burgess, P. W. and Shallice, T. (1997). The Hayling and Brixton Tests. Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk: Thames Valley Test Company.
Cadenhead, K. S., Geyer, M. A., Butler, R. W., Perry, W., Sprock, J. and Braff, D. L. (1997). Information processing deficits of schizophrenia patients: relationship to clinical ratings, gender and medication status. Schizophrenia Research, 28, 51–62.
Cameron, N. (1938). Reasoning, regression and communication in schizophrenics. Psychological Monographs, 50, 1–34.
Cameron, N.(1939a). Deterioration and regression in schizophrenic thinking. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 34, 265–270.
Cameron, N.(1939b). Schizophrenic thinking in a problem-solving situation. Journal of Mental Science, 85, 1012–1035.
Cameron, A. M., Oram, J., Geffen, G. M., Kavanagh, D. J., McGrath, J. J. and Geffen, L. (2002). Working memory correlates of three symptom clusters in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 110, 49–61.
Campbell, J. D. (1953). Manic-Depressive Disease: Clinical and Psychiatric Significance. Philadelphia: Lipincott.
Caraceni, A. and Grassi, L. (2003). Delirium: Acute Confusional States in Palliative Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cardno, A., Jones, L. A., Murphy, K. C., Asherson, P., Scott, L. C., Williams, J., Owen, M. J. and McGuffin, P. (1996). Factor analysis of schizophrenic symptoms using the OPCRIT checklist. Schizophrenia Research, 22, 233–239.
Carlson, G. A. and Goodwin, F. K. (1973). The stages of mania: a longitudinal analysis of the manic episode. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 221–228.
Carpenter, W. T., Bartko, J. J., Carpenter, C. L. and Strauss, J. L. (1976). Another view of schizophrenic subtypes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 508–516.
Chaika, E. O. (1974). A linguist looks at ‘schizophrenic’ language. Brain and Language, 1, 257–276.
Chaika, E. O.(1982). A unified explanation for the diverse structural deviations reported for adult schizophrenics with disrupted speech. Journal of Communication Disorders, 15, 167–189.
Chaika, E. O.(1990). Understanding Psychotic Speech: Beyond Freud and Chomsky. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
Chaika, E. and Alexander, P. (1986). The ice cream stories: a study in normal and psychotic narrations. Discourse Processes, 7, 305–328.
Chaika, E. O. and Lambe, R. A. (1989). Cohesion in schizophrenic narratives, revisited. Journal of Communication Disorders, 22, 407–421.
∗Chapin, K., McCown, J., Vann, L., Kenney, D. and Youssef, I. (1992). Activation and facilitation in the lexicon of schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Research, 6, 251–255.
Chapman, L. J. and Chapman, J. P. (1973). Disordered Thought in Schizophrenia. New York: Apple-Century-Crofts,.
Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P. and Miller, G. A. (1964). A theory of verbal behaviour in schizophrenia. In Progress in Experimental Personality Research, vol.1, ed. Maher, B. A.. New York: Academic Press.
Chapman, L. J. and Taylor, J. A. (1957). Breadth of deviate concepts used by schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 54, 118–123.
Chédru, F. and Geschwind, N. (1972). Disorders of higher cortical functions in acute confusional states. Cortex, 8, 395–411.
Chua, S. E. and McKenna, P. J. (1995). Schizophrenia – a brain disease? A critical review of structural and functional cerebral abnormality in the disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 563–582.
Clare, L., McKenna, P. J., Mortimer, A. M. and Baddeley, A. D. (1993). Memory in schizophrenia: what is impaired and what is preserved?Neuropsychologia, 31, 1225–1241.
Clark, H. and Haviland, S. (1977). Comprehension and the given-new contract. In Discourse Production and Comprehension, ed. Freedle, R. O.. New Jersey: Ablex Publishing.
Clark, O. and O'Carroll, R. E. (1998). An examination of the relationship between executive function, memory and rehabilitation status in schizophrenia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 8, 229–241.
Clarke, P. R. F., Wyke, M. and Zangwill, O. L. (1958). Language disorder in a case of Korsakoff's syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 21, 190–194.
Cohen, B. D. (1978). Referent communication disturbances in schizophrenia. In Language and Cognition in Schizophrenia, ed. Schwartz, S.. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cohen, B. D. and Camhi, J. (1967). Schizophrenic performance in a word-communication task. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72, 240–246.
Cohen, J. D. and Servan-Schreiber, D. (1992). Context, cortex and dopamine: a connectionist approach to behaviour and biology in schizophrenia. Psychological Review, 99 (1), 45–77.
Collins, A. M. and Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407–428.
Collins, A. M. and Quillian, M. R. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Memory, 8, 240–247.
∗Condray, R., Steinhauer, S. R., Cohen, J. D., Kammen, D. P. and Kasparek, A. (1999). Modulation of language processing in schizophrenia: effects of context and haloperidol on the event-related potential. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1336–1355.
Conti-Ramsden, G., Crutchley, A. and Botting, N. (1997). The extent to which psychometric tests differentiate subgroups of children with SLI. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 40, 765–777.
Cooper, J. E., Kendell, R. E., Gurland, B. J., Sharpe, L., Copeland, J. R. M. and Simon, R. (1972). Psychiatric Diagnosis in New York and London: A Comparative Study of Mental Hospital Admissions (Maudsley Monograph, 20). London: Oxford University Press.
Corcoran, R. and Frith, C. D.(1996). Conversational conduct and the symptoms of schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 1, 305–318.
Corcoran, R., Cahill, C. and Frith, C. D. (1997). The appreciation of visual jokes in people with schizophrenia: a study of ‘mentalizing’ ability. Schizophrenia Research, 24, 319–327.
Corcoran, R., Mercer, G. and Frith, C. D. (1995). Schizophrenia, symptomatology and social inference: Investigating ‘theory of mind’ in people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 17, 5–13.
Crawford, J. R., Obonswain, M. C. and Bremner, M. (1993). Frontal lobe impairment in schizophrenia: relationship to intellectual functioning. Psychological Medicine, 23, 787–790.
Critchley, M. (1964). The neurology of psychotic speech. British Journal of Psychiatry, 110, 353–364.
