Select Bibliography
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 May 2017
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Rise of Early Modern ScienceIslam, China, and the West, pp. 334 - 375Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2017
References
Select Bibliography
Abaza, Mona. 2000. “Tanwir and Islamization: Rethinking the Struggle over Intellectual Inclusion in Egypt.” Cairo Papers in Social Science 22 #4: 65–84.Google Scholar
Abaza, Mona 2002. Debates on Islam and Knowledge in Malaysia and Egypt. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Abbud, Fuad. 1962. “The Planetary Theory of Ibn al-Shatir: Reduction of the Geometric Models to Numerical Tables.” Isis 53 #4: 492–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abel, Armand. 1957. “La Place des science occultes dans la decadence.” In Classisme et déclin culturel dans l’histoire de l’Islam, edited by Brunschvig, R. and Von Grunebaum, G. E., pp. 291–311. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose.Google Scholar
Achcar, Gilbert. 2013. What the People Want: A Racial Exploration of the Arab Uprising. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ad-Deen, Imad. 1992. Signs in the Heavens: A Muslim Astronomer’s Perspective on Religion and Science. Beltsville, MD: Writers’ Inc.-International.Google Scholar
Adams, Norma, and Donahue, Charles. 1981. Selected Cases From the Ecclesiastical Courts of the Province of Canterbury c. 1200–1301. London: The Selden Society.Google Scholar
Al-Ghazali, . 1962. Book of Fear and Hope. Translated by McKane, Wm.. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
al-Ghazali, Shaykh Muhammad. 2001. A Thematic Commentary on the Quran. Selangor, Malaysia: Islamic Book Trust.Google Scholar
Al-Tusi, Nasir. 1999. Contemplation and Action: The Spiritual Autobiography of a Muslim Scholar, edited and translated by Badakhchani, S. J.. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Alabaster, Ernest. 1899. Notes and Commentaries on Chinese Criminal Law and Cognate Topics, with Special Relation to Ruling Cases, Together with a Brief Excursus on the Law of Property. London: Luzac.Google Scholar
Ali, Saleem H. 2009. Islam and Education: Conflict and Conformity in Pakistan’s Madrassahs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Allee, Mark A. 1994. Law and Local Society in Late Imperial China: Northern Taiwan in the Nineteenth Century. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Allen, Robert C. et al. 2005. Living Standards in the Past: New Perspectives on Well-Being in Asia and Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anawati, G. 1970. “Science.” In The Cambridge History of Islam 2, edited by Holt, P. M., pp. 741–80. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Appignanesi, Lisa, and Maitland, Sara, eds. 1990. The Rushdie File. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Arzen, Rüdiger. 2012. “Plato’s Timeaus in the Arabic Tradition: Legends-Testimonies-Fragments.” In Il Timeo: Esegesi greche, arabe, latine, edited by Celia, F. and Ulacco, A., pp. 181–267. Pisa: Pisa University Press.Google Scholar
Ashbrook, Joseph. 1984. The Astronomical Scrapbook: Skywatchers, Pioneers, and Seekers in Astronomy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ash’ari, . 1973. “The Elucidation of Islam’s Foundation.” In The Islamic World, edited by McNeil, William H. and Waldman, Marilyn W., pp. 152–66. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Aslan, Reza. 2005. No God but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Avenarius, Martin. 2004. Rezeption des Römanischen Rechts in Russland. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag.Google Scholar
Averröes, . 1954. Averrroes’s Tahafut al-Tahafut (The Incoherence of the Incoherence). Translated with introduction by Van den Bergh, Simon. 2 vols. London: Luzac.Google Scholar
Averroes, 1976. On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy, a translation with Introduction and Notes of, Ibn Rushd’s Kitab fasl al-maqal, with its Appendix (Damina) and an Extract from Kitab al-Kashf ‘an manahij al-adilla by George F. Hourani. E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series (London: Luzac and Company, reprinted).Google Scholar
Baer, Gabriel. 1970. “Guilds in Middle Eastern History.” In Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East, edited by Cook, M. A., pp. 11–30. London: Oxford.Google Scholar
Baichun, Zhang. 2001. The Europeanization of Astronomical Instruments in Ming and Qing China. [in Chinese]. See under Minghui Hu.Google Scholar
Baillie, Neil B. E., ed. and trans. 1850. al-Fatawa al-Alamgiriyya, the Moohammad. Law of Sale, According to the Hanifi Code. Prepared by the Command of Emperor Awrungzebe. Selected and Translated, With an Introduction and Explanatory Notes. London: Smith, Elder and Cornhill.Google Scholar
Bakhtiar, Laleh. 1996. Encyclopedia of Islamic Law. A Compendium of the Major Schools, Adapted by with Introduction by Reinhart, Kevin. Chicago: ABC International Group, by Kazi Publications.Google Scholar
Bala, Arun. 1964. Chinese Civilization and Bureaucracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bala, Arun. 2006. The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science. New York: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balazs, Etienne. 1964. Chinese Civilization and Bureaucracy. New Haven: Yale University.Google Scholar
Baldwin, John W. 1982. “Masters at Paris 1179 to 1215: A Social Perspective.” In Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century, edited by Benson, Robert L. and Constable, Giles with Lanham, Carol D., pp. 138–70. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, reprinted.Google Scholar
Barker, Peter. 1997. “Kepler’s Epistemology.” In Method and Order in Renaissance Philosophy: The Aristotle Commentary Tradition, pp. 355–68. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Barker, Peter, and Goldstein, Bernard. 2001. “Theological Foundations of Kepler’s Astronomy.” Osiris 16: 88–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartlett, Robert. 1993. The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization, and Cultural Change, 950–1350. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bavel, Bas van. 2010. “The Medieval Origins of Capitalism in the Netherlands.” BMCN/LCHR 125: 45–79.Google Scholar
Baylor, Michael. 1977. Action and Person: Conscience in Late Scholasticism and the Young Luther. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaujouan, Guy. 1982. “The Transformation of the Quadrivium.” In Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century, edited by Benson, Robert and Constable, Giles, pp. 463–87. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ben-David, Joseph. 1965. “The Scientific Role: The Conditions of Its Establishment in Europe.” Minerva 4 #1: 15–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-David, Joseph. 1971. The Scientist’s Role in Society. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Ben-David, Joseph, and Zloczower, Abraham. 1962. “Universities and Academic Systems in Modern Societies.” European Journal of Sociology 3: 45–884.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, Robert, and Constable, Giles, eds. 1982. Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Berggren, J. L. 2003. “Trigonometry in the Islamic World.” In Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam, pp. 127–53. New York: Springer Books.Google Scholar
Berggren, J. L. 2013. “Islamic Mathematics.” In The Cambridge History of Science, 2 Medieval Science, edited by Lindberg, David and Shank, Michael, pp. 62–83. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkel, Klaas von. 2010. “The City of Middelberg, Cradle of the Telescope.” In The Origins of the Telecope, edited by van Helden, A., et al., pp. 45–70. Amsterdam: KNAW.Google Scholar
Berkey, Jonathan. 1992. The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkey, Jonathan 2007. “Madrasas Medieval and Modern: Politics, Education, and the Problem of Muslim Identity.” In Schooling in Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education, pp. 40–60. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Berman, Harold. 1983. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Berman, Harold 2003. Law and Revolution II: The Impact of the Protestant Reformation on the Western Legal Tradition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Biagioli, Mario. 2006. Galileo’s Instruments of Credit: Telescopes, Images, Secrecy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilefsky, Dan. 2015. “Pieces of the Quran, Perhaps as Old as the Faith.” New York Times, July 23.Google Scholar
Blair, Ann. 2006. “Natural Philosophy.” In The Cambridge History of Science, 3, Early Modern Science, edited by Park, Katherine and Daston, Lorraine, pp. 365–406. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blåsjö, Viktor. 2014. “A Critique of the Arguments for Maragha Influence on Copernicus.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 45 #2: 183–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodde, Derk. 1957. “Evidence for ‘Laws of Nature’ in Chinese Thought.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Thought 20: 709–27.Google Scholar
Bodde, Derk 1979. “Chinese Laws of Nature: A Reconsideration.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 20: 139–55.Google Scholar
Bodde, Derk 1981 (1963). “Basic Concepts of Chinese Law: The Genesis and Evolution of Legal Thought in Traditional China.” In Essays on Chinese Civilization, pp. 171–94. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bodde, Derk 1991. Chinese, Thought, Science, and Society: The Intellectual and Social Background of Science and Technology in Pre-Modern China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodde, Derk, and Morris, Clarence. 1973. Law in Imperial China. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, reprinted.Google Scholar
Bohannan, Paul. 1968. “Law and Legal Institutions.” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 9: 73–8.Google Scholar
Bol, Peter. 1989. “Chu Hsi’s Redefinition of Literati Learning.” In Neo-Confucian Education: The Formative Period, edited by de Bary, William and Chaffee, John, pp. 151–85. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bourne, F. S. A. 1879/80. “Essay of a Provincial Graduate with Translation.” The China Review 8: 352–6.Google Scholar
Bousquest, G. H., and Schacht, Jos, eds. and trans. 1957. Selected Works of C. Snouch Hurgronje. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Brenner, Louis. 2001. Controlling Knowledge: Religion, Power, and Schooling in a West African Muslim Society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Brentjes, Sonja. 2002. “On the Location of the Ancient or ‘Rational’ Sciences in Muslim Educational Landscapes.” Bulletin of the Royal Society Institute for the Inter-Faith Studies 4 #2: 47–71.Google Scholar
Brockey, Liam. 2007. Journey East: The Jesuit Mission to China 1579–1724. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brokaw, Cynthia. 1996. “Commercial Publishing in Late Imperial China: The Zou and Ma Family Businesses of Sibao, Fujian.” Late Imperial China 17 #1: 49–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brokaw, Cynthia 2005. “Introduction” to Printing and Print Culture in Late Imperial China, pp. 3–55. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Brokaw, Cynthia, and Chow, Kai-Wing, eds. 2005. Printing and Print Culture in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Brook, Timothy. 1988. “Censorship in Eighteenth Century China: A View from the Book Trade.” Canadian Journal of History 22 (August): 177–96.Google Scholar
Brook, Timothy 1996. “Edifying Knowledge: The Building of School Libraries in Ming China.” Late Imperial China 17 #1 (1996): 93–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brook, Timothy 2005. “State Censorship and the Book Trade.” In The Chinese State in Ming Society, pp. 118–36. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brundage, James 2008. The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession: Canonists, Civilians, and Courts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunschwig, R., and Von Grunebaum, G. E., eds. 1957. Classisme et déclin culturel dans l’histoire de l’Islam. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose.Google Scholar
Bucciantini, Massimo, Camerota, Michele, and Giudice, Franco. 2015. Galileo’s Telescope: A European Story. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulliet, Richard. 1979. Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulliet, Richard 1990. Conversion and Continuity, Indigenous Christian Communities in Islamic Lands Eighth to Eighteen Centuries. Gervers, Michael and Bikhazi, Ramzi Jibran, editors, pp. 1–12. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies.Google Scholar
Bulliet, Richard 1994. Islam: The View from the Edge. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Bürgel, Christoph J. 1976. “Secular and Religious Features of Medieval Arabic Medicine.” In Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study, edited by Leslie, Charles, pp. 44–62. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buringh, Eltjo, and van Zanden, Jan Luiten. 2009. “Charting the ‘Rise of the West’: Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe. A Long–Term Perspective, from the Sixth through the Eighteen Centuries.” The Journal of Economic History 69 #2: 409–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnett, Amy. 2006. “The Arts Faculty and General Education.” In Teaching the Reformation: Ministers and Their Message in Basel, pp. 111–26. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnett, Charles. 2013a. “Translation and Transmission of Greek and Islamic Science to Latin Christendom.” In Cambridge History of Science 2, Medieval Science, edited by Shank, M. and Lindberg, David, pp. 341–64. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Burnett, Charles 2013b. “The Twelfth-Century Renaissance.” In Cambridge History of Science 2, Medieval Science, edited by Shank, M. and Lindberg, David, pp. 365–84. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Burton, John. 1994. An Introduction to the Hadith. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Burtt, E. A. 1954. The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Butterfield, Herbert. 1957. The Origins of Modern Science, 1300–1800, revised edition. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Buxbaum, David. 1971. “Some Aspects of Civil Procedure and Practice at the Trial Level in Tanshui and Hsinchu from 1789–1895. Journal of Asian Studies 30 #2: 255–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cajori, Florian. 1919. “The Controversy on the Origins of Our Numerals.” The Scientific Monthly 9 #5: 458–64.Google Scholar
Cantoni, Davide, and Yuchtman, Noam, 2014. “Medieval Universities, Legal Institutions and the Commercial Revolution.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 129 #2: 823–87. Online: NBER Working Paper 17979 (http://nber.org/papers/w17979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carra de Vaux, Baron. 1937. “Astronomy and Mathematics.” In The Legacy of Islam, first edition, edited by Arnold, T. and Guillame, A., pp. 376–97. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Carter, Francis R. 1955. The Invention of Printing in China and Its Spread Westward, revised, edited by Goodrich, L. C.. New York: Ronald Press.Google Scholar