Crow, T. J. (1980). Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process?British Medical Journal, 280, 66–68.
Crow, T. J. and Mitchell, W. S. (1975). Subjective age in chronic schizophrenia: evidence for a sub-group of patients with defective learning capacity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 360–363.
Cuesta, M. J. and Peralta, V. (1995). Cognitive disorders in the positive, negative and disorganization syndromes of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 58, 227–235.
Curran, F. J. and Schilder, P. (1935). Paraphasic signs in diffuse lesions of the brain. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 82, 613–636.
Cutting, J. (1980). Physical illness and psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 109–119.
Cutting, J.(1985). The Psychology of Schizophrenia. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Cutting, J.(1987). The phenomenology of acute organic psychoses: comparison with acute schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 324–332.
Daban, C., Amado, I., Baylé, F., Gut, A., Willard, D., Bourdel, M. -C., Loo, H., Olié, J. -P., Millet, B., Krebs, M. -O. and Poirier, M. -F. (2002). Correlation between clinical syndromes and neurological tasks in unmedicated patients with recent onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 113, 83–92.
David, A. S. (1992). Frontal lobology – psychiatry's new pseudoscience. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 244–248.
Davidson, L. L. and Heinrichs, R. W. (2003). Quantification of frontal and temporal lobe brain-imaging findings in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 122, 69–87.
Renzi, E. and Faglioni, P. (1978). Normative data and screening power of a shortened version of the token test. Cortex, 14, 41–49.
Vries, P. J., Honer, W. G., Kemp, P. M. and McKenna, P. J. (2001). Dementia as a complication of schizophrenia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 70, 588–596.
Diem, O. (1903). Die einfach demente Form der Dementia Praecox. Dementia simplex. Archiv für psychiatrie and Nervenkrankheiten, 37, 111–187. [Partly translated (1987) as ‘Simple schizophrenia’. In The Clinical Roots of the Schizophrenia Concept, ed. J. Cutting and M. Shepherd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]
Docherty, N. M., Cohen, A. S., Nienow, T. M., Dinzeo, T. J. and Dangelmaier, R. E. (2003). Stability of formal thought disorder and referential communication disturbances in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(3), 469–475.
Docherty, N. M. and Gordinier, S. W. (1999). Immediate memory, attention and communication disturbances in schizophrenia patients and their relatives. Psychological Medicine, 29, 189–197.
Docherty, N. M. and Gottesman, I. (2000). A twin study of communication disturbances in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 188, 395–401.
Docherty, N. M., Hawkins, K. A., Hoffman, R. E., Quinlan, D. M., Rakfeldt, J. and Sledge, W. H. (1996). Working memory, attention, and communication disturbances in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 212–219.
Docherty, N. M., Schnur, M. and Harvey, P. D. (1988). Reference performance and positive and negative thought disorder: a follow-up study of manics and schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 437–442.
Dollfus, S. and Everitt, B. (1998). Symptom structure in schizophrenia: two-, three- or four-factor models. Psychopathology, 31, 120–130.
Doody, G. A., Gotz, M., Johnstone, E. C., Frith, C. D. and Owens, D. G. (1998). Theory of mind and psychoses. Psychological Medicine, 28, 397–405.
Drury, V. M., Robinson, E. J. and Birchwood, M. (1998) ‘Theory of mind’ skills during an acute episode of psychosis and following recovery. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1101–1112.
Durbin, M. and Martin, R. L. (1977). Speech in mania: syntactic aspects. Brain and Language, 4, 208–218.
Eckman, P. S. and Shean, G. D. (2000). Impairment in test performance and symptom dimensions of schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 34, 147–153.
Elliott, R., McKenna, P. J., Robbins, T. W. and Sahakian, B. J. (1995). Neurospychological evidence of frontostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 25, 619–630.
Elliott, R., McKenna, P. J., Robbins, T. W. and Sahakian, B. J.(1998). Specific neuropsychologcial deficits in schizophrenic patients with perserved intellectual function. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 3, 45–70.
Ellman, R. (1959). James Joyce. New York: Oxford University Press.
Epstein, S. (1953). Overinclusive thinking in a schizophrenic and a control group. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 17, 384–388.
Evans, J., Chua, S., McKenna, P. and Wilson, B. (1997). Assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 27, 635–646.
Faber, R., Abrams, R., Taylor, M. A., Kasprison, A., Morris, C. and Weisz, R. (1983). Comparison of schizophrenic patients with formal thought disorder and neurologically impaired patients with aphasia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1348–1351.
Faber, R. and Reichstein, M. B. (1981). Language dysfunction in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 519–522.
Fish, F. J. (1957). The classification of schizophrenia: the views of Kleist and his co-workers. Journal of Mental Science, 103, 443–463.
Fitzgerald, M. (2004). Autism and Creativity. Hove: Brunner-Routledge.
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. and McHugh, P. R. (1975). ‘Mini-Mental State’: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198
Forrest, D. V. (1965). Poiesis and the language of schizophrenia. Psychiatry, 28, 1–18.
Fraser, W. I., King, K. M., Thomas, P. and Kendell, R. E. (1986). The diagnosis of schizophrenia by language analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 275–278.
Frith, C. D. (1987). The positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia reflect impairments in the perception and initiation of action. Psychological Medicine, 17, 631–648.
Frith, C. D.(1992). The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Frith, C. D.(1999). Commentary on laws: what are we trying to explain?Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 4, 31–32.
Frith, C. D and Corcoran, R. (1996). Exploring ‘theory of mind’ in people with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 26, 521–530.
Frith, C. D., Leary, J., Cahill, C. and Johnstone, E. C. (1991). Performance on psychological tests. Demographic and clinical correlates of the results of these tests. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, Supplement, 13, 26–29.
Frith, U. (2003). Autism: Explaining the Enigma, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
Fromkin, V. A. (1975). ‘A linguist looks at schizophrenic language’. Brain and Language, 2, 498–503.
Garrard, P. and Hodges, J. R. (1999). Semantic dementia: implications for the neural basis of language and meaning. Aphasiology, 13, 609–623.