Caspar, Max. 1993. Kepler, edited and translated by Hellman, C. Doris. With a new Introduction and references by Gingerich, Owen. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
Catton, Henry. 1955. “The Law of Waqf.” In Law in the Near and Middle East, edited by Khadduri, M. and Liebesney, H., pp. 203–22. Washington, DC: The Middle East Institute.Google Scholar
Chabás, José, and Goldstein, Bernard. 2003. The Alfonsine Tables of Toledo. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaffee, John W. 1985. The Thorny Gates of Learning in Sung China: A Social History of Examinations. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chaffee, John W. 2015. “Sung Education: Schools, Academies, and Examinations.” In The Cambridge History of China 5, part 2, Sung China, 960–1279 AD, edited by Chaffee, John W., pp. 286–320. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, Michael. 1994. Knowledge and Social Practice in Medieval Damascus, 1190–1350. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chan, Wing-Tsit. 1963. A Source Book of Chinese Philosophy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Chao, Yüan-Ling. 2009. Medicine and Society in China: A Study of Physicians in Suzhou, 1600–1850. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Chapman, Allan. 1984. “Tycho Brahe in China: The Jesuit Mission to Peking and the Iconography of European Instrument-Making Processes.” Annals of Science 41 (1984): 417–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, Allan 1990. “Jeremiah Horrock, the Transit of Venus and the ‘New Astronomy’ in Early Seventeenth Century England.” In Astronomical Instrument, chapter 5. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, Variorum.Google Scholar
Chejne, Anwar. 1974. Muslim Spain: Its History and Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Chenu, M. -D. 1968. Man, Nature and Society in the Twelfth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ch’ü, T’ung-Tsu. 1962. Local Government in China Under the Ch’ing. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Chu, Pinyi. 2016. “Calendrical Learning and Medicine, 1600–1800.” In The Cambridge History of China, 9, part 2, The Ch’ing Dynasty to 1800, edited by Peterson, Willard J.. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chung-Ying, Cheng. 1974. “Conscience, Mind and Individual in Chinese Philosophy.” Journal of Chinese Philosophy 2: 3–40.Google Scholar
Clagett, Marshall. 1959. The Science of Mechanics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Clagett, Marshall, Post, Gaines, and Reynolds, R., eds. 1966. Twelfth-Century Europe and the Foundations of å Modern Society. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Cobban, A. B. 1975. The Medieval Universitie: Their Organization and Development. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Cobban, A. B. 1988. The Medieval English Universities: Oxford and Cambridge. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, I. B. 1981. “Newton’s Discovery of Gravity.” Scientific American 244 #3: 166–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, I. B. 1985. Revolution in Science. Cambridge: At the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, I. B. 1999. “A Guide to Newton’s Principia.” In The Principia. Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, edited by Isaac Newton. A New Translation by I. B. Cohen and Anne Whitman, assisted by Julia Budenz. Preceded by A Guide to Newton’s Principia, pp. 1–368. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Conant, James. 1957. Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science, 2 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Conrad, Lawrence. 1985. “The Social Structure of Medicine in Medieval Islam.” The Society for the Social History of Medicine Bulletin 37 (Dec): 11–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Copleston, F. 1962. A History of Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, vol. 2. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Coulson, N. J. 1957. “The State and the Individual in Islamic Law.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 6: 49–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulson, N.J. 1969. Conflicts and Tensions in Islamic Jurisprudence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Courtenay, William J. 1974. “Nominalism in Late Medieval Religion.” In The Pursuit of Holiness in Late Medieval and Renaissance Religion, edited by Trinkaus, Charles and Oberman, Heiko, pp. 26–59. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crombie, A. C. 1952. “Avicena’s Influence on the Medieval Scientific Tradition.” In Avicenna, edited by Wickens, G., pp. 84–107. London: Luzac.Google Scholar
Crombie, A. C. 1953. Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science, 1100–1700. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Crombie, A. C. 1955. “Grosseteste’s Position in the History of Science.” In Robert Grosseteste, Scholar and Bishop, edited by Callus, D. A., pp. 98–120. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Crombie, A. C. 1959a. Medieval and Early Modern Science, second edition, 2 vols. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Crombie, A. C. 1959b. “The Significance of Medieval Discussions of Scientific Method for the Scientific Revolution.” In Critical Problems in the History of Science, edited by Clagett, Marshall, pp. 79–102. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Crombie, A. C. 1975. “Sources of Galileo’s Early Natural Philosophy.” In Reason, Experiment, and Mysticism in the Scientific Revolution, edited by Bonelli, R. and Shea, William, pp. 157–74. New York: Science History Publications.Google Scholar
Crombie, A. C. 1988. “Designed in the Mind: Western Visions of Science, Nature and Mankind.” History of Science 26: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalen, Benno van. 2007. “Ulug Beg: Muhammad Taraghay Ibn Timur.” In The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, pp. 1157–9. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
de Bary, Willian Th. 1957, “Chinese Despotism and the Confucian Ideal. A Seventeenth Century View.” In Chinese Thought and Institutions, edited by Fairbank, John. K., pp. 163–203. Chicago: University of Chicago.Google Scholar
de Bary, Willian Th. 1970. “Individualism and Humanitarianism in Late Ming Thought.” In Self and Society in Ming Thought, edited by de Bary, William, pp. 145–247. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
de Bary, Willian Th ed. 1975. The Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
de Bary, Willian Th 1981. Neo-Confucian Orthodoxy and the Learning of the Mind-and-Heart. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
de Bary, Willian Th 1983. The Liberal Tradition in China. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Bary, Willian Th., and Chaffee, John W., eds. 1989. Neo-Confucian Education: The Formative Period. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deane, Thatcher E. 1994. “Instruments and Observation at the Imperial Astronomical Bureau during the Ming Dynasty.” Osiris 9: 127–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dear, Peter. 2001/2009. Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge and Its Ambitions, 1500–1700, second edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dear, Peter 2006. “The Meanings of Experience.” In The Cambridge History of Science, 3, edited by Park, Katherine and Daston, Lorraine, pp. 106–31. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
D’Irsay, Stephen. 1933. Histoire des Universites: Francaise et Etrangere, 3 vols. Paris: J. Vrin.Google Scholar
de Roover, Raymond. 1943. “The Lingering Influence of Medieval Practices.” The Accounting Review 18: 148–51.Google Scholar
de Roover, Raymond 1953. “The Commercial Revolution of the Thirteenth Century.” In Enterprise and Secular Change: Readings in Economic History, eds. Lane, Frederic and Riemersma, Jelle C., pp. 80–5. American Economic Association.Google Scholar
Demaitre, Luke. 1975. “Theory and Practice in Medical Education at the University of Montpellier in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries.” Journal of the History of Medicine 30: 103–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Demeerseman, A. 1953–54. “Un ètape décisive de la culture et de la psychologie sociale islamique: Les données de la controverse autour du problème de l’Imprimerie.” Institute des Belles Lettre Arabs 16: 347–89; 17: 1–48 and 113–40.Google Scholar
Di Bono, Mario. 1995. “Copernicus, Amico, Fracastoro and Tusi’s Device: Observations on the Use and Transmission of a Model.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 26: 133–54.Google Scholar
Dols, Michael. 1984. “Introductory Essay.” In Medieval Islamic Medicine: Ibn Ridwan’s Treatise “On the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt,” pp. 3–73. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dols, Michael 1987. “The Origins of the Islamic Hospital: Myth and Reality.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 61: 367–90.Google Scholar
Drake, Stillman, ed. and trans. 1957. Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Drake, Stillman 1970. “Early Science and the Printed Book: The Spread of Science Beyond the Universities.” Renaissance and Reformation 6: 43–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DSB= Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 12 vols with Supplements. New York Charles Scribner’s.Google Scholar
Dull, Jack C. 1990. “The Evolution of Government in China.” In Heritage of China, edited by Ropp, Paul S., pp. 55–85. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, A. M., ed. and trans. 1976. Copernicus, Nicolas: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. A New Translation from the Latin by Duncan, A. M.. New York: Barnes and Noble.Google Scholar
Dunne, George H. S. J. 1962. Generation of Giants. Notre Dame: University of Note Dame Press.Google Scholar
Eisenstein, Elizabeth. 1983. The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
EI2= Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, 1960. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Elgood, Cyril. 1951. Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Elman, Benjamin. 1994. A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Elman, Benjamin 2002. “Jesuit SCIENTA and Natural Studies in Late Imperial China, 1600–1800.” Journal of Early Modern History 6 #3: 209–32.Google Scholar
Elman, Benjamin 2005. On Their Own Terms: Science in China, 1550–1900. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elman, Benjamin 2006. A Cultural History of Modern Science in China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elman, Benjamin 2013 Civil Examinations and Meritocracy in Late Imperial China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endress, Gerhard. 1997. “The Circle of al-Kindi. Early Arabic Translations from the Greek and the Rise of Islamic Philosophy.” In The Ancient Tradition in Christian and Islamic Hellenism: Studies on the Transmission of Greek Philosophy and Sciences: Dedicated to H. J. Drossaart Lulofs on His ninetieth birthday, edited by Endress, Gerhard and Kruk, Remke, pp. 43–76. Leiden: Research School CNWS.Google Scholar
Englefriet, Peter M. 1998. Euclid in China: The Genesis of the First Chinese Translation of Euclid’s Elements Books I–VI (Jihe yuanben; Beijing, 1607) and Its Reception up to 1723. Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Englefriet, Peter M. 2001. “Xu Guangqui’s Attempts to Integrate Western and Chinese Mathematics.” In Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China. The Cross-Cultural Synthesis of Xu Guangqi (1562–1633), edited by Jami, Catherine, Engelfriet, Peter, and Blue, Gregory, pp. 279–310. Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enos, Evan. 2014. Age of Ambition: Chasing Fortune, Truth and Faith in the New China. New York: Farrar Strauss, Giroux.Google Scholar
Ephat, Daphna, 2000. A Learned Society in a Period of Transition. Albany: State University of New York.Google Scholar
Escarra, Jean 1961 (1933). Chinese Law. Translated by Browne, Gertrude W.. W. P. A. University of Washington; photo-mechanical reproduction by Harvard University, Harvard University Asian Research Center.Google Scholar
Euben, Roxanne L., and Zmana, Muhammad Qasim, eds. 2009. Princeton Readings in Islamist Thought: Texts and Context from al-Banna to Bin Laden. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fahkry, Majid. 1958. Islamic Occasionalism and Its Critique by Averröes and Aquinas. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Fahkry, Majid 1983. A History of Islamic Philosophy, second edition New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Fahkry, Majid 2001. Averröes (Ibn Rushd), His Life, Work and Influence. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.Google Scholar
Fairbank, John K., ed. 1957. Chinese Thought and Institutions. Chicago: University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Fairbank, John K. 1992. China: A New History. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Fairbank, J. K., Reischauer, Edwin O., and Craig, A. M., eds. 1965. East Asia: The Modern Transformation. Boston: Houghton‑Mifflin.Google Scholar
Fazoglu, Ihsan. 2007. “Qushji: Abû al-Qâsim ‘Ala al-Din Ibn Muhammad Qushci-zâde.” The Bibliographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers 2: 946–8.Google Scholar
Febvre, Lucien, and Martin, Henri-Jean. 2010. The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800. Translated by Gerard, David. Edited by Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey and Wootton, David. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Feuerwerker, Albert. “Chinese Economic History in Comparative Perspective.” In Heritage of China, edited by Ropp, Paul S., pp. 224–41. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Fierro, Maribel. 1991. “The Qadi as Ruler,” in Saber Religioso y Poder Poloitico en el Islam: Acta Del Simposio International, Granada (15–18 October), pp. 71–116.Google Scholar
Findlay, Robert. 2000. “China, the West, and World History in Needham’s Science and Civilization in China.” Journal of World History 62 #2: 265–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Findley, Carter V. 1989. “Knowledge and Education in the Modern Middle East: A Comparative view.” In The Modern Economic & Social History of the Middle East and Its World Context, edited by Sabagh, Georges, pp. 130–54. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Finocchiaro, Maurice. 1989. The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Edited and translated with an Introduction and Notes by Finocchiaro, Maurice A.. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Fowler-Magerl, Linda. 1984. Ordo iudiciorum vel ordo iudiciarius. Frankfurt am Main: V. Klostermann.Google Scholar
Frank, Richard M. 1971. “Some Fundamental Assumptions of the Basra School of Mu’tazila.” Studia Islamica 33: 5–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, Richard M. 1991, “Al-Ghazali on Taqlid. Scholars, Theologians, and Philosophers.” Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Abrabische-Islamischen Wissenschaften, Band 7: 207–52.Google Scholar
Frank, Richard M. 1992. “The Science of Kalam.” Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 2: 7–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, Chris, and Louc, Francisco. 2001. As Time Goes By: From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
French, Roger. 1984. “An Origin for the Bone Text of the Five-Figure Series.” Sudhoff’s Archive 68 #2: 143–58.Google ScholarPubMed
French, Roger 1999. Dissection and Vivisection in the European Renaissance. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Fung, Yu-Lan. 1968. A History of Chinese Philosophy. Translated by Bodde, Derk. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Galileo, Galilei. 1957. “The Assayer.” In The Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, translated with and Introduction by Drake, Stillman, pp. 229–80. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Galileo, Galilei 1967. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, translated by Drake, Stillman. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallager, L. J., trans. 1955. China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matteo Ricci. 1583–1610. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Garber, Daniel. 2006. “The New Nature.” In The Cambridge History of Science, 3, Early Modern Science, edited by Park, Katherine and Daston, Lorraine, pp. 21–69. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gardet, L., and Anawati, M. M.. 1970. Introduction a la Théologie Musulmane, second edition. Paris: J. Vrin.Google Scholar
Gardner, Daniel K. 1990. Chu Hsi: Learning to Be a Sage: Selections from the Conversations of Master Chu, Arranged Topically, and Translated by Gardner, Daniel K.. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gardner, Daniel K. 2007. The Four Books: The Basic Teachings of the Later Confucian Tradition. Translations, with Introduction and Commentary. New York: Hackett Publishing.Google Scholar
Gascoigne, John. 1990. “A Reappraisal of the Role of the Universities in the Scientific Revolution.” In Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution, edited by Lindberg, David C. and Numbers, Ronald L., pp. 207–60. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gernet, Jacques. 1982. A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gernet, Jacques 1985. China and the Christian Impact: A Conflict of Cultures. Translated by Lloyd, Janet New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gibb, H. A. R. 1947. Modern Trends in Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, Joan. 1980. “The Institutionalization of Muslim Scholarship and Professionalization of the ‘Ulama’ in Medieval Damascus.” Studia Islamica 52: 137–80.Google Scholar
Gilson, Etienne. 1938. Reason and Revelation in the Middle Ages. New York: Charles Scribners.Google Scholar
Gingerich, Owen. 1973. “From Copernicus to Kepler: Heliocentrism as Model and as Reality.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 117 #6: 513–22.Google Scholar
Gingerich, Owen 1975a. “‘Crisis’ versus Aesthetic in the Copernican Revolution.” In Copernicus. Yesterday and Today: Vistas in Astronomy 17, edited by Beer, Arthur and Strand, K. Aa., pp. 85–95. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Gingerich, Owen 1975b. “Copernicus and the Impact of Printing.” In Copernicus: Yesterday and Today, edited by Beer, Authur and Strand, K. Aa., pp. 201–18. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Gingerich, Owen 1975c. “Commentary: Remarks on Copernicus’s Observations.” In The Copernican Achievement, edited by Westman, Robert S., pp. 99–107. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gingerich, Owen 1982. “The Galileo Affair.” Scientific American 247 #2 (August): 133–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gingerich, Owen 1983. “Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Kepler.” In The Great Ideas Today, edited by Adler, Mortimer J. and van Doren, John, pp. 137–80. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.Google Scholar
Gingerich, Owen 2011. “Kepler and the Laws of Nature.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 63 #1: 17–23.Google Scholar
Gingerich, Owen, and MacLauchlan, James. 2005. Nicolaus Copernicus: Making the Earth a Planet. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Glendon, Mary Ann. 2011.The Forum and the Tower. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glick, Thomas F. 1979. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1963. “The Medical Profession in the Light of the Cairo Geniza Documents.” Hebrew Union College Annual 34: 177–194.Google Scholar
Goitein, 1968–71. A Mediterranean Society, 2 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Bernard. 1972. “Theory and Observation in Medieval Astronomy.” Isis 63: 39–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, Bernard 2002. “Copernicus and the Origin of His Heliocentric System.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 33: 219–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, Bernard, and Chabas, Jose. 2009. The Astronomical Tables of Giovanni Bianchini. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Goldstone, Jack. 2008. “Capitalist Origins, the Advent of Modernity, and Coherent Explanation: A Response to Joseph A. Bryant.” Canadian Journal of Sociology 33 #1: 119–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldziher, Ignaz. 1981 (1916). “The Attitude of Orthodox Islam toward the Ancient Science.” In Studies in Islam, edited by Swartz, Merlin, pp. 185–215. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Golvers, Noël. 1999. “Verbiest’s Introduction of Aristoteles Latinus (Coimbra) in China: New Western Evidence.” In The Christian Mission in China in the Verbiest Era: Some Aspects of the Missionary Approach, edited by Golvers, N., pp. 33–51. Leuven: Leuven University Press.Google Scholar
Goodman, Leonard E. 1978. “Did al-Ghazâli Deny Causality?” Studia Islamica 42: 83–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorski, Phil. 2001. “Calvinism and Revolution: The Walzer Thesis Reconsidered.” In Meaning and Modernity: Religion, Polity and Self, edited by Madsen, Richard et al., pp. 78–104. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Graham, A. C. 1973. “China, Europe, and the Origins of Modern Science: Needham’s Grand Titration.” In Chinese Science: Explorations of an Ancient Tradition, edited by Sivin, Nathan and Nakayama, S., pp. 45–69. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Graham, A. C. 1978. Later Mohists Logic, Ethics, and Science. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Graham, A. C. 1986. Yin-Yang and the Nature of Correlative Thinking. Singapore: Institute of East Asian Philosophies: National University of Singapore.Google Scholar
Graham, Loren. 1987. Science and the Soviet Social Order. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Graham, Loren 1993a. Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Graham, Loren 1993b. The Ghost of the Executed Engineer: Technology and the Fall of the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Graham, Loren 1998. What Have We Learned about Science and Technology from the Russian Experience? Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graney, Christopher M. 2015. Setting Aside all Authority: Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, Edward. 1962. “Late Medieval Thought, Copernicus, and the Scientific Revolution.” Journal of the History of Ideas 23: 197–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, Edward ed. 1974. A Source Book of Medieval Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Grant, Edward 1978. “Cosmology.” In Science in the Middle Ages, edited by Lindberg, David C., pp. 265–302. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Grant, Edward 1979. “The Condemnation of 1277, God’s Absolute Power and Physical Thought in the Late Middle Ages.” Viator 10: 211–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, Edward 1984. “Science in the Medieval University.” In Rebirth, Reform, Resilence: Universities in Transition, 1300–1700, edited by Kittelson, James M. and Transue, Pamela J., pp. 68–102. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Grant, Edward 1986. “Science and Theology in the Middle Ages.” In God and Nature. Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science, edited by Lindberg, David C. and Numbers, Ronald L., pp. 49–75. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, Edward 1994. Planets, Stars & Orbs. 1994: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200–1687. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grant, Edward 2001. God and Reason in the Middle Ages. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, Edward 2007. A History of Natural Philosophy. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, Edward 2012. “Reflections of a Troglodyte Historian of Science.” Osiris 27 #1: 133–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, Edward 2013. “Cosmology.” In The Cambridge History of Science 2, Medieval Science, edited by Shank, Michael and Lindberg, David, pp. 436–55. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gratian, . 1993. The Treatise on Laws (Decretum DD. 1–20), translated by Augustine Thompson, O.P. with The Ordinary Gloss, translated by James Gordley, and an Introduction by Christensen, Katherine. Washington, DC: Catholic University Press of American.Google Scholar
Gray, Hanna. 1963. “Renaissance Humanism: The Pursuit of Eloquence.” Journal of the History of Ideas 24: 497–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimm, Tilemann. 1968. “Ming Education Intendants.” In Chinese Government in Ming Times, edited by Hucker, Charles O., pp. 127–47. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Grimm, Tilemann 1977. “Academies and Urban Systems in Kwantung.” In The City in Late Imperial China, edited by Skinner, G. William, pp. 475–98. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Grindler, Paul F. 1975. “Venice, Science, and the Index of Prohibited Books.” In The Nature of Scientific Discovery, edited by Gingerich, Owen, pp. 335–46. Washington, DC: The Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Guessoum, Nidhal. 2008. “Copernicus and Ibn al-Shatir: Does the Copernican Revolution Have Islamic Roots?” The Observatory 128(June): 231–9.Google Scholar
Gutas, Dimitri. 1998. Greek Thought, Arabic Culture. The Graeco-Arabic Movement in Baghdad and Early ‘Abassid Society (2nd–4th/8th–10th Centuries). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hallaq, Wael. 1984. “Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?” International Journal of Middle East Studies 16: 3–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallaq, Wael 1986. “On the Origins of the Controversy about the Existence of Mujtihids and the Gate of Ijtihad.” Studia Islamica 63: 129–41.Google Scholar
Hallaq, Wael 1994a. “Murder in Cordoba: Ijtihad, Ifta, and the Evolution of Substantive Law in Medieval Islam.” Acta Orientalia 55: 55–83.Google Scholar
Hallaq, Wael 1994b. “From Fatwas to Furu: Growth and Change in Islamic Substantive Law.” Islamic Law and Society 1 #1: 29–65.Google Scholar
Hallaq, Wael 1998. “The ‘qadi’s diwan (sijill)’ before the Ottomans.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 61 (1998): 415–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallaq, Wael 2009. Shari’a: Theory, Practice, Transformation. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamarneh, Sami. 1964. “Origin and Functions of the Hisbah System in Islam and Its Impact on the Health Professions.” Sudhoff’s Archiv für Geschichte der Medzin 48: 157–73.Google ScholarPubMed
Hamarneh, Sami 1970. “Medical Education and Practice in Medieval Islam.” In The History of Medical Education, edited by O’Malley, C. D., pp. 39–71. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamarneh, Sami 1971a. “Arabic Medicine and It Impact on Teaching and Practice of the Healing Arts in the West.” Oriente e Occidente 13: 395–426.Google Scholar
Hamarneh, Sami 1971b. “The Physician and the Health Professions in Medieval Islam.” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Sciences 47: 1088–1110.Google ScholarPubMed
Hamid, Shadi. 2014. Temptations of Power: Islamists and Illiberal Democracy in the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hanna, Nellie. 2007. “Literacy and the ‘Great Divide’ in the Islamic World, 1300–1800.” Journal of Global History 2: 175–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haren, Michael. 1985. Medieval Thought: The Western Intellectual Tradition from Antiquity to the 13th Century. New York: St. Martin’s.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, Steven J. 2005. “Jesuit Scientific Activity in the Overseas Missions, 1540–1773.” Isis 96: 71–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, Peter. 2008. “The Development of the Concept of Laws of Nature.” In Creation: Law and Probability, edited by Watts, Fraser, pp. 13–36. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.Google Scholar
Hartner, Willy. 1957. “Quand et comment s’est arrété l’essor de la culture scientific dans l’Islam?” In Classisme et déclin culturel dans l“histoire de l’Islam, edited by Brunschvig, R. and von Grunebaum, G. E., pp. 319–37. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve Larose.Google Scholar
Hartner, Willy 1973. “Copernicus, the Man, the Work, and His Achievements.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 117 #6: 413–22.Google Scholar
Hartner, Willy, and Schramm, Matthias. 1963. “Al-Biruni and the Theory of the Solar Apogee: An Example of Originality in Arabic Science.” In Scientific Change, edited by Crombie, A. C., pp. 206–18. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Hartwell, Robert M. 1962. “A Revolution in Chinese Iron and Coal Industries in the Northern Sung, 960–1127 A.D.” Journal of Asian Studies 21 #2: 153–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartwell, Robert M. 1966. “Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh- and Twelfth Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry.” The Journal of Economic History 26: 29–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartwell, Robert M. 1967. “A Cycle of Economic Change in Imperial China: Coal and Iron in Northeast China, 750–1350.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 10: 102–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartwell, Robert M. 1971a. “Financial Experience, Examinations, and the Formulation of Economic Policy in North Sung.” Journal of Asian Studies 30: 381–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartwell, Robert M. 1971b. “Historical Analogism, Public Policy, and Social Science in Eleventh- and Twelfth Century China.” American Historical Review 76: 670–727.Google Scholar
Hartwell, Robert M. 1982. “Demographic, Political, and Social Transformation in China, 750–1550.” Harvard Journal of Asian Studies 42: 365–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hashimoto, Keizo. 1988. Hsü Kuang-chi’i and Astronomical Reform: The Process of the Chinese Acceptance of Western Astronomy 1629–1635. Kansai, Japan: Kansai University Press.Google Scholar
Haskins, Charles. 1928. Studies in the History Medieval Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Haskins, Charles 1957 (1927). The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. New York: Meridan.Google Scholar
Hatch, Edwin. 1970. The Influence of Greek Ideas on Christianity, reprinted with foreword, new notes, and bibliography by Grant, Frederick C.. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith.Google Scholar