Gastaut, H. (1954). Interpretation of the symptoms of psychomotor epilepsy in relation to physiological data on rhinencephalic function. Epilepsia, 3, 84–88.
Gastaut, H. and Collomb, H. (1954). Etude de comportemente sexual chez les épileptiques psychomoteurs. Annales Médico-Psychologique, 112, 657–696.
Gastaut, H., Roger, J. and Lesevre, N. (1953). Différenciation psychologique des épileptiques en fonction des formes électrocliniques de leur maladie. Revue de Psychologie Appliquée, 3, 237–249.
Geschwind, N. (1979). Behavioural changes in temporal lobe epilepsy. Psychological Medicine, 9, 217–219.
Glucksberg, S., Krauss, R. M. and Higgins, E. (1975). The development of referential communication skills. Review of Child Development Research, ed. Horowitz, F., Vol. IV, pp. 305–346. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Goldberg, T. E., and Gold, J. M. (1995). Neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. In Schizophrenia, ed. Hirsch, S. R. and Weinberger, D. R.. Oxford: Blackwell.
Goldberg, T. E., Aloia, M. S., Gourevitch, M. L., Missar, D., Pickar, D. and Weinberger, D. R. (1998). Cognitive substrates of thought disorder: I. The semantic system. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1671–1676.
Goldberg, T. E., Kelsoe, J. R., Weinberger, D. R., Pliskin, N. H., Kirwin, P. D. and Berman, K. F. (1988). Performance of schizophrenic patients on putative neuropsychological tests of frontal lobe function. International Journal of Neuroscience, 42, 51–58.
Goldberg, T. E. and Weinberger, D. R. (2000). Thought disorder in schizophrenia: a reappraisal of older formulations and an overview of some recent studies. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 5, 1–19.
Goldberg, T. E., Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F., Pliskin, N. H. and Podd, M. H. (1987). Further evidence for dementia of prefrontal type in schizophrenia? A controlled study of teaching the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 1008–1014.
Goldstein, K. (1944). Methodological approach to the study of schizophrenic thought disorder. In Language and Thought in Schizophrenia, ed. Kasanin, J. S.. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Goodglass, H. and Kaplan, E. (1994). The Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
Goodwin, F. K. and Jamison, K. R. (1990). Manic-Depressive Illness. New York: Oxford University Press.
∗Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E., Voss, T., Mörth, T., Thelen, B., Spitzer, M. and Meincke, U. (2003). Semantic hyperpriming in thought-disordered patients with schizophrenia: state or trait? – a longitudinal investigation. Schizophrenia Research, 65, 65–73.
Graham, K. S. and Hodges, J. R. (1997). Differentiating the roles of the hippocampal system and the neocortex in long-term memory storage. Neuropsychology, 11, 77–89.
Gray, J. A. and McNaughton, N. (2000). The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grice, H. P. (1957). Meaning. The Philosophical Review, 62, 377–388.
Grice, H. P.(1975). Logic and conversation. In Syntax and Semantics, ed. Cole, P. and Morgan, J. P.. New York: Seminar Press.
Guillem, F., Bicu, M., Bloom, D., Wolf, M. -A., Desautels, R., Lalinec, M., Krause, D. and Debruille, J. B. (2001). Neuropsychological impairments in the syndromes of schizophrenia: a comparison between different dimensional models. Brain and Cognition, 46, 153–159.
Gureje, O., Aderibigbe, Y. A. and Obikaya, O. (1995). Three syndromes in schizophrenia: validity in young patients with a recent onset of illness. Psychological Medicine, 25, 715–725.
Gustafson, L. (1987). Frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type. II. Clinical picture and differential diagnosis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 6, 209–223.
Halliday, M. A. K. and Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Harrow, M. and Miller, J. G. (1980). Schizophrenic thought disorders and impaired perspective. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 717–727.
Harrow, M. and Prosen, M. (1978). Intermingling and disordered logic as influences on schizophrenic ‘thought disorders’. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 1213–1218.
Harrow, M. and Prosen, M.(1979). Schizophrenic thought disorders: bizarre associations and intermingling. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 293–296.
Harrow, M. and Quinlan, D. (1977). Is disordered thinking unique to schizophrenia?Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 15–21.
Harrow, M. and Quinlan, D.(1985). Disordered Thinking and Schizophrenic Psychopathology. New York: Gardner Press.
Harrow, M., Adler, D. and Hanf, E. (1974). Abstract and concrete thinking in schizophrenia during the prechronic phases. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 27–33.
Harrow, M., Harkavy, K., Bromet, E. and Tucker, G. J. (1973). A longitudinal study of schizophrenic thinking. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 179–182.
Harrow, M., Tucker, G. J. and Shield, P. (1972a). Stimulus overinclusion in schizophrenic disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 27, 40–45.
Harrow, M., Himmelhoch, J. M., Tucker, G. J., Hersh, J. and Quinlan, D. (1972b). Overinclusive thinking in acute schizophrenic patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 79, 161–168.
Harrow, M., Lanin-Kettering, I., Prosen, M. and Miller, J. G. (1983). Disordered thinking in schizophrenia: intermingling and loss of set. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 9, 354–367.
Harrow, M., Quinlan, D., Wallington, S. and Pickett, L. Jr. (1976). Primitive drive-dominated thinking: relationship to acute schizophrenia and sociopathy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 40, 31–41.
Harvey, P. D. (1983). Speech competence in manic and schizophrenic psychoses: the association between clinically related thought disorder and cohesion and reference performance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 368–377.
Harvey, P. D., Earle-Boyer, E. A. and Wielgus, M. S. (1984). The consistency of thought disorder in mania and schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 172, 458–463.
Harvey, P. D., Lenzenwegger, M. F., Keefe, R. S. E., Pogge, D. L., Serper, M. R. and Mohs, R. C. (1992). Empirical assessment of the factorial structure of clinical symptoms in schizophrenic patients: formal thought disorder. Psychiatry Research, 44, 141–151.
Hawks, D. V. and Payne, R. W. (1971). Overinclusive thought disorder and symptomatology. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 663–670.
Heaton, R. K, Baade, L. E. and Johnson, K. L. (1978). Neuropsychological test results associated with psychiatric disorders in adults. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 141–162.