Hefner, Robert, and Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, eds. 2007. Schooling in Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hegel, Robert E. 2002. “Images in Legal and Fictional Texts from Qing China.” Bulletin l’Ecole Francaise d’Extreme-Orient 89: 277–90.Google Scholar
Hegel, Robert E., and Carlitz, Katherine, eds. 2007. Writing and Law in Late Imperial China: Crime, Conflict, and Judgment. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Heinen, Anton M. 1982. Islamic Cosmology: A Study of As-Suyuti’s “al-Hay’a as-saniyafi’ l-hay’a as-suniya.” With Critical edition, Translation and Commentary. Beirut: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Helmholz, Richard H. 1974. Marriage Litigation in Medieval England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Helmholz, Richard H. 1996. The Spirit of Classical Canon Law. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Henderson, John B. 1984. The Development and Decline of Chinese Cosmology. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Henderson, John B. 1986. “Ch’ing Scholars’ Views of Western Astronomy.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 46 #1: 121–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, John. 2008. The Scientific Revolution and the Origins of Modern Science, third edition. London: Palgrave/MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, Peng‑Ti. 1967. The Ladder of Success: Aspects of Mobility in China 1368–1911, revised edition. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Ho, Peng-Yoke. 1969 “The Astronomical Bureau of Ming China.” Journal of Asian History 3/4: 137–53.Google Scholar
Ho, Peng -Yoke 1977. Modern Scholarship on the History of Chinese Astronomy. Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies: The Australian National University.Google Scholar
Hoeflich, Michael H., and Grabler, Jasonne M.. 2008. “The Establishment of Normative Legal Texts: The Beginnings of the Ius Commune.” In The History of Medieval Canon Law in the Classical Period, 1140–1234, edited by Hartmann, W. and Pennington, K., pp. 1–21. Washington, DC: Catholic University of American Press.Google Scholar
Hodgson, Marshall. 1974. The Venture of Islam, 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hok-Lam, Chan. 1983. Control of Publishing in China, Past and Present. Morrison, George E. Lecture: Canberra: Research School for Pacific Studies, Australian National University.Google Scholar
Hoodbhoy, Pervez. 1990. Islam and Science: Religious Orthodoxy and the Battle for Rationality, with a Foreword by Salam, Mohammed Abdus. London: Zed Books Ltd.Google Scholar
Hookyas, R. 1984. “Rheticus’s Lost Treatise on the Holy Scriptures and the Motion of the Earth.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 15: 77–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoskins, Edwyn, and Davey, Noel. 1958. The Riddle of the New Testament. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Hourani, Albert. 1983. Arab Thought in a Liberal Age. New York: Cambridge University Press,Google Scholar
Hourani, Albert and Stern, S. M. eds. 1970. The Islamic City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Hourani, George. 1971. Islamic Rationalism: The Ethics of ‘Abd al-Jabbar. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hourani, George, ed. and trans. 1976. Averröes on the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy. Reprinted. London: Luzac.Google Scholar
Howell, Kenneth J. 2002. God’s Two Books: Copernican Cosmology and Biblical Interpretation of Early Modern Science. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Huang, Philip C. C. 1993. “Between Informal Mediation and Formal Adjudication. The Third Realm of Qing Civil Justice.” Modern China 19 #3: 251–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, 1994. “Codified Law and Magisterial Adjudication in the Qing.” In Civil Law in Qing and Republican China, edited by Bernhardt, Kathyrn, pp. 142–86. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Huang, Yi-Long, and Chih-ch’eng, Chang. 1996. “The Evolution and Decline of the Ancient Chinese Practice of Watching for the Ethers.” Chinese Science 13: 82–106.Google Scholar
Hucker, Charles O. 1966. The Censorial System of Ming China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hucker, Charles O. 1978b. The Mind Dynasty: Its Origins and Evolving Institutions. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies.Google Scholar
Hucker, Charles O. 1985. A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford: Sanford University Press.Google Scholar
Huff, Toby E. 1984. Max Weber and the Methodology of the Social Sciences. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books.Google Scholar
Huff, Toby E. 1989. “On Weber, Law and Universalism: Some Preliminary Considerations.” Comparative Civilizations Review 21(Fall): 47–79.Google Scholar
Huff, Toby E. 2000. “Science and Metaphysics in the Three Religions of the Book.” Intellectual Discourse (A Journal of the Kulliyah [Faculty] of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Science. International Islamic University Malaysia 8 #2: 173–98.Google Scholar
Huff, Toby E. 2002a. “Malaysia’s Multimedia Super Corridor and Its First Crisis of Confidence.” Asian Journal of Social Science 30 #2: 248–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huff, Toby E. 2002b. “Attitudes towards Dissection in the History of European and Arabic Medicine.” In Science: Locality & Universality. The Kingdom of Morocco, Mohammad V University Publications of the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences-Rabat, edited by El Bouazzati, Bennacer Conferences and Colloquia #98: 61–88. Rabat: Faculty Letters and Human Sciences.Google Scholar
Huff, Toby E. 2006. “The Open Society, Metaphysical Beliefs and Platonic Sources of Reason and Rationality.” In Karl Popper: A Centenary Assessment, edited by Jarvie, Ian, Milford, Karl, and Miller, David, vol. 2, pp. 19–44. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Huff, Toby E. 2007. “Understanding the Place of Science in Islamic Civilization.” In Les sciences dans les sociétés Islamiques, edited by Abattouy, Mohammed, pp. 100–20. Casablanca: Fondation du Roi Abdul Aziz.Google Scholar
Huff, Toby E. 2011. Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution: A Global Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Huff, Toby E. 2013. “Europe as a Civilization: the Revolution of the Middle Ages and The Rise of the Universities.” Comparative Civilizations Review v. 69#69(Fall): 65–86.Google Scholar
Huff, Toby E. 2014. “The ‘Eastern’ Origins of Western Civilization?” Academic Questions 27 #4: 286–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ibn Rushd, . 1977. The Distinguished Jurist’s Primer, vol. 2: 553–72. Translated into English from the French of edition of van Den Berg, L. W. C. by Howard, E. C.. Lahore: Law Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Ihsanoglu, Elmeleddin. 2004. “The Introduction of Western Science to the Ottoman World: A Case Study of Modern Astronomy.” In Science, Technology and Learning in the Ottoman Empire, pp. 1–44. Aldershot, UK: Variorum.Google Scholar
Ilardi, Vincent. 2007. Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.Google Scholar
Jami, Catherine, 1996. “From Clavius to Pardies: The Geometry Transmitted to China by Jesuits, (1607–1723).” In Western Humanistic Culture Presented by Jesuit Missionaries (17th–18th centuries), edited by Masini, Federico, pp. 175–95. Rome: Institutum Historicum S. I.Google Scholar
Jami, Catherine 2003. “The Reconstruction of Imperial Mathematics in China During the Kangxi Reign (1662–1722).” Early Modern Science and Medicine 8 #2: 88–160.Google Scholar
Jami, Catherine 2012. The Emperor’s New Mathematics: Western Learning and Imperial Authority During the Kangxi Reign (1662–1722). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jami, Catherine, Engelfriet, Peter, and Blue, Gregory, eds. 2001. Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal Late Ming China: The Cross-Cultural Synthesis of Xu Guangqi (1562–1633). Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jardine, Nicholas. 1984. The Birth of History and Philosophy of Science: Kepler’s Defense of Tycho against Ursus with Essays on Its Provenance and Significance. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jennings, Ronald. 1975. “The Office of Vekil (Wakil) in the 17th Century Ottoman Courts.” Studia Islamica 42: 147–69.Google Scholar
Jiang, Yonglin, ed. and trans. 2013. The Great Ming Code. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Jiang, Yonglin, and Yanhong, Wu. 2007. “Satisfying Both Sentiment and Law: Fairness Centered Judicial Reasoning as Seen in Late Ming Casebooks.” In Thinking with Cases, edited by Furth, Charlotte, Zeitlin, Judith T., and Hsiung, Ping-chen, pp. 31–61. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Johansen, Baber. 1988. The Islamic Law on Land Tax and Rent: The Peasant’s Loss of Property Rights as Interpreted in the Hanafite Literature of the Mamluk and Ottoman Period. London: Croom and Helm.Google Scholar
Johansen, Baber 1990. “Le Jugement Comme Preuve. Preuve Juridique et Vérité Religieuse dans le Droit Islamique Hanaéfit.” Studia Islamica 72: 5–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johansen, Baber 1992. “Legal Literature and the Problem of Change: The Case of Land Rent.” In Islam and Public Law, edited by Mallat, Chibli, pp. 29–47. London: Graham and Trotman.Google Scholar
John, David. 1985. “The City-God Cults of T’ang and Sung China.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 45: 363–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joy, Lynn S. 2006. “Scientific Explanation from Formal Cause to Laws of Nature.” In The Cambridge History of Science 3, Early Modern Science, edited by Park, Katherine and Daston, Lorraine, pp. 70–105. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kantorowicz, Hermann. 1938. Studies in the Glossators. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kantorowicz, Hermann 1939. “The Quaestiones Disputatae of the Glossators.” Tijdschrift voor Rechtgeschiedenis/ Solidus Revue d’Histoire du droit 16: 1–67.Google Scholar
Kantorowicz, Hermann 1966. “Kingship Under the Impact of Scientific Jurisprudence.” In Twelfth-Century Europe and the Foundations of Modern Society, edited by Clagett, Marshall, Post, Gaines, and Reynolds, Robert. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Karasawa, Yusuhiko. 2007. “From Oral Testimony to Written Records.” In Thinking with Cases, pp. 101–122.Google Scholar
Karpinski, Louis C. 1912. “The Hindu-Arabic Numerals.” Science 35 #900: 969–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keddie, Nikki R. 1968. An Islamic Response to Imperialism: Political and Religious Writings of Sayyid Jamal ad-Din “al-Afghani.” Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, E. S. 1956. “A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 46, part 2 (New Series): 123–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, E. S. 1975. “The Exact Sciences [The Period of the Arab Invasion to the Suljugs].” The Cambridge History of Iran 4: 378–95.Google Scholar
Kennedy, E. S. 1986. “The Exact Sciences in Timurid Iran.” The Cambridge History of Iran 6: 568–80.Google Scholar
Kennedy, E. S., and Roberts, Victor. 1959. “The Planetary Theory of Ibn al-Shâtir.” Isis 50: 227–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khadduri, Majid. 1966 (1955). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Khadduri, Majid trans. 1966. The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani’s Siya. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Khadduri, Majid 1985. The Islamic Concept of Justice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Khadduri, Majid 1972. Major Middle Eastern Problems in International Law. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy.Google Scholar
Khadduri, Majid 1979. “The Maslaha (Public Interest) and ‘Illa (Cause) in Islamic Law.” New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 12: 213–17.Google Scholar
Khadduri, Majid 1984. The Islamic Conception of Justice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khadduri, Majid, and Liebesny, Herbert. eds. 1955. Law in the Middle East. Washington, DC: The Middle East Institute.Google Scholar
Kheirandish, Elaheh. 2013. “The Mixed Mathematical Sciences: Optics and Mechanics in the Islamic Middle Ages.” In The Cambridge History of Science, 2, Medieval Science, edited by David Lindberg and Michael Shank, pp. 984–1108.Google Scholar
Kibre, Pearl. 1974. Scholarly Privileges in the Middle Ages. Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America.Google Scholar
Kibre, Pearl 1979. “Arts and Medicine in the Universities of the Later Middle Ages.” In The Universities in the Late Middle Ages, edited by Paquet, Jacques and Ijsewign, J., pp. 213–27. Louvain: Louvain University Press.Google Scholar
Kibre, Pearl, and Siraisi, Nancy. 1978. “The Institutional Setting: The Universities.” In Science in the Middle Ages, edited by Lindberg, David C., pp. 120–44. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
King, David. 1975a. “On the Astronomical Tables of the Islamic Middle Ages.” Colloquia Copernicana 3: 36–56.Google Scholar
King, David 1985. “The Sacred Direction in Islam: A Study of the Interaction of Religion and Science in the Middle Ages.” Interdisciplinary Reviews 10 #4: 315–28.Google Scholar
King, David 1990. “Science in the Service of Religion: The Case of Islam.” Impact of Science on Society #159: 245–62.Google Scholar
King, David 1993. Astronomy in the Service of Islam. Brookfield, Vermont: Variorum PressGoogle Scholar
King, David 1996. “On the Role of Muezzin and Muwaqqit in Medieval Islamic Societies.” In Tradition, Transmission, Transformation. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the History of Arabic Sciences (Aleppo), edited by F. Jamil Ragep and Sally Ragep, with Steve Livesey, pp. 286–346. New York: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
King, David, Samso, J., and Goldstein, B.. 2001 “Astronomical Handbooks and Tables from the Islamic World (750–1900): An Interim Report,” Suhayl 2: 9–105.Google Scholar
King, David, and Samó, J. 2012 “Zidj.” in EI3, edited by Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer,Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
Kittelson, James, and Transue, Pamela, eds. 1984. Rebirth, Reform, and Resilience: Universities in Transition, 1350–1770. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Klibansky, Raymond. 1950. The Continuity of the Platonic Tradition during the Middle Ages. London: The Warburg Institute.Google Scholar
Klibansky, Raymond 1966. “The School of Chartres.” In Twelfth Century Europe and the Foundations of Modern Society, edited by Clagett, M., Post, G., and Reynolds, Robert, pp. 3–15. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Kneale, William, and Kneale, Martha. 1962. The Development of Logic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Koester, Helmut. 1968. “Nomos and Physeôs: The Concept of Natural Law in Greek Thought.” In Religions of Antiquity: Essays in Memory of E. R. Goodenough, edited by Neusner, Jacob, pp. 521–541. Leiden: E. J. Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koestler, Arthur. 1960. The Watershed: A Biography of Johannes Kepler. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Kracke, Edward. 1953. Civil Service in Early Sung, 960–1067. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Krisciunas, Kevin. 1993. “A More Complete Analysis of the Errors in Ulug Beg’s Star Catalogue.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 24: 269–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristeller, Paul O. [1945] 1956. “The School of Salerno: Its Development and Its Contribution to the History of Learning.” In Studies in Renaissance Thought and Letters, vol. 1, pp. 495–551. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e letturatura.Google Scholar
Kristeller, Paul O. 1956. “Humanism and Scholasticism in the Italian Renaissance.” In Studies in Renaissance Thought and Letters, pp. 553–83. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e letteratura.Google Scholar
Kristeller, Paul O. 1979. “The Aristotelian Tradition.” In Renaissance Thought and Its Sources, pp. 32–49. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Kristeller, Paul O. 1978. “Philosophy and Medicine in Medieval and Renaissance Italy.” In Organism, Medicine and Metaphysics, edited by Spicker, S. F., pp. 29–40. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Kügelgen, Anke. 1994a. Averröes und die Arabische Moderne: Ansatze zu einer Neubegründung des Rationalismus im Islam. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kügelgen, Anke 1994b. “‘Averroisten’ im 20 Jahrundert- Zur Ibn Rushd Rezeption im der Arabischen Welt.” In Averroesmus im Mittelalter und in der Renaissance, edited by Niewöhner, Friedrich and Sturlese, Loris, pp. 361–71. Zurich: Spur Verlag.Google Scholar
Kügelgen, Anke 1996. “A Call for Rationalism: ‘Arab Averroists’ in the Twentieth Century.” Alif (Journal of Comparative Poetics) 16: 97–132.Google Scholar
Kuhn, Thomas 1970. The Structures of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd, enlarged edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kuhn, Thomas 1972. “The Growth of Science: Reflections on Ben-David’s ‘Scientist’s Role’.” Minerva 10 #1: 166–78.Google Scholar
Kuhn, Thomas 1976. “Mathematical vs. Experimental Traditions in the Development of Physical Science.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 #1: 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunitzsch, Paul. 2007. “Sufi: Abu al-Husayn ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Umar al-Sufi.” In The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, edited by Hockey, Thomas et al., pp. 1110–11. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Kukkonen, Taneli. 2011. “Theology Versus Philosophy in the Arab World.” In Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy. Springer, online– http://link.springer.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4020–9729-4_487/fulltext.html.Google Scholar
Kunitzch, Paul. 2003. “The Transmission of Hindu-Arabic Numerals Reconsidered.” In The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives, edited by Hogendijk, Jan P. and Sabra, Abdelhamid I., pp. 3–51. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. 2001. “The Provision of Public Good under Islamic Law: Origins, Impact and Limitations of the Waqf System.” Law and Society Review 35 #4: 841–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuran, Timur 2003. “The Islamic Commercial Crisis: Institutions: Roots of Economic Underdevelopment in the Muddle East.” Journal of Economic History 63 #2 (June): 414–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuran, Timur 2011. The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kuttner, Stephan. 1964. “The Date of the Constitution ‘Saepe.’” Melanges Eugène Tisserant IV: 427–52.Google Scholar
Kuttner, Stephan 1982. “The Revival of Jurisprudence.” In Renaissance and Renewal the 12th Century, edited by Benson, Robert and Constable, Giles, pp. 299–323. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lapidus, Ira. 1967. Muslim Cities of the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lapidus, Ira 1988. A History of Islamic Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lattis, James M. 1994. Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christopher Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauro, Martines. 2003. April Blood: Florence and the Plot against the Medici. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lawn, Brian. 1993. Rise and Decline of the Scholastic “Quaestio disputata”: With Special Emphasis on Its Use in the Teaching of Medicine and Science. Leiden: E. J. Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leaman, Oliver. 1985 An Introduction to Islamic Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Thomas H. C. 1981. Government Education and Examinations. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Thomas H.C. 1989. “Sung Schools and Education before Chu Hsi.” In Neo-Confucian Education: The Formative Period, edited by de Bary, William and Chaffee, John, pp. 105–36. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Leff, Gordon. 1968. Paris and Oxford in the 13th and 14th Centuries. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Leiser, Gary. 1984. “Medical Education in Islamic Lands from the Seventh to the Fourteenth Century.” The Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 38: 48–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leitåo, Henrique. 2008. “The Contents of Manuel Dias’ Tianwenlüe.” In the Jesuits, the Padoado and East Asian Science (1552–1773), edited by Saraiva, Luis and Jami, Catherine, pp. 99–121. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.Google Scholar
Lemay, Richard. 1962. Abu Ma’shar and Latin Aristotelianism in the Twelfth Century. Beirut: American University Oriental Series #38.Google Scholar
Lemerle, Paul. 1986. Byzantine Humanism: The First Phase: Notes and Remarks on Education and Culture in Byzantium from Its origins to the 10th century, translated by Lindsay, Helen and Moffatt, Ann. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerner, Ralph. 1974. Averröes on Plato’s Republic. Translated, with an Introduction and Notes. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, B. 1953. “Some Observations on the Significance of Heresy in the History of Islam.” Studia Islamica 1: 43–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebesny, Herbert. 1955. “The Development of Western Judicial Privilege.” In The Law of the Near and Middle East, edited by Liebesny, Herbert and Khadduri, M., pp. 309–33. Washington. DC: The Middle East Institute.Google Scholar
Liebesny, Herbert 1983. “Judicial Systems in the Near and Middle East: Evolutionary Development and Islamic Revival.” The Middle East Journal 37 #2: 202–3.Google Scholar
Liebesny, Herbert 1985/6. “English Common Law and the Islamic Law in the Middle East and South Asia: Religious Influences and Secularization.” Cleveland State Law Review 34: 19–33.Google Scholar
Lindberg, David C. 1971. “Lines of Influence in 13th Century Optics: Bacon, Witelo, and Pecham.” Speculum 46: 66–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindberg, David C. 1976. Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lindberg, David C. 1978. “The Transmission of Greek and Arabic to the West.” In Science in the Middles Ages, pp. 52–90. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lindberg, David C. 2007. The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory to A.D. 1450, second edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lindberg, David C., and Westman, Robert S. ed. 1990. Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lippman, McConville, and Yerushalmi, . 1988. Islamic Criminal Law and Procedure. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Lipsey, Richard G., Carlaw, Kenneth I., and Bekar, Clifford T.. 2005. Economic Transformations: General Purpose Technologies and Long Term Economic Growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livingston, John W. 1971. “Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 91: 96–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livingston, John W. 1995. “Muhammad ‘Abduh on Science.” The Muslim World 85 #3–4: 215–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, G. E. R. 1975. “Greek Cosmologies.” In Ancient Cosmologies, edited by Blacker, C. and Loewe, M., pp. 198–224. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Lo, Winston W. 1987. An Introduction to Civil Service of Sung China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohr, Charles H. 1997. “Latin Aristotelianism and the Seventeenth-Century Calvinist Theory of Scientific Method.” In Method and Order in Renaissance Philosophy: The Aristotle Commentary Tradition, edited by Di Liscia, Daniel A., Jessler, Eckhard K., and Methuen, Charlotte, pp. 369–80. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Lopes, Robert. 1977. The Commercial Revolution. New York: Cambridge University Press, reprinted.Google Scholar
Lubin, T., Davis, D. R., and Krishnan, J.. 2002. Hinduism and Law: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Luk, Bernard Hung-Kay. 1998. “A Serious Matter of Life and Death.” In East Meets West: The Jesuits in China, 1582–1773, edited by Ronan, Charles E., pp. 171–206. Chicago: Loyola University Press.Google Scholar
Luscombe, D. E. 1982. “Natural Morality and Natural Law.” In Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, pp. 705–19. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Macauley, Melissa. 1994. “Civil and Uncivil Disputes in Southeastern Coastal China, 1728–1820.” In Civil Justice in Qing and Republican China, edited by Bernhardt, Kathryn and Huang, Philip, pp. 85–121. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacCormack, Geoffrey. 1996. The Spirit of Traditional Chinese Law. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
MacCormack, Geoffrey 1998. Social Power and Legal Culture: Litigation Masters in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mackensen, Ruth S. 1932. “Four Great Libraries of Medieval Baghdad.” Library Quarterly 2: 279–99.Google Scholar
Mackensen, Ruth S. 1934. “Arabic Books and Libraries in the Umaiyad Period.” The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature 52: 245–53; 54: 41–61.Google Scholar
Mackensen, Ruth S. 1935. “Background of the History of Moslem Libraries.” The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature 52: 114–125; 52: 22–33; and 104–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahdi, Muhsin. 1974. “Islamic Theology and Philosophy.” Encyclopedia Britannica 9: 1012–25.Google Scholar
Mahdi, Muhsin 1973/76. “Science, Philosophy and Religion in Alfarabi’s Enumeration of the Sciences.” In The Cultural Context of Medieval Learning, edited by Murdoch, J. E. and Sylla, Edith, pp. 113–47. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 26. Boston: Reidel.Google Scholar
Mahoney, Michael. 1978. “Mathematics.” In Science in the Middle Ages, edited by Lindberg, David C., pp. 145–178. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Maimonides, Moses. 1963. The Guide of the Perplexed. 2 vols., edited and translated by Pines, Shlomo. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Makdisi, George. 1961. “Muslim Institutions of Learning in Eleven Century Baghdad.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 24: 1–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makdisi, George ed. and trans. 1962. Ibn Qadama’s Censure of Speculative Theology. London: E. J. W. Memorial Series, Luzac.Google Scholar
Makdisi, George 1970. “Madrasah and University in the Middle Ages.” Studia Islamica 32: 255–64.Google Scholar
Makdisi, George 1974. “The Scholastic Method in Medieval Education: An Inquiry into Its Origin in Law and Theology.” Speculum 49: 640–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makdisi, George 1980. “On the Origin and Development of the College in Islam and the West.” In Islam and the Medieval West, edited by Seeman, Khalil I., pp. 26–49. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Makdisi, George 1981. The Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Makdisi, George 1984. “The Guild of Law in Medieval Legal History: An Inquiry into the Origins of the Inns of Court.” Zeitschrift fur Geschichte der Abrabische-Islamischen Wissenschaften 1: 233–52.Google Scholar
Mamura, Michael. 1965. “Ghazali and Demonstrative Science.” Journal of the History of Philosophy 3: 183–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mamura, Michael 1968. “Causation in Islamic Thought.” Dictionary of the History of Ideas 1: 286–9. New York: Scribners.Google Scholar
Mamura, Michael 1975. “Ghazali’s Attitude toward the Secular Sciences.” In Essays on Islamic Philosophy and Science, edited by Hourani, G., pp. 100–11. Albany: State University of New University Press.Google Scholar
Mamura, Michael 1980. “Avicenna on the Division of the Sciences in the Isagoge of His Shifa.” Journal for the History of Arabic 4: 239–51.Google Scholar
Mamura, Michael 1991–92. “Avicenna and the Kalam.” Zeitschrift für Geschichte Arabische-Islamische Wissensschaften 7: 172–206.Google Scholar
Margoliouth, D. S. 1905. “The Discussion between Abû Bishr Mattâ and Abû Sa’is al-Sîrafî on the Merits of Logic and Grammar.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (January): 79–129.Google Scholar
Masud, Muhammad Khalid, Messick, Brinkley M. and Powers, David S.. 1996. “Muftis, Fatwas, and Islamic Legal Interpretation.” In Islamic Legal Interpretation. Muftis and Their Fatwas, edited by Masud, , Messick, , and Powers, , pp. 3–32. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
McCarthy, Richard J., ed. and trans. 1953. The Theology of Ash’ari. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique.Google Scholar
McDonogh, Steve, ed. 1992. The Rushdie Letters: Freedom to Speak, Freedom to Write, edited by McDonogh, Steve in Association with Article 19. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
McGregor, Richard. 2010. The Party: The Secret World of China’s Communist Rulers. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
McIlwain, Charles. 1947. Constitutionalism, Ancient and Modern, revised edition Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
McKnight, Brian. 1987a. Law and State in Traditional China East Asia. Albany: Suny Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKnight, Brian 1987b. “From Statue to Precedent: An Introduction to Sung Law and Its Transformation.” In Law and State in Traditional China East Asia, pp. 111–32. Albany: Suny Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKnight, Brian ed. 1999. The Enlightened Judgments: Ch’ing-ming chi: The Sung Dynasty Collection, translated by B. McKnight and James T. C. Liu; Annotated and Introduced by McKnight, Brian E.. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
McKnight, Brian 2015. “Chinese Law and Legal System: Five Dynasties and Sung.” In The Cambridge History of China vol. 5, pt. 2, pp. 250–320.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, Mary. M. 1977 (1955). Intellectual Freedom and Its Limits in the 12th and 13th Centuries. New York: Arno Press, reprinted.Google Scholar
McNeil, William H., and Waldman, Marilyn W. (eds.). 1983. The Islamic World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, Everett. 1964. “The Emergence of Science as a Profession in Nineteenth-Century Europe.” In The Management of Science, edited by Hill, Karl, pp. 3–48. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Menzel, Johanna M. 1963. The Chinese Civil Service: Career Open to Talent? Boston: D.C. Heath.Google Scholar