Heinrichs, R. W. (2001). In Search of Madness. New York: Oxford University Press.
Heinrichs, R. W. and Zakzanis, K. K. (1998). Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology, 12, 426–445.
∗Henik, A., Nissimov, E., Priel, B. and Umansky, R. (1995). Effects of cognitive load on semantic priming in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 576–584.
∗Henik, A., Priel, B. and Umansky, R. (1992). Attention and automaticity in semantic processing of schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 5, 161–169.
Herbert, R. K. and Waltensperger, K. Z. (1980). Schizophrasia: case study of a paranoid schizophrenic's language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1, 81–93.
Hermann, B. P. and Riel, P. (1981). Interictal personality and behavioral traits in temporal lobe and generalized epilepsy. Cortex, 17, 125–128.
Hill, K. E., Mann, L., Laws, K. R., Stevenson, C. M. E., Nimmo-Smith, I. and McKenna, P. J. (2004). Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110, 243–256.
Himelhoch, S., Taylor, S. F., Goldman, R. S. and Tandon, R. (1996). Frontal lobe tasks, antipsychotic medication and schizophrenia syndromes. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 227–229.
Hodges, J. R. (1993). Pick's disease: its relationship to semantic dementia, progressive aphasia and frontotemporal dementia. In Dementia, ed. Burns, A. and Levy, R.. London: Chapman & Hall.
Hodges, J. R. and Patterson, K. (1997). Semantic memory disorders. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 68–72.
Hodges, J. R., Patterson, K., Oxbury, S. and Funnell, E. (1992). Semantic dementia: progressive fluent aphasia with temporal lobe atrophy. Brain, 115, 1783–1806.
Hoff, E. (2001). Language Development. California: Wadsworth.
Hoffman, R. and Sledge, W. (1984). A microgenetic model of paragrammatisms produced by a schizophrenic speaker. Brain and Language, 21, 147–173.
Hoffman, R. E. and Sledge, W. (1988). An analysis of grammatical deviance occurring in spontaneous schizophrenic speech. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 3, 89–101.
Howard, D. and Patterson, K. E. (1992). The Pyramids and Palm Trees Test: A Test of Semantic Access from Pictures and Words. Bury St Edmunds: Thames Valley Test Co.
Humphreys, G. W. and Riddoch, M. J. (1987). To See but Not to See: A Case Study of Visual Agnosia. Hove: Erlbaum.
Hunt, M. (1997). How Science Takes Stock. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Ianzito, B. M., Cadoret, R. J. and Pugh, D. D. (1974). Thought disorder in depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 703–707.
Ingvar, D. H. and Franzen, G. (1974). Abnormalities of cerebral blood flow distribution in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 50, 425–462.
James, I. (2003). Singular scientists. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 96, 36–39.
Jamison, K. R. (1993). Touched with Fire: Manic Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament. New York: Free Press.
Johnstone, E. C. and Frith, C. D. (1996). Validation of three dimensions of schizophrenic symptoms in a large unselected sample of patients. Psychological Medicine, 26, 669–679.
Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., Carney, M. W. P. and Price, J. S. (1978). Mechanism of the antipsychotic effect in the treatment of acute schizophrenia. Lancet, i, 848–851.
Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., Husband, J. and Kreel, L. (1976). Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet, ii, 924–926.
Joyce, E., Collinson, S. L. and Crichton, P. (1996). Verbal fluency in schizophrenia: relationship with executive function, semantic memory and clinical alogia. Psychological Medicine, 26, 39–49.
Kaczmarek, B. L. J. (1984). Neurolinguistic analysis of verbal utterances in patients with focal lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain and Language, 21, 52–58.
Kahlbaum, K. L. (1874). Catatonia (trans. Y. Levij and T. Priden, 1973). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Kay, S. R. and Sevy, S. (1990). Pyramidical model of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 537–545.
Kendell, R. E. (1975). The Role of Diagnosis in Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell.
King, D. J. (1990). The effect of neuroleptics on cognitive and psychomotor function. British Joumal of Psychiatry, 157, 799–811.
Kintsch, W. (1980). Semantic memory: a tutorial. In Attention and Performance, VIII, ed. Nickerson, R. S.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kitselman, K. (1981). Language impairment in aphasia, delirium, dementia, and schizophrenia. In Speech Evaluation in Medicine, ed. Darby, J. K.. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Kleist, K. (1914). Aphasia and Geisteskrankheit. Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 61, 8–12. (1930). Zur hirnpathologischen Auffassung der schizophrenen Grundstörungen. Die alogische Denkstörung. Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 26, 99–102. [Translated (1987) as: Alogical thought disorder: an organic manifestation of the schizophrenic psychological deficit. In The Clinical Roots of the Schizophrenia Concept, ed. J. Cutting and M. Shepherd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]
Kleist, K.(1960). Schizophrenic symptoms and cerebral pathology. Journal of Mental Science, 106, 246–255.
Kraepelin, E. (1896). Dementia praecox. In The Clinical Roots of the Schizophrenia Concept, ed. Cutting, J. and Shepherd, M. (1987). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kraepelin, E.(1907). Clinical Psychiatry, 7th edn (trans. A. R. Diefendorf, 1915). New York: Macmillan.
Kraepelin, E.(1913a). Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia (trans. R. M. Barclay, 1919). Edinburgh: Livingstone.
Kraepelin, E.(1913b). Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia (trans. R. M. Barclay, 1921). Edinburgh: Livingstone.
Kraepelin, E.(1923). Psychiatrie, ed. 8. Leipzig: Barth.
Küfferle, B., Lenz, G. and Schanda, H. (1985). Clinical evaluation of language and thought disorders in patients with schizophrenic and affective psychoses. Psychopathology, 18, 126–132.
Kuperberg, G. R., McGuire, P. K. and David, A. (1998). Reduced sensitivity to linguistic context in schizophrenic thought disorder: evidence from on-line monitoring for words in linguistically anomalous sentences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 423–434.
Landre, N. A., Taylor, M. A. and Kearns, K. P. (1992). Language functioning in schizophrenic and aphasic patients. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 5, 7–14.
Langdon, R., Coltheart, M., Ward, P. B. and Catts, S. V. (2002) Disturbed communication in schizophrenia: the role of poor pragmatics and poor mind-reading. Psychological Medicine, 32, 1273–1284.
Laws, K. R. (1999). A meta-analytic review of Wisconsin Card Sort studies in schizophrenia: general intellectual deficit in disguise?Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 4, 1–30.
Laws, K. R., Al-Uzri, M. and Mortimer, A. M. (2000). Lexical knowledge degradation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 45, 123–131.
Laws, K. R., Humber, S. A., Ramsey, D. J. C. and McCarthy, R. A. (1995a). Probing sensory and associative semantics for animals and objects in normal subjects. Memory, 3, 397–408.
Laws, K. R., Evans, J. J., Hodges, J. R. and McCarthy, R. M. (1995b). Naming without knowing and appearance without associations: evidence for constructive processes in semantic memory?Memory, 3, 409–433.
Laws, K. R.Kondel, T. K. and McKenna, P. J. (1999). A receptive language deficit in schizophrenic thought disorder: evidence for impaired semantic access and monitoring. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 4, 89–105.
Laws, K.Mckenna, P. J. and Kondel, T. (1998). On the distinction between access and store disorders in schizophrenia: a question of deficit severity?Neuropsychologia, 36, 313–321.
Lecours, A. R. and Vanier-Clément, M. (1976). Schizophasia and jargonaphasia: a comparative description with comments on Chaika's and Fromkin's respective looks at ‘schizophrenic’ language. Brain and Language, 3, 516–565.
Leonhard, K. (1979). The Classification of Endogenous Psychoses, 5th edn (trans. R. Berman). New York: Irvington.
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lewis, A. J. (1934). Melancholia: a clinical survey of depressive states. Journal of Mental Science, 80, 277–378. [Reprinted 1967, in Inquiries in Psychiatry: Clinical and Social Investigations. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.]
Lidderdale, J. (1983). Lucia Joyce at St Andrew's. James Joyce Broadsheet, Number 11.
Liddle, P. F. (1987a). The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: a re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 145–151.
Liddle, P. F.(1987b). Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction. Psychological Medicine, 17, 49–57.
Liddle, P. F.(1995). Thought Language and Communication Index. Vancouver: Department of Psychiatry, Universities of Vancouver.
Liddle, P. F. and Barnes, T. R. E. (1990). Syndromes of chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 558–561.
Liddle, P. F. and Crow, T. J. (1984). Age disorientation in chronic schizophrenia is associated with global intellectual impairment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 193–199.
Liddle, P. F. and Morris, D. L. (1991). Schizophrenic syndromes and frontal lobe performance. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 340–345.
Lipowski, Z. J. (1990). Delirium: Acute Confusional States. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lishman, W. A. (1998). Organic Psychiatry, 3rd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Lorenz, M. (1968). Problems posed by schizophrenic language. In Language Behavior in Schizophrenia, ed. Vetter, H. J.. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
Maher, B. A. (1983). A tentative theory of schizophrenic utterance. In Progress in Experimental Personality Research, vol. 12: Personality, ed. Maher, B. A. and Maher, W. B.. New York: Academic Press.
Malla, A. K., Ross, M. G., Norman, P. W., Cortese, L. and Diaz, F. (1993). Three syndrome concept of schizophrenia: a factor analytic study. Schizophrenia Research, 10, 143–150.
Malmkjaer, K. (1991). The Linguistics Encyclopedia. London: Routledge.
Manschreck, T. C., Maher, B. A., Milavetz, J. J., Ames, D., Weinstein, C. C. and Schneyer, M. L. (1988). Semantic priming in thought disordered schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research, 1, 61–66.
Master, D. R., Toone, B. K. and Scott, D. F. (1984). Interictal behaviour in temporal lobe epilepsy. In Advances in Epileptology: The XVth Epilepsy International Symposium, ed. Porter, R. J., Mattson, R. H., Ward, A. A. Jr. and Dam, M.. New York: Raven Press.
Mazza, M., Risio, A., Surian, L., Roncone, R. and Casacchia, M. (2001). Selective impairments of theory of mind in people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 47, 299–308.
McGrath, J. (1991). Ordering thoughts on thought disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 307–316.
McKay, A. P., McKenna, P. J., Mortimer, A. M., Bentham, P. and Hodges, J. R. (1996). Semantic memory is impaired in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 929–937.
McKenna, P. J. (1994). Schizophrenia and Related Syndromes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McKenna, P. J. and Laws, K. (1997). Schizophrenic amnesia. In Case Studies in the Neuropsychology of Memory, ed. Parkin, A.. Hove: Psychology Press.
McKenna, P. J. Ornstein, T. and Baddeley, A. D. (2002). Schizophrenia. In Handbook of Memory Disorders, 2nd edn, ed. Baddeley, A. D, Wilson, B. A. and Kopelman, M.. Chichester: Wiley.
Mey, J. L. (2001) Pragmatics: An Introduction, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
Miller, B. (1974). Semantic misinterpretation of ambiguous communications in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 435–440.
Miller, D. D., Arndt, S. and Andreasen, N. C. (1993). Alogia, attentional impairment, and inappropriate affect: their status in the dimensions of schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34, 221–226.
Minzenberg, M., Ober, B. A. and Vinogradov, S. (2002). Semantic priming in schizophrenia: a review and synthesis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 699–720.
Minzenberg, M. J., Poole, J. H., Vinogradov, S., Shenaut, G. K. and Ober, B. A. (2003). Slowed lexical access is uniquely associated with positive and disorganised symptoms in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 8, 107–128.
Mohamed, S., Paulsen, J. S., O'Leary, D., Arndt, S. and Andreasen, N. C. (1999). Generalized cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a study of first episode patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 749–754.
Moran, L. J. (1953). Vocabulary knowledge and usage among normal and schizophrenic subjects. Psychological Monographs, 67, 1–19.
Morice, R. and Ingram, J. C. L. (1982). Language analysis in schizophrenia: diagnostic implications. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 16, 11–21.
Morice, R. and McNicol, D. (1985). The comprehension and production of complex syntax in schizophrenia. Cortex, 21, 567–580.