Mernissi, Fatima. 1991. The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of Women’s Rights in Islam, translated by Lakeland, Mary Jo. New York: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Mernissi, Fatima 1992. Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World. New York: Addison-Wesley Press.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1961. “Singletons and Multiples in Scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology of Science.” American Philosophical Society Proceedings 105: 470–86.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1968a. Social Theory and Social Structure, enlarged edition. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1968b. “On the History and Systematics of Sociological Theory.” In Social Theory and Social Structure, enlarged edition, pp. 1–38. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1970 [1938], Science Technology and Society in Seventeenth Century England. New York: Harper Torch.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1973. “The Normative Structure of Science.” In The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, pp. 267–2798. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1989a. “Le molteplici origini e il carattere epiceno del termine inglese Scientist.” In Scientisa: L’immagine e il mondo. 80th Anniversario della rivista, pp. 279–93. Commue di Milano.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1989b. “The Sorokin-Merton Correspondence on ‘Puritanism, Pietism and Science, 1933–34.’” Science in Context 3 #1: 291–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1990. “STS: Foreshadowings of an Evolving Research Program in the Sociology of Science.” In Puritanism and the Rise of Modern Science: The Merton Thesis, edited by Cohen, I. B. (with the assistance of K. E. Duffin and Stuart Strickland), pp. 334–71. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Meskill, John. 1969. “Academies and Politics in the Ming Dynasty.” In Chinese Government in Ming Times, edited by Hucker, C. O., pp. 149–74. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Messick, Brinkley. 1990. “Literacy and the Law: Documents and Document Specialists in Yemen.” In Law and Islam in the Middle East, edited by Dwyer, Daisy Hilse, pp. 75–90. New York: Bergin & Garvey.Google Scholar
Messick, Brinkley 1993. The Calligraphic state: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyerhof, Max. 1930. “Von Alexandria nach Baghdad.” Sitzungsberichte der Prüssischen akademie der Wissenschaften #23: 389–429.Google Scholar
Meyerhof, Max 1931. “Science and Medicine.” In The Legacy of Islam, first edition, edited by Arnold, T. and Guillaume, A., pp. 311–65. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Meyerhof, Max 1935. “Ibn An-Nafis (13th cent.) and His Theory of the Lesser Circulation.” Isis 22: 100–20.Google Scholar
Meyerhof, Max 1944. “La Surveillance des Professions Medicales et Para-Medicales Chez les Arabs.” Bulletin de l’Institute de’Egypt 26: 119–34.Google Scholar
Meyerhof, Max 1984. Studies in Medieval Arabic Medicine, ed. Johnstone, Penelope. London: Variorum Reprints,Google Scholar
Michaud-Quantin, Pierre. 1970. Universitas: Expressions du movement communautaire dans le moyen-Age Latin. Paris: J. Vrin.Google Scholar
Minghui, Hu. 2004. Review of Zhang Baichun, “The Europeanization of Astronomical Instruments in Ming and Qing China.” Isis 95 #4: 699–700.Google Scholar
Miyazaki, Ichisada. 1976. China’s Examination Hell: The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China. New York: Weatherhill.Google Scholar
Moody, Ernest. 1957. “Galileo and Avempace: Dynamics of the Leaning Tower Experiments.” In Roots of Scientific Thought: A Cultural Perspective, edited by Wiener, Philip and Noland, A., pp. 176–206. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Moody, Ernest 1966. “Galileo and His Precursors.” In Galileo Reappraised, edited by Golino, Carlo, pp. 23–43. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, Robert C. 2013. “Islamic Astronomy.” In The Cambridge History of Science, 2 Medieval Sciences, edited by Lindberg, David and Shank, Michael, pp. 109–38. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Morrow, Glen. 1965. “Necessity and Persuasion in Plato’s Timeaus.” In Studies in Plato’s Metaphysics, edited by Allen, R. E., pp. 421–37. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Muasher, Marwan. 2014. The Second Arab Awakening and the Battle for Pluralism. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Murdoch, John 1975. “From Social to Intellectual Factors: An Aspect of the Unitary Character of Late Medieval Learning.” In The Cultural Context of Medieval Learning, edited by Murdoch, John and Sylla, Edith, pp. 271–338. Boston: Reidel.Google Scholar
Murdoch, John, and Sylla, Edith. 1978. “The Science of Motion.” In Science in the Middle Ages, edited by Lindberg, David, pp. 206–64. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Murphey, Rhoades. 1983. “The Ottoman Attitudes towards the Adoption of Western Technology: The Role of the Efrenci Technicians in Civil and Military Applications.” In Contributions a l’Histoire Economique et Sociale de l’Empire Ottoman, edited by Bacque-Grammont, J. and Dumont, P., pp. 287–98. Louvain: Edition Peeters.Google Scholar
Nakamura, Hajime. 1964. Ways of Thought of Eastern Peoples, rev. trans. by Wiener, P. P.. Honolulu: East West Center.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nawas, John A. 1994. “A Reexamination of Three Current Explanations for al-Ma’mun’s Introduction of the Mihna.” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 26: 615–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Needham, Joseph. 1954–2006. Science and Civilisation in China, 7 vols., Parts 22. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Needham, Joseph 1970. Clerks and Craftsmen and in China and the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Needham, Joseph 1976. “The Evolution of Oecumenical Science: The Roles of Europe and China.” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 1 #3: 202–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, Benjamin 1981. On the Roads to Modernity: Conscience, Science and Civilizations, edited by Huff, Toby E.. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, reprinted 2012.Google Scholar
Neugebauer, Otto. 1968. “On the Planetary Theory of Copernicus.” Vistas in Astronomy 10: 89–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, John. 1975. “The Medieval Background to Copernicus.” In Vistas in Astronomy, vol. 17, edited by Beer, Arthur and Strand, K. Aa., pp. 3–16. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
North, John 2013. “Astronomy and Astrology.” In Cambridge History of Science 2, Medieval Science, edited by Lindberg, David and Shank, Michael, pp. 456–84. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nutton, Vivian. 2013. “Early-Medieval Medicine and Natural Sciences.” In Cambridge History of Science 2, Medieval Science, pp. 323–40. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ogburn, W. F., and Thomas, Dorothy. 1922. “Are Multiple Discoveries Inevitable?” Political Science Quarterly 37: 83–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Malley, C. D. 1965. “Pre-Vesalian Anatomy.” In Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564, pp. 1–20. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Onar, S. 1955. “The Majalla.” In Law in the Middle East, edited by Khadduri, Majid and Liebesny, Herbert, pp. 292–308. Washington, DC: The Middle East Institute.Google Scholar
O’Neill, Ynez Violé. 1977. “Innocent III and the Evolution of Anatomy.” Medical History 20: 429–34.Google Scholar
O’Neill, Ynez Violé, and Chan, Gerald L.. 1976. “A Chinese Coroner’s Manual and the Evolution of Anatomy.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 31 #1: 3–16.Google Scholar
Osler, Margaret, ed. 2000. Rethinking the Scientific Revolution. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, Katherine. 1994. “The Criminal and the Saintly Body: Autopsy and dissection in Renaissance Italy.” Renaissance Quarterly 47 #1: 1–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, Katherine 2013. “Medical Practice.” In The Cambridge History of Science 2, Medieval Science, edited by Lindberg, David and Shank, Michael, pp. 611–29. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Parker, Edward Harper. 1879/80. “The Educational Curriculum of the Chinese.” The China Review 9: 1–13.Google Scholar
Pedersen, J., and Pedersen, Johannes. 1984 [1946]. The Arabic Book. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pedersen, Olaf. 1978. “Astronomy.” In Science in the Middle Ages, edited by Lindberg, David C., pp. 303–37. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pedersen, Olaf 1984. “Galileo and the Council of Trent: The Galileo Affair Revisited.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 14: 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peletz, Michael. 2002. Islamic Modern, Religious Courts and Cultural Politics in Malaysia. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pennington, Kenneth. 1986. “Law, Procedure of, 1000–1500.” Dictionary of the Middle Ages 502–6.Google Scholar
Pennington, Kenneth 1993. The Prince and the Law, 1200–1600: Sovereignty and Rights in the Western Legal Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennington, Kenneth 1994. “Learned Law, Droit Savant, Gelehrtes Recht: The Tyranny of a Concept.” Rivista internazionale di diritto commune 5: 197–209.Google Scholar
Pennington, Kenneth 1997a. “The History of Rights in Western Thought.” Emory Law Journal Review 4: 237–52.Google Scholar
Pennington, Kenneth 1997b. “The Spirit of Legal History.” Review Essay on Watson, Alan, The Spirit of the Law (University of Georgia Press, 1995) and R. L. Helmholz, The Spirit of the Classical Canon law (University of Georgia Press, 1996), The University of Chicago Law Review 64 #3: 1097–1116.Google Scholar
Pennington, Kenneth 1998. “Due Process, Community, and the Prince in the Evolution of the ordo iudiciarius.” Rivista internazionale di diritto commune 9: 9–47.Google Scholar
Pennington, Kenneth 2005. “Innocent Until Proven Guilty: The Origins of a Legal Maxim.” In The Penal Process and the Protection of Rights in Canon Law: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross. Rome, March 25–26, 2004, edited by Dugan, Patricia (Collection Gratianus Series), pp. 45–66. Montréal: Wilson & Lafleur.Google Scholar
Perez, Carlotta. 2002. Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital. The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, Willard J. 1973. “Western Natural Philosophy in Late Ming China.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 117 #4: 295–316.Google ScholarPubMed
Peterson, Willard J. 1979. “‘Chinese Scientific Philosophy’ and Some Chinese Attitudes toward Knowledge about the Realm of Heaven-and-Earth.” Past and Present #85–87: 20–30.Google Scholar
Peterson, Willard J. 1982. “Making Connections: ‘Commentary on the Attached Verbalizations’ of the Book of Changes.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 42: 67–116.Google Scholar
Peterson, Willard J. 1986. “Calendar Reform Prior to the Arrival of Missionaries at the Ming Court.” Ming Studies 21 (1986): 45–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, Willard J. 1998a. “Why Did They Become Christians?” In East Meets West: The Jesuits in China, 1582–1773, edited by Ronan, Charles E., pp. 129–52. Chicago: Loyola University Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, Willard J. 1998b. “Confucian Learning in Late Ming Thought.” In The Cambridge History of China, volume 8, part 2, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, edited by Twitchett, Denis C. and Mote, Fredrick W., pp. 779–88. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, Willard J. 2002. “Learning from Heaven: The Introduction of Christianity and Other Western Ideas into Late Ming China.” In The Cambridge History of China, volume 8, part 2, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, edited by Twitchett, Denis and Mote, Frederick W., pp. 789–839. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, Willard J. 2016a. “Arguments Over Learning Based on Intuitive Knowing in Early Ch’ing.” In The Cambridge History of China 9, The Ch’ing Dynasty to 1800, part 2, edited by Peterson, Willard J., pp. 458–512. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, Willard J. 2016b. “Advancement of Learning in Early Ch’ing: Three Cases.” In The Cambridge History of China, vol. 9, part 2, pp. 513–70. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petry, Carl F. 1981. The Civilian Elite of Cairo in the Later Middle Ages Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pines, Sholomo. 1963a. “Introduction.” In Maimonides: The Guide for the Perplexed, pp. xi–lvi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pines, Sholomo 1963b. “What Was Original in Arabic Science?” In Scientific Change, edited by Crombie, A. C., pp. 181–205. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Pines, Sholomo 1970. “Philosophy.” In The Cambridge History of Islam, pp. 780–823. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pingyi, Chu. 1997. “Scientific Dispute in the Imperial Court: The 1664 Calendar Case.” Chinese Science 14: 7–34.Google Scholar
Pingyi, Chu 2003. “Remembering Our Grand Tradition: The Historical Memory of the Scientific Exchanges between China and Europe, 1600–1800.” History of Science xli: 193–221.Google Scholar
Pingyi, Chu 2016. “Calendrical Learning and Medicine, 1600–1800.” In The Cambridge History of China 9, Part 2, The Ch’ing Dynasty to 1800, edited by Peterson, Willard J., pp. 372–411. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pipes, Daniel. 1990. The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah and the West. New York: Birch Lane Press.Google Scholar
Plato, . 1959. The Timaeus. Cornford, Francis M. translation. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Plessner, Martin. 1974. “Science.” In The Legacy of Islam, second edition, edited by Schacht, J. and Bosworth, C. E., pp. 425–60. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Pomeranz, Kenneth. 2000. The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Porkert, Manfred. 1974. The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine: Systems of Correspondence. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Post, Gaines. 1964. Studies in Medieval Legal Thought: Public Law and the State, 1150–1322. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulle, Emmanuel. 1988. “The Alfonsine Tables and Alfonso X of Castile.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 29: 97–113.Google Scholar