Moritz, S., Andresen, B., Jacobsen, D., Mersmann, K., Wilke, U., Lambert, M., Naber, D. and Krausz, M. (2001). Neuropsychological correlates of schizophrenic syndromes in patients treated with atypical neuroleptics. European Psychiatry, 16, 354–361.
∗Moritz, S., Mersmann, K., Kloss, M., Jacobsen, D., Wilke, U., Andresen, B., Naber, D. and Pawlik, K. (2001). Hyper-priming in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients. Psychological Medicine, 31, 221–229.
∗Moritz, S., Woodward, T. S., Küppers, D., Lausen, A. and Schickel, M. (2002). Increased automatic spreading activation in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research, 59, 181–186.
Mortimer, A. M. (1997). Cognitive function in schizophrenia: do neuroleptics make a difference. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 56, 789–795.
Moscovitch, M. (1989). Confabulation and the frontal systems: strategic versus associative retrieval in neuropsychological theories of memory. In Varieties of Memory and Consciousness, ed. Roediger, H. L. III and Craik, F. I. M. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Moscovitch, M.(1995). Confabulation. In Memory Distortion, ed. Schacter, D. L.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Moscovitch, M. and Melo, B. (1997). Strategic retrieval and the frontal lobes: evidence from confabulation and amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 35, 1017–1034.
Mourer, S. (1971). Some issues regarding semantic generalization in schizophrenics. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 6, 449–450.
Mungas, D. (1982). Interictal behavioral abnormality in temporal lobe epilepsy: a specific syndrome or nonspecific psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 108–111.
Neary, D., Snowden, J. S., Northen, B. and Goulding, P. (1988). Dementia of frontal lobe type. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 51, 353–361.
Nelson, H. E. (1982). The National Adult Reading Test (NART). Windsor: NFER-Nelson.
Nettle, D. (2001). Stong Imagination: Madness, Creativity, and Human Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Neuringer, C., Goldstein, G. and Fiske, J. P. (1969). Schizophrenic adherence to strong meaning associations. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 29, 394.
Norman, D. A. and Shallice, T. (1980). Attention to Action: Willed and Automatic Control of behavior. San Diego: University of California at San Diego, CHIP Report 99.
Norman, R. M. G., Malla, A. K., Morrison-Stewart, S. L., Helmes, E., Williamson, P. C., Thomas, J. and Cortese, L. (1997). Neuropsychological correlates of syndromes in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 134–139.
Novoa, O. P. and Ardila, A. (1987). Linguistic abilities in patients with prefrontal damage. Brain and Language, 30, 206–225.
O'Leary, D. S., Flaum, M., Kesler, M. L., Flashman, L. A., Arndt, S. and Andreasen, N. C. (2000). Cognitive correlates of negative, disorganized and psychotic symptom dimensions of schizophrenia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 12, 4–15.
∗Ober, B. A., Vinogradov, S. and Shenaut, G. K. (1995). Semantic priming of category relations in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, 9, 220–228.
∗Ober, B. A., Vinogradov, S. and Shenaut, G. K. (1997). Automatic versus controlled semantic priming in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, 11, 506–513.
Oh, T. M., McCarthy, R. A. and McKenna, P. J. (2002). Is there a schizophasia? A study applying the single case study approach to formal thought disorder in schizophrenia. Neurocase, 8, 233–244.
Oltmanns, T. F., Murphy, R., Berenbaum, H. and Dunlop, S. A. (1985). Rating verbal communication impairment in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 292–299.
Owens, D. G. C. and Johnstone, E. C. (1980). The disabilities of chronic schizophrenia – their nature and the factors contributing to their development. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 384–393.
∗Passerieux, C., Segui, J., Besche, C., Chevalier, J. F., Widlocher, D. and Hardy-Bayle, M. C. (1997). Heterogeneity in cognitive functioning of schizophrenic patients evaluated by a lexical decision task. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1295–1302.
Payne, R. W. (1960). Cognitive abnormalities. In Handbook of Abnormal Psychology, ed. Eysenck, H. J.. London: Pitman.
Payne, R. W.(1973). Cognitive abnormalities. In Handbook of Abnormal Psychology, 2nd edn, ed. Eysenck, H. J.. London: Pitman.
Peralta, V., Cuesta, M. J. and Leon, J. (1992). Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: a factor analytic study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33, 105–110.
Peralta, V., Cuesta, M. J. and Leon, J.(1994). An empirical analysis of latent structures underlying schizophrenic symptoms: a four-syndrome model. Biological Psychiatry, 36, 726–736.
Perry, W., Heaton, R. K., Potterat, E., Roebuck, T., Minassian, A. and Braff, D. L. (2001). Working memory in schizophrenia: transient ‘online’ storage versus executive functioning. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27, 157–176.
Petrie, A. (1952). Personality and the Frontal Lobes: An Investigation of the Psychological Effects of Different Types of Leucotomy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Phillips, M. R., Xiong, W., Wang, R. W., Gao, Y. H., Wang, X. Q. and Zhang, N. P. (1991). Reliability and validity of the Chinese versions of the scales for the assessment of positive and negative symptoms. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 84, 364–370.
Pickup, G. J. and Frith, C. D. (2001). Theory of mind impairments in schizophrenia: symptomatology, severity and specificity. Psychological Medicine, 31, 207–220.
Pollice, R., Roncone, R., Falloon, I. R. H., Mazza, M., Risio, A., Necozione, S., Morosini, P. and Casacchia, M. (2002). Is theory of mind in schizophrenia more strongly associated with clinical and social deficits than with neurocognitive deficits?Psychopathology, 35, 280–288.
Power, A. (1974). Conversations with James Joyce. London: Millington.
Quillian, M. R. (1966). Semantic memory. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Carnegie Institute of Technology. [Reprinted in part in Semantic Information Processing, ed. M. Minsky. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968.]
Quillian, M. R.(1969). The Teachable Language Comprehender: a simulation program and theory of language. Communications of the ACM, 12, 459–476.
Ragin, A. B. and Oltmanns, T. F. (1986). Lexical cohesion and formal thought disorder during and after psychotic episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 181–183.
Rapin, I. and Allen, D. (1987). Developmental language disorders: nosologic considerations. In Neuropsychology of Language, Reading and Spelling, ed. Kirk, U.. New York: Academic Press.
Reed, J. L. (1970). Schizophrenic thought disorder: a review and hypothesis. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 11, 403–432.
Reilly, F., Harrow, M., Tucker, G. J., Quinlan, D. M. and Siegel, A. (1975). Looseness of associations in acute schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 240–246.
Robert, P. H., Lafont, V., Medicin, I., Berthet, L., Thauby, S., Baudu, C. and Darcourt, G. (1998). Clustering and switching strategies in verbal fluency tasks: comparison between schizophrenics and healthy adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 539–546.
Roberts, M. A. and Schuham, A. I. (1974). Word associations of schizophrenics and alcoholics as a function of strength of associative distracter. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83, 426–431.
Rochester, S. R. and Martin, J. R. (1979). Crazy Talk: A Study of the Discourse of Schizophrenic Speakers. New York: Plenum.
Rodin, E. and Schmaltz, S. (1984). The Bear-Fedio personality inventory and temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology, 34, 591–596.
Rodriguez-Ferrera, S., McCarthy, R. A. and McKenna, P. J. (2001). Language in schizophrenia and its relationship to formal thought disorder. Psychological Medicine, 31, 197–205.
Rogers, D. (1985). The motor disorders of severe psychiatric illness: a conflict of paradigms. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 221–232.
Rogers, D.(1992). Motor Disorder in Psychiatry. Chicester: Wiley.
∗Rossell, S. L., Shapleske, J. and David, A. S. (2000). Direct and indirect semantic priming with neutral and emotional words in schizophrenia: relationship to delusions. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 5, 271–292.
Rowe, E. W. and Shean, G. (1997). Card-sort performance and syndromes of schizophrenia. Genetic, Social, and Psychology Monographs, 123, 197–209.
Rumsey, J., Andreasen, N. C. and Rapoport, J. (1986). Thought, language, communication, and affective flattening in autistic adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 771–777.
Salzinger, K., Portnoy, S. and Feldman, R. S. (1978). Communicability deficit in schizophrenia resulting from a more general deficit. In Language and Cognition in Schizophrenia, ed. Schwartz, S.. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sarai, M. and Matsunaga, H. (1993). Symptom segregation in chronic schizophrenia: the significance of thought disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 10, 159–163.
Sarfati, Y. and Hardy-Bayle, M. C. (1999a). How do people with schizophrenia explain the behaviour of others? A study of theory of mind and its relationship to thought and speech disorganization in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 29, 613–620.
Sarfati, Y., Hardy-Bayle, M. C., Brunet, E. and Widlocher, D. (1999b). Investigating theory of mind in schizophrenia: influence of verbalization in disorganized and non-disorganized patients. Schizophrenia Research, 37, 183–190.
Saykin, A. J., Shtasel, D., Gur, R. E., Kester, D., Mozley, L. H., Stafiniak, P. and Gur, R. (1994). Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 124–131.
Saykin, A. J., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., Mozley, P. D., Mozley, L. H., Resnick, S. M., Kester, B. and Stafiniak, P. (1991). Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia: selective impairment in memory and learning. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 618–624.
Schwartz, S. (1982). Is there a schizophrenic language?Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 579–626.
Sedler, M. J. (1985). The legacy of Ewald Hecker: a new translation of ‘die Hebephrenie’. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 1265–1271.
Shallice, T. (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 298, 199–209.
Shallice, T.(1998). From Neuropsychology to Mental Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shallice, T. and Evans, M. E. (1978). The involvement of the frontal lobes in cognitive estimation. Cortex, 14, 294–303.
Shallice, T., Burgess, P. W. and Frith, C. D. (1991). Can the neuropsychological casestudy approach be applied to schizophrenia?Psychological Medicine, 21, 661–673.
Shloss, C. L. (2003). Lucia Joyce: To Dance in the Wake. New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux.
Shorter, E. (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. New York: Wiley.
Shtasel, D. L., Gur, R. E., Gallacher, F., Heimberg, C., Cannon, T. and Gur, R. C. (1992). Phenomenology and functioning in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 18, 449–461.
Siegel, A., Harrow, M., Reilly, F. and Tucker, G. J. (1976). Loose associations and disordered speech patterns in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 162, 105–112.
Simmons, J. Q. and Baltaxe, C. (1975). Language patterns of adolescent autistics. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 5, 333–351.
Smith, D. A., Mar, C. M. and Turoff, B. K. (1998). The structure of schizophrenic symptoms: a meta-analytic confirmatory factor analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 31, 57–70.
Snodgrass, J. G. and Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardised set of 260 pictures: norms for name agreement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 6, 174–215.
Snowden, J. S., Goulding, P. J. and Neary, D. (1989). Semantic dementia: a form of circumscribed cerebral atrophy. Behavioural Neurology, 2, 167–182.
Snowden, J. S.,Neary, D. and Mann, D. M. A. (1996). Fronto-Temporal Lobar Degeneration: Fronto-Temporal Dementia, Progressive Aphasia, Semantic Dementia. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
∗Spitzer, M., Braun, U., Hermle, L. and Maier, S. (1993). Associative semantic network dysfunction in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients: direct evidence from indirect semantic priming. Biological Psychiatry, 34, 864–877.
∗Spitzer, M., Weisbrod, M., Winkler, S. and Maier, S. (1997). Ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale bei semantischen Sprachverarbeitungsprozessen schizophrener Patienten. Nervenarzt, 68, 212–225.
∗Spitzer, M., Weisker, I., Winter, M., Maier, S., Hermle, L. and Maher, B. A. (1994). Semantic and phonological priming in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 485–494.
Strauss, M. E. (1975). Strong meaning-response bias in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 295–298.
Strauss, J. S., Carpenter, W. T. and Bartko, J. J. (1974). An approach to the diagnosis and understanding of schizophrenia: III. Speculations on the processes that underlie schizophrenic symptoms and signs. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1, 61–69.
Stuart, G. W., Pantelis, C., Klimides, S. and Minas, I. H. (1999). The three-syndrome model of schizophrenia: meta-analysis of an artifact. Schizophrenia Research, 39, 233–242.