Price, Derek De Solla. 1959. “Contra-Copernicus: A Critical Re-Examination of the Mathematical Planetary Theory of Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Kepler.” In Critical Problems in the History of Science, edited by Clagett, Marshall, pp. 197–218. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Pumfrey, Stephen. 1989. “Magnetical Philosophy and Astronomy, 1600–1650.” In The General History of Astronomy, Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton, vol. 2, edited by Taton, R. and Wilson, C., pp. 45–53. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Qian, Wen-yan. 1985. The Great Inertia: Scientific Stagnation in Traditional China. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Rabb, Theodore. 1990. “Puritanism and the Rise of Experimental Science in England.” Reprinted in Puritanism and the Rise of Modern Science: The Merton Thesis, edited with an Introduction by Cohen, I. B. with the assistance of Duffin, K. E., pp. 209–23. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Ragep, F. J. 1993. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi’s Memoir on Astronomy (al-Tadkira fi’ilm al-hay’a). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Ragep, F. J. 2005. “‘Ali Qushji and Regiomontanus: Eccentric Transformations and The Copernican Revolution.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 36: 359–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ragep, F. J. 2007. “Copernicus and His Islamic Predecessors: Some Historical Remarks.” History of Science 45: 65–81.Google Scholar
Ragep, F. J. 2013. “Islamic Culture and the Natural Sciences.” In The Cambridge History of Science 2, Medieval Science. New York: Cambridge University Press 2: 217–61.Google Scholar
Ragep, F. J., and Ragep, Sally P. with Livesey, Steven, eds. 1996. Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of two conferences on pre-modern science held at the University of Oklahoma. New York: E. J. Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahman, Fazlur 1979. Prophecy in Islam. Chicago: Midway Reprints, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Randall, John Herman. 1940. “The Development of Scientific Method in the School of Padua.” Journal of the History of Ideas 1: 177–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rashdall, Hastings. 1936. The European Universities of the Middle Ages, 3 vols., (new edition) edited by Emden, E. M. and Powicke, F.M.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rashed, Roshdi 1994. “The Notion of Western Science: ‘Science as a Western Phenomenon’.” In The Development of Arabic Mathematics: Between Arithmetic and Algebra, trans. A. F. W. Armstrong, pp. 332–49. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raymond, Joad. 2003. The Invention of the Newspaper: English Newsbooks 1641–1649. Oxford: The Clarendon Press,Google Scholar
Reardon-Anderson, James. 1991. The Study of Change: Chemistry in China 1840–1949. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reed, Bradley. 1995. “Money and Justice: Clerks, Runners and the Magistrate’s Court in Late Imperial China.” Modern China 21 #3: 345–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, T. R. 1985/2001. The Chip: How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Reif, Patricia. 1969. “The Textbook Tradition in Natural Philosophy, 1600–1650.” Journal of the History of Ideas 30: 17–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renan, Ernest. 1919 (1868). “Islam et La Science.” In Discours et Conferences, sixth edition, pp. 375–402. Paris: Calmann-Levy.Google Scholar
Restivo, Sal. 1978. “Joseph Needham and the Comparative Sociology of Chinese and Modern Science.” In Research in Sociology of Knowledge, Science and Art, vol. 2, edited by Jones, Robert A., pp. 25–51. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Susan. 2003. “The Emergence of Professional Law in the Long Twelfth Century.” Law and History Review 21 #2: 347–66.Google Scholar
Ricci, Matteo. 1953. China in the Sixteenth Century, translated by Gallagher, Louis J.. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Roberts, Victor. 1957. “The Planetary Theory of Ibn al-Shatir: A Pre-Copernican Copernican Model.” Isis 48: 428–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Francis. 2010. “Education.” In The New Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 4, pp. 497–531.Google Scholar
Ronchi, Vasco. 1991. The Science of Vision. Translated by Rosen, Edward. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Ropp, Paul S., ed. 1990. Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, Edward, ed. and trans. 1965. Kepler’s Conversation with Galileo’s Sideral Messenger. The First Complete Translation with an Introduction and Notes by Rosen, Edward. New York: Johnson reprint Corporation.Google Scholar
Rosen, Edward 1985. Three Imperial Mathematicians: Kepler between Tycho Brahe and Ursus. New York: Abaris Books.Google Scholar
Rosen, Lawrence. 1980–81. “Equity and Discretion in a Modern Islamic Legal Sytem.” Law and Society Review 15: 215–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, Franz. 1969. “The Defense of Medicine in the Medieval Islamic World.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 43: 519–32.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Franz 1975. The Classical Heritage in Islam. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Franz 1978. “The Physician in Medieval Muslim Society.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 52 #4: 475–91.Google Scholar
Runia, David. 1986. Philo of Alexandria and the Timaeus of Plato. Leiden: E. J. Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, Gül. 1992. “‘The Owl and the Pussy Cat’: The Process of Cultural Transmission in Anatomical Illustration.” In Transfer of Modern Science and Technology to the Muslim World, edited by Ihsanoglu, Ekmeleddin, pp. 180–212. Istanbul: Research Center for Islamic History, Art & Culture.Google Scholar
Sabra, A. I. 1971b. “The Astronomical Origin of Ibn al-Haytham’s Concept of Experiment.” Actes due XIIe Congres Internationale d’Histoire des Sciences (Paris) Tomes IIIa: 133–6.Google Scholar
Sabra, A. I. 1976. “The Scientific Enterprise.” In Islam and the Arab World, edited by Lewis, Bernard, pp. 181–92. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Sabra, A. I. 1984. “The Andalusian Revolt against Ptolemaic Astronomy.” In Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences: Essays in Honor of I. Bernard Cohen, edited by Mendelsohn, E., pp. 133–53. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sabra, A. I. 1987. “The Appropriation and Subsequent Naturalization of Greek Science in Medieval Islam: A Preliminary Statement.” History of Science 25: 223–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabra, A. I. ed. and trans. 1989. The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. London: The Warburg Institute, University of London.Google Scholar
Sabra, A. I. 1994. “Science and Philosophy in Medieval Theology: The Evidence of the Fourteenth Century.” Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamishen Wissenschaften 9: 1–42.Google Scholar
Sabra, A. I. 1999. “Configuring the Universe: Aporetic, Problem Solving, and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy.” Perspectives on Science 6 #3: 288–330.Google Scholar
Sabra, A. I. 2003. “Ibn al-Haytham’s Revolutionary Project in Optics: The Achievement and the Obstacle.” In The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives, edited by Hogendijk, Jan P. and Sabra, Abdelhamid I., Cambridge: MIT Press, pp, 85–118.Google Scholar
Sabra, A. I. 2006. “Kalam Atomism as an Alternative Philosophy to Hellenizing Falsafa.” In Arabic Theology, Arabic Philosophy: From the Many to the One: Essays in Celebration of Richard M. Frank, edited by Montgomery, James Edward, pp. 199–272. Leuven and Dudley, MA: Peeters.Google Scholar
Saliba, George. 1982. “The Development of Astronomy in Medieval Islamic Society.” Arab Studies Quarterly 4 #3: 211–25.Google Scholar
Saliba, George 1984. “Arabic Astronomy and Copernicus.” Zeitschrift fur Geschichte der Arabish- Islamischen Wissenschaften Band 1: 73–87.Google Scholar
Saliba, George 1987. “The Role of Maragha in the Development of Islamic Astronomy: A Scientific Revolution before the Renaissance.” Revue de Synthese 4 #3–4: 361–73.Google Scholar
Saliba, George 1987a. “Theory and Observation in Islamic Astronomy: The Work of Ibn al-Shatir.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 18: 35–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saliba, George 1994. “A Sixteenth-Century Arabic Critique of Ptolemaic Astronomy: The Work of Shams al-Din al-Khafri.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 25: 15–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saliba, George 2000. “Arabic versus Greek Astronomy: A Debate Over the Foundations of Science.” Perspectives on Science 8 #4: 328–41.Google Scholar
Saliba, George 2004. “Reform of Ptolemaic Astronomy at the Court of Ulug Beg.” In Studies in the History of the Exact Science in Honor of David Pingree, edited by Burnett, Charles, Hogendijk, Jan. P., Plofker, Kim, and Yano, Michio, pp. 810–24. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Saliba, George 2007. Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Cambridge: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanneh, Lamin. 1997. The Crown and the Turban: Muslims and West African Pluralism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Sanneh, Lamin 2012. Summoned from the Margin: Homecoming of an African. Foreword by Sanneh, Kelefa. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Sarton, George. 1927–48. Introduction to the History of Science. 3 vols., parts 5. Baltimore: William and Wilkins and Wilkins.Google Scholar
Sarton, George 1938. “The Scientific Literature Transmitted through Incunabula.” Osiris 5: 43–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, J. J. 1963. “The Problem of Islamic Decadence.” Journal of World History 7: 701–20.Google Scholar
Savage-Smith, Emilie 1988. “Gleanings from an Arabist’s Workshop: Current Trends in the Study of Medieval Islamic Science and Medicine.” Isis 79: 246–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savage-Smith, Emilie 1995. “Attitudes towards Dissection in Medieval Islam.” Journal of the History of Medicine 50: 67–110.Google Scholar
Sayili, Aydin. 1960. The Observatory in Islam. Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Publication #38.Google Scholar
Sayili, Aydin 1980. “The Emergence of the Proto-Type of Modern Hospital in Medieval Islam.” Studies in the History of Medicine 4: 112–18.Google Scholar
Sayyid, Ridwan al-. 2006. “Encyclopedic Activities in Islamic Jurisprudence.” In Organizing Knowledge: Encyclopedia Activities in the pre-Eighteenth Century Islamic World, edited by Endress, Gerhard, Preface by Abdou Filali-Ansary, pp. 77–88. London: Brill.Google Scholar
Schacht, Joseph 1974. “Islamic Religious Law.” In The Legacy of Islam, second edition, edited by Schacht, Joseph and Bosworth, C. E., pp. 392–403. New York: Oxford.Google Scholar
Schacht, Joseph 2014. “Mālik b. Anas.” In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Bearman, P., Bianquis, Th., Bosworth, C.E., van Donzel, E., Heinrichs, W.P.. Consulted online on 02 march 2017 http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1163/15733912_islam_COM_0649.Google Scholar
Schacht, Joseph, and Meyerhof, Max. 1937. The Medico-Philosophical Controversy Between Ibn Butlan and Ibn Ridwan. Cairo: The Egyptian University Faculty of Arts. Publication #13.Google Scholar
Schäfer, Dagmar. 2011. The Crafting of the 10,000 Things: Knowledge and Technology in Seventeenth Century China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schevchenko, M. 1990. “An Analysis of Errors in the Star Catalogues of Ptolemy and Ulug Beg.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 21 : 187–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitt, Charles. 1969. “Experience and Experimentation: A Comparison of Zaberella’s View with Galielo’s De Motu.” Studies in the Renaissance 16: 80–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitt, Charles 1972. “The Faculty of the Arts at Pisa at the Time of Galileo.” Physis 15 #3: 243–72.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Charles 1973. “Toward a Reassessment of Renaissance Aristotelianism.” History of Science 11: 159–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitt, Charles 1975a. “Philosophy and Science in Sixteenth Century Universities: Some Preliminary Comments.” In The Cultural Context of Medieval Learning, edited by Murdoch, John and Sylla, Edith, pp. 485–537. Boston: D Reidel.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Charles 1975b. “Science and the Italian Universities in the 16th and 17th Centuries.” In The Emergence of Modern Science, edited by Crosland, M., pp. 35–56. London: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Charles 1983. Aristotle and the Renaissance. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitt, Charles 1988. “The Rise of the Philosophical Textbook.” In The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, edited by Schmitt, Charles. B. and Skinner, Quentin, pp. 792–804. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, Benjamin. 1968. “On Attitudes toward the Law in China.” In The Criminal Process in the People’s Republic of China, edited by Cohen, Jerome A., pp. 62–70. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Benjamin 1985. The World of Thought in Ancient China. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, David. ed. 2013. Tangled Titans: The United States and China. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, David 2015. “The Coming Chinese Crackup.” Wall Street Journal (Bookreview Section), 1–2, March 6.Google Scholar
Shank, Michael. 2002. “Regiomontanus on Ptolemy, Physical Orbs, and Astronomical Fictionalism: Goldsteinian Themes in the “Defense of Theon against George of Trebizond.” Perspectives of Science 10 #2: 179–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shank, Michael 2007. “Regiomontanus as a Physical Astronomer: Samplings from the Defense of Theon against George of Trebizond.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 38: 325–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shank, Michael 2008. “Regiomontanus, Johannes.” Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography 24: 216–19.Google Scholar
Shank, Michael 2013. “Schools and Universities in Medieval Latin Science.” In Cambridge History of Science 2, Medieval Science, edited by Shank, Michael and Lindberg, David, pp. 207–39. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shapin, Steven. 1988. “The House of Experiment in Seventeenth Century England.” Isis 79: 373–404.Google Scholar
Shapin, Steven 1994. A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth Century England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapin, Steven and Schafer, Simon. 1985. Leviathan and Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Shaw, Stanford. 1976. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. 1. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siraisi, Nancy 1987. Avicenna in Renaissance Italy: The Canon and Medical Teaching in Italian Universities After 1500. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siraisi, Nancy 1990. Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivin, Nathan 1983. “The Theoretical Background of Elixir Alchemy.” In SCC 5/4: 210–322.Google Scholar
Sivin, Nathan 1984. “Why the Scientific Revolution Did Not Take Place in China – or Did It?” In Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences, edited by Mendelsohn, E., pp. 531–54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sivin, Nathan 1985. “Max Weber, Joseph Needham, Benjamin Nelson: The Question of Chinese Science.” In Civilizations: East and West: A Memorial Volume for Benjamin Nelson., edited by Walters, E. V. others, pp. 37–50. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press.Google Scholar