∗Surgaladze, S., Rossell, S., Rabe-Hesketh, S. and David, A. S. (2002). Cross-modal semantic priming in schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 884–892.
Tabares, R., Sanjuan, J., Gomez-Beneyto, M. and Leal, C. (2000). Correlates of symptom dimensions in schizophrenia obtained with the Spanish version of the Manchester Scale. Psychopathology, 33, 259–264.
Tamlyn, D.McKenna, P. J., Mortimer, A. M., Lund, C. E., Hammond, S. and Baddeley, A. D. (1992). Memory impairment in schizophrenia: its extent, affiliations and neuropsychological character. Psychological Medicine, 22, 101–115.
Tantam, D. (1991). Asperger syndrome in adulthood. In Autism and Asperger Syndrome, ed. Frith, U.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, M. A. and Abrams, R. (1975). Acute mania: clinical and genetic study of responders and nonresponders to treatments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 863–865.
Taylor, M. A., Reed, R. and Berenbaum, S. (1994). Patterns of speech disorders in schizophrenia and mania. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 319–326.
Tenyi, T., Herold, R., Szili, I. M. and Trixler, M. (2002). Schizophrenics show a violation in the decoding of violations of conversational implicatures. Psychopathology, 35, 25–27
Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Thomas, P., Kearney, G., Napier, E., Ellis, E., Leudar, I. and Johnston, M. (1996). The reliability and characteristics of the Brief Syntactic Analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 334–343.
Thomas, P., King, K. and Fraser, W. I. (1987). Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and linguistic performance. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 76, 144–151.
Thomas, P., King, K., Fraser, W. I. and Kendell, R. E. (1990). Linguistic performance in schizophrenia: a comparison of acute and chronic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 204–210.
Thompson, P. A. and Meltzer, H. Y. (1993). Positive, negative and disorganisation factors from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia and the Present State Examination: a three-factor solution. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 344–351.
Tow, P. M. (1955). Personality Changes Following Frontal Leucotomy: A Clinical and Experimental Study of the Functions of the Frontal Lobes in Man. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In Organization of Memory, ed. Tulving, E. and Donaldson, W.. New York: Academic Press.
Tulving, E.(1983). Elements of Episodic Memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Tulving, E.(1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 26, 1–11.
Tyler, L. K. (1992). Spoken Language Comprehension: An Experimental Approach to Disordered and Normal Processing. London: MIT Press.
Vásquez-Barquero, J. L., Lastra, I., Nunez, M. J. C., Castanedo, S. H. and Dunn, G. (1996). Patterns of positive and negative symptoms in first episode schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 693–701.
Does, A. J. W., Dingmans, P. M. A. J, Linszen, D. H., Nugter, M. A. and Scholte, W. F. (1993). Symptom dimensions and cognitive and social functioning in recent-onset schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 23, 745–753.
∗Vinogradov, S., Ober, B. A. and Shenaut, G. K. (1992). Semantic priming of word pronunciation and lexical decision in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 8, 171–181.
von Domarus, E. (1944). The specific laws of logic in schizophrenia. In Language and Thought in Schizophrenia, ed. Kasanin, J. S.. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Warrington, E. K. (1975). The selective impairment of semantic memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 635–657.
Waxman, S. G. and Geschwind, N. (1975). The interictal behavior syndrome of temporal lobe epilepsy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1580–1586.
Weeks, D. and James, J. (1995). Eccentrics. London: Weidenfield & Nicholson.
Weeks, D. J. and Ward, K. (1988). Eccentrics: The Scientific Investigation. Stirling: Stirling University Press.
Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F. and Zec, R. F. (1986). Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 114–124.
Weinstein, E. A. (1981). Behavioral aspects of jargonaphasia. In Jargonaphasia, ed. Brown, J. W.. New York: Academic Press.
Weinstein, E. A. and Kahn, R. L. (1952). Non-aphasic misnaming (paraphasia) in organic brain disease. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 67, 72–79.
∗Weisbrod, M., Maier, S., Harig, S., Himmelsbach, U. and Spitzer, M. (1998). Lateralised semantic and indirect semantic priming effects in people with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 142–146.
WHO (World Health Organization) (1973). Report of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Wilson, B. A., Alderman, N., Burgess, P., Emslie, H. and Evans, J. (1996). Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk: Thames Valley Test Company.
Wilson, M. (1993). DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry: a history. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 399–410.
Wing, J. K. (1961). A simple and reliable subclassification of chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Science, 107, 862–875.
Wing, J. K., Birley, J. L. T., Cooper, J. E., Graham, P. and Isaacs, A. D. (1967). Reliability of a procedure for measuring and classifying ‘Present Psychiatric State’. British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 499–515.
Wing, J. K. and Brown, G. W. (1970). Institutionalism and Schizophrenia: A Comparative Study of Three Mental Hospitals, 1960–1968. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E. and Sartorius, N. (1974). The Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wing, L. (1981). Asperger's syndrome: a clinical account. Psychological Medicine, 11, 115–129.
Wing, L.(1996). The Autistic Spectrum: A Guide for Parents and Professionals. London: Constable & Robinson.
Wing, L. and Attwood, A. (1987). Syndromes of autism and atypical development. In Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, ed. Cohen, D. J. and Donnellan, A. M.. Silver Spring, Maryland: Winston.
Woodward, T. S., Ruff, C. C., Thornton, A. E., Moritz, S. and Liddle, P. F. (2003). Methodological considerations regarding the association of Stroop and verbal fluency performance with the symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 61, 207–214.
Wright, I. C., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Woodruff, P. W., David, A. S., Murray, R. M. and Bullmore, E. T. (2000). Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 16–25.
Wykes, T. (1981). Can the psychiatrist learn from the psycholinguist? Detecting coherence in the disordered speech of manics and schizophrenics. Psychological Medicine, 11, 641–642.
Wykes, T. and Leff, J. (1982). Disordered speech: differences between manics and schizophrenics. Brain and Language, 15, 117–124.
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zaslow, R. W. (1950). A new approach to the problem of conceptual thinking in schizophrenia. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 14, 335–339.