Sivin, Nathan 1988. “Science and Medicine in Imperial China – The State of the Field.” The Journal of Asia Studies 47 #1: 41–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivin, Nathan 1990. “Science and Medicine in Chinese History.” In Heritage of China, edited by Ropp, Paul S., pp. 164–96. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Sivin, Nathan, and Nakayama, Shigeru, eds. 1973. Chinese Science: Explorations of an Ancient Tradition. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, William. 1977. The City in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Smalley, Beryl. 1952. Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages. (Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Pamela. 2006. “Laboratories.” In The Cambridge History of Science 3, Early Modern Science, pp. 290–305.Google Scholar
Sorokin, Pitirim, and Merton, R. K.. 1935. “The Course of Arabian Intellectual Development, 700–1300 A.D. A Study in Method.” Isis 22 (Feb.): 516–24.Google Scholar
Southern, R. W. 1984. “The Schools of Paris and the School of Chartres.” In Renaissance and Renewal, pp. 113–37.Google Scholar
Southern, Robert. 1992 Robert Grosseteste: The Growth of an English Mind in Medieval Europe, second edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Spade, Paul Vincent. 2002. Thoughts, Words, and Things: An Introduction to Late Medieval Logic and Semantic Theory (Version 1.1). Available at: pvspade.com/Logic/docs/thoughts1_1a.pdf.Google Scholar
Sprenkel, Sybille van der. 1966. Legal Institutions in Manchu China: A Sociological Analysis. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
André, JamesSt.. 2007. “Reasoning Court Cases from the Song and the Ming. Fact and Fiction and Literature.” In Writing and Law in Late Imperial China, edited by Hegel, Robert E. and Carlitz, Katherine, pp. 198–214. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Standaert, Nicolas. 1994. “The Investigations of Things and the Fathoming of Principles in the Seventeenth-Century Contacts between Jesuits and Chinese Scholars.” In Ferdinand Verbiest (1623–1688): Jesuit Missionary, Scientist, Engineer and Diplomat, edited by Witek, John W., pp. 395–420. Nettal: Steyler Verlag.Google Scholar
Standaert, Nicolas 1999. “A Chinese Translation of Ambroise Paré’s Anatomy.” Sino-Western Cultural Relations Journal #21: 9–33.Google Scholar
Staunton, George T., ed. and trans. 1810. Ta Tsing Lü Li: Being the Fundamental Law of the Penal Code of China. London: Cadell and Davies.Google Scholar
Steinberg, S. H. 1996. Five Hundred Years of Printing, revised by Trevitt, John. London: The British Library and Oak Knoll Press.Google Scholar
Stephens, Thomas. B. 1992. Order and Discipline in China: The Shanghai Mixed Court 1911–27. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Stern, S. M. 1984. “The Constitution of the Islamic City.” In History and Culture in the Medieval Muslim World, pp. 25–50. London: Variorum Reprints.Google Scholar
Stiefel, Tina. 1976. “Science, Reason and Faith in the Twelfth Century: The Cosmologists’ Attack on Tradition.” Journal of European Studies 6: 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiefel, Tina. 1977. “The Heresy of Science: A Twelfth-Century Conceptual Revolution.” Isis 68 #243: 347–62.Google Scholar
Stiefel, Tina. 1985a. The Intellectual Revolution in the Twelfth Century. New York: St Martins.Google Scholar
Stiefel, Tina. 1985b. “‘Impious Men’: Twelfth-Century Attempts to Apply Dialectic to the World of Nature.” In Science and Technology in Medieval Society, vol. 441., edited by Long, Pamel O., pp. 187–203. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Stock, Brian. 1972. Myth and Science in the Twelfth Century: A Study of Bernard Silvester. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Storer, Norman. 1973. “Prefatory Note.” In The Sociology of Science. Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, edited by Merton, R. K., pp. 223–27. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Strauss, Leo. 1973. Persecution and the Art of Writing. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, reprinted.Google Scholar
Strayer, Joseph. 1970. The Medieval Origins of the Modern State. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sun, Xiaochun. 2001. “On the Star Catalogue and Atlas of Chongzhen Lishu.” In Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China: The Cross-Cultural Synthesis of Xu Guangqi. edited by Jami, Catherine, Engelfriet, Peter, and Blue, Gregory, pp. 311–21. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Swanson, R. N. 1999. The Twelfth Century Renaissance. Manchester: University of Manchester Press.Google Scholar
Swerdlow, Noel. 1973. “The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus’s Planetary Theory.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 117: 423–512.Google Scholar
Swerdlow, Noel 1996. “Astronomy in the Renaissance.” In Astronomy before the Telescope, edited by Walker, E. B. F., pp. 197ff. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Swerdlow, Noel 2005. “Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543).” In Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution from Copernicus to Newton, edited by Applebaum, Wilbur, pp. 162–8. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Swerdlow, Noel 2012. “Copernicus and Astrology, with an Appendix of Translations of Primary Sources.” Perspectives on Science 20 #3: 353–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swerdlow, Noel, and Neugebauer, Otto. 1984. Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus’s De Revolutionibus. New York: Springer Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talbot, Charles. 1978. “Medicine.” In Science in the Middle Ages, edited by Lindberg, David C., pp. 391–428. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Thoren, Victor. 1990. The Lord of Uraniborg: A Biography of Tycho Brahe. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tibawi, A. L. 1962. “On the Origin and Character of ‘al-madrasah.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 25: 225–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tierney, Brian. 1982/3. Religion, Law and the Growth of Constitutional Thought, 1150–1650. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tierney, Brian 1997. The Idea of Natural Right: Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law, and Church Law, 1150–1625. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Trager, Eric. 2106. Arab Fall: How the Muslim Brotherhood Won and Lost Egypt in 891 Days. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Troeltsch, Ernst. 1960. The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches. New York: Harper Torch.Google Scholar
Tu, Wei-ming. 1990. “The Confucian Tradition in Chinese History.” In Heritage of China, edited by Ropp, Paul S., pp. 112–37. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Tyan, Emile. 1955. “Judicial Organization.” In Law in the Middle East, edited by Khadduri, M., and Liebesny, H., pp. 236–78. Washington: The Middle East Institute.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2002. Arab World Human Development Report: Creating Opportunities for the Future. New York: United Nations Publications.Google Scholar
Unschuld, Paul. 1985. Medicine in China: A History of Ideas. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Unschuld, Paul 1986. Medicine in China: A History Pharmaceutics. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Van Ess, Josef. 1990. “Teaching and ‘Universities’ in Medieval Islam.” Diogenes (summer): 64–76.Google Scholar
Veselovsky, I. N. 1973. “Copernicus and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 4: 128–30.Google Scholar
Wahba, Mourad, and Abousenna, Mona, eds. 1996. Averröes and the Enlightenment. New York: Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Walbridge, John. 2001. God and Logic in Islam: The Caliphate of Reason. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wallace, William O. 1981. Prelude to Galileo: Essays on Medieval and Sixteenth-Century Source of Galileo’s Thought. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Wallace, William O. 1984. Galileo and His Sources. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walzer, Richard. 1962. Greek into Arabic. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Watt, John R. 1972. The Magistrate in Late Imperial China. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Watt, Montgomery, ed. and trans. 1953. The Faith and Practice of al-Ghazali. London: George Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Watt, Montgomery 1965. A History of Islamic Spain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Watt, Montgomery 1970. “Introduction to Bell’s Quran,” revised and enlarged. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Press.Google Scholar
Watt, Montgomery 1973. The Formative Period of Islam. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Watt, Montgomery 1982. Islamic Philosophy and Theology, revised edition. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press.Google Scholar
Watt, Montgomery 1994. Islamic Creed: A selection. Translated by Watt, William Montgomery. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Weatherby, W. 1972. Platonism and Poetry in the Twelfth Century. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1951. The Religion of China. translated by Gerth, Hans. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Max 1954. Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society, edited and annotated by Rheinstein, Max; translated by Rheinstein, M. and Shils, Edward. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Max 1958a. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Scribners.Google Scholar
Weber, Max 1958b. The City, edited and translated by Martindale, Don and Neuwirth, Gertrud. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Max 1978. Economy and Society, edited by Roth, Guenther and Wittich, Claus, 2 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weiner, Charles. 1973. “How the Transistor Emerged.” IIEE Spectrum January: 24–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weisheipl, James. 1964. “The Curriculum of the Faculty of Arts at Oxford in the Early Fourteenth Century.” Medieval Studies 26: 143–85.Google Scholar
Weisheipl, James 1984. “Science in the Thirteenth Century.” In The History of the University of Oxford, vol. 1, edited by Cato, J. I., pp. 435–69. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Westfall, Richard. 1971. The Construction of Modern Science: Mechanism and Mechanics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Westfall, Richard 1980a. Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Westfall, Richard 1985. “Science and Patronage: Galileo and the Telescope.” Isis 76: 11–30.Google Scholar
Westfall, Richard, ed. 1989. Essays on the Trial of Galileo. Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory.Google Scholar
Westfall, Richard 2000. “The Scientific Revolution Reasserted.” In Rethinking the Scientific Revolution, edited by Osler, Margaret, pp. 42–58. New York; Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Westman, Robert. S. 1975a. The Copernican Achievement. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Westman, Robert. S. 1975b. “Three Responses to the Copernican Theory: Johannes Praetorius, Tycho Bahe, and Michael Maestlin.” In The Copernican Achievement, edited by Westman, Robert S., pp. 285–345. Berkeley: University of California. Press.Google Scholar
Westman, Robert. S. 1975c. “The Melanchthon Circle, Rheticus, and the Wittenberg Interpretation of the Copernican Theory.” Isis 66 (June): 165–93.Google Scholar
Westman, Robert. S. 1980. “The Astronomer’s Role in the 16th Century.” History of Science 18: 105–47.Google Scholar
Westman, Robert. S. 1986. “The Copernicans and the Churches.” In God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science, edited by Lindberg, David C. and Numbers, Ronald L., pp. 76–113. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Westman, Robert. S. 1990. “Proof, Poetics and Patronage, Copernicus’s Preface to De Revolutionibus.” In Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution, edited by Lindberg, David C. and Westman, Robert S., pp. 167–205. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
White, Lynn Jr. 1962. Medieval Technology and Social Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
White, Lynn 1984. “Science in China” (A Review of Science and Civilization in China, vols. 4 and 5) Isis 75 #1: 172–9.Google Scholar
Whiteside, D. T., ed. 1974. The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton, 1684–1692. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wild, Stefan. 1996. “Islamic Enlightenment and the Paradox of Averröes.” Die Welt des Islams 36 #3: 379–90.Google Scholar
Will, Pierre-Étienne. 2007. “Developing Forensic Knowledge through Cases in the Qing Dynasty.” In Thinking with Cases, pp. 62–100.Google Scholar
Willach, Rolf. 2008. The Long Route to the Invention of the Telescope. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society,Google Scholar
Witek, John W. 2015. “Catholic Missionaries.” In The Cambridge History of China 9 #2: 329–71.Google Scholar
Wolfson, Harry. 1964. “The Controversy over Causality in the Kalam.” In Melanges Alexandre Koyré. Paris: Hermann, 2: 602–18.Google Scholar
Wong, Bin. 1997. China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Yan, Lî, and Shíràn, Dù, 1987. Chinese Mathematics: A Concise History Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Yergin, Daniel. 2015. “The Power Revolution.” Wall Street Journal. August 21. www.wsj.com/articles/the-power-revolutions-1440172598?alg=y.Google Scholar
Yunli, Shi. 2000. “Eclipse Observations Made by Jesuit Astronomers in China: A Reconsideration.” Journal of the History of Astronomy 31: 135–47.Google Scholar
Zanden, Jan Luiten van. 2009. The Long Road to the Industrial Revolution. Leiden: E. J. Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziadeh, F. 1968. Lawyers: The Rule of Law and Liberalism in Egypt. Stanford: The Hoover Institution.Google Scholar
Ziadeh, Nicola. 1964. Damascus under the Mamluks. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Ziadeh, Nicola. 1970. Urban Life in Syria under the Early Mamluks. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Zilsel, Edgar. 1942a. “The Genesis of the Concept of Physical Law.” The Physical Review 3: 245–275.Google Scholar
Zilsel, Edgar 1942b. “The Sociological Roots of Science.” American Journal of Sociology 47: 544–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuckerman, Harriet. 1988. “The Sociology of Science.” In The Handbook of Sociology, edited by Smelser, Neil J., pp. 511–74. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Zurndorfer, Harriet. 2009. “China and Science on the Eve of the ‘Great Divergence’ 1600–1800: A Review of Revisionist Scholarship in Western Languages.” History of Technology 29: 81–101.Google Scholar
Zurndorfer, Harriet, 2011. “Contracts, Property, and Litigation: Intermediation and Adjudication in the Huizhou Region (Anhui) in Sixteenth Century China.” In Law and Long-term Economic Change: A European Perspective, edited by Ma, Debin and van Zanden, Jan Luiten, pp. 91–114. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar