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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2021

Edited by
Janine Natalya Clark  and
Michael Ungar
Janine Natalya Clark
Affiliation:
University of Birmingham
Michael Ungar
Affiliation:
Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia

Summary

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Type
Chapter
Information
Resilience, Adaptive Peacebuilding and Transitional Justice
How Societies Recover after Collective Violence
 , pp. 276 - 290
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Abe, T., 56
Abya Yala, 216
Adaptation pattern of resilience, 32–33, 58
Adaptive capacity, 262–263
Adaptive peacebuilding. See also specific country
change, focus on, 182
complexity theory and, 9, 89, 161, 181–182, 258–260, 261–262, 267
critical consideration on case-by-case basis, need for, 272
defined, 9, 96–97, 257–258
lessons learned, 15–16, 257, 264
linkage with other concepts, 272–273
local ownership and, 9, 260–262
means rather than ends, focus on, 182, 229, 269–271
participatory experimental approach to, 273
as process, 38
process facilitation in, 131
recommendations for, 267
resilience and, 8–10, 66, 262–264
self-organisation and, 260–262
traditional liberal peacebuilding versus, 263–264
transitional justice contributing to, 9–10, 89, 257–258, 264
uncertainty, adapting to, 181
Affective Justice (Clarke), 160
Agential realism, 211–212, 215
Ahmed, Naibuddin, 13, 148, 155, 158
Ahmed, S., 241–242
Alvarez Medrano, S.B., 14–15, 212, 217–219, 220, 222, 228, 266, 269
Amnesty, truth commissions and, 50–51
Anam, Tahmina, 148
Angola, amnesty in, 50
Apa, Ferdousy, 159
Argentina
Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo, 126
survivors’ groups in, 126
Arnould, V., 88
Atallah, Devin G., 6, 15, 271
Australia, Indigenous peoples in, 32
Azzouz, A., 2
Bacca, P.I., 223
Baker, C., 88
Bangladesh
accountability in, 146
Awami League (AL), 145
Bangladesh National Party, 146
Birangona: Towards Ethical Testimonies of Sexual Violence during Conflict (Mookherjee and Keya), 143–144
birangonas (war heroines)
generally, 57
abortion and, 154
adoption and, 154
assumed silence of, 150
designation of, 144, 150
documentation of sexual violence against, 144, 150, 155–158
employment and, 155–157, 158
generative resilience and, 145, 147, 158–159, 160–161, 269
graphic ethnography and, 152–154, 157, 158–159, 160–161
‘horrific’ status, problematic nature of, 148, 150–151, 160, 268–269
ideologies of gender, honour, and shame among, 150
images of, 147–149
marriage and, 154–155, 157
overview, 13
rehabilitation programmes, 154–158
‘reproductive heteronormativity’ and, 157–158
sexual violence and, 13, 144–145, 147–152, 158–159, 268–269
testimonies of, 148–149, 150–151, 268–269
transitional justice and, 147
case studies generally, 3–4, 257
fieldwork in, 149–150
genocide in, 150
impunity in, 146
International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) Act of 1973, 145
Jamaat-e-Islami Party, 146
military rule in, 146
overview, 13
reconciliation in, 147
Rehabilitation Board, 154, 155
transitional justice in, 146, 147
War Crimes Tribunal, 13, 145–146, 147, 159–160, 269
war in, 144
Barad, K., 211–212, 213, 215
Barrios, R.E., 96, 99
Bernath, J., 164
Bhaksar, Shiromoni, 150
Biko, Steve, 247–248
‘Biological logic’, 218
Bizimungu, Pasteur, 106
Blaškić, Tihomir, 83, 85–87
Boban, Mate, 74
Boggs, G.L., 247
Bosnia–Herzegovina
Ahmići massacre
absence of community and, 79–80, 82
clustering of resources and, 78–79
cohesion and, 82–85
desire to live, loss of, 77–78
educational system, cohesion and, 84–85
ethnic divisions, ICTY leading to entrenching of, 86–88
ethnicity and, 81–82, 85
failures of ICTY, 270
faith and, 78
individual resilience and, 76–80
limited impact of ICTY, 89, 90
loss of resources and, 77–78
multi-systemic hindrances to resilience, 80–85
overview, 3–4, 11–12, 16, 73, 74–75, 90
population of Ahmići, 79
resilience, failure of ICTY to foster, 86–88
Russian doll analogy, 80–81
Army of BiH (ABiH), 73, 74–75, 77, 82, 84
Army of Republika Srpska (VRS), 74
Bosnian War, 73, 74–75, 81, 159–160
case studies generally, 3–4, 257
criminal trials in, 62
Croatian Defence Council (HVO), 73, 74–75, 83, 84, 85
Croatian Democratic Union, 86
ICTY (See International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY))
tripartite Presidency in, 81
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), 83
Vance–Owen Peace Plan, 74
Bourdieu, P., 59–60
Brazil, Kawahiva people, 31
Burnet, J.E., 12, 14, 16, 267, 268
Burundi
amnesty in, 51
NGOs in, 65
psychosocial healing in, 65
Trauma Healing and Reconciliation Services (THARS), 65
Cabnal, L., 217
Cambodia
apsara (dance performance), 179
Bophana Audiovisual Resource Center, 180
Cambodian National Rescue Party (CNRP), 169
Cambodian People’s Party (CPP), 169
case studies generally, 3–4, 16, 257
civil war in, 166
corruption in, 170–171
COVID-19 pandemic in, 172
criminal trials in, 62
data collection, 164, 165
depopulation of cities, 166
Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)
attribution of responsibility, 173–174
creation of, 167–168
criminal trials in, 62
limitations of, 176–177
mandate of, 167–168
mental health benefits of participation in, 176
overview, 14
politicisation of, 174–175
reparations and, 48, 51, 63–64, 178–181
resilience, impact on, 165, 173
transitional justice, 173–177, 178–181
victim participation in, 63, 175–177
foreign investment in, 172
Kdei Karuna (NGO), 180
Khmer Rouge, 13–14, 48, 164, 166–167, 171–172
Law on Associations and Non-Governmental Organizations (LANGO), 169–170
mass executions in, 167
migrant labour in, 172
NGOs in, 168, 169–170, 175–176, 177, 179, 180
overview, 13–14, 165–166, 182–183
patronage networks in, 171
Phka Sla, 90
Pka Sla Krom Angkar (dance performance), 180
reparations in, 48, 51, 63–64, 178–181
repression in, 169–170
resilience in
ECCC, impact of, 165, 173
economic system and, 168, 171–173
legal system and, 168, 170–171
multiple systems as undermining, 270–271
political system and, 168, 169–170
social-ecological approach to, 165
transitional justice, impact of, 165, 270–271
sexual violence in, 170–171
starvation in, 166–167
Transcultural Psychological Organisation (TPO), 179, 180
transitional justice in
adaptive peacebuilding, limitations regarding, 181–183
ECCC and, 173–177, 178–181
resilience, impact on, 165, 270–271
Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia, 171
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), 167, 169
Vietnamese invasion of, 167
Vietnam War and, 166
Canada
fly-in courts in, 37
historical justice in, 48
Indigenous peoples in, 32, 37, 47
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), 223
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), 47, 48
Center for Human Rights and International Justice (CHRIJ), 223
Chakravarty, A., 112
Chandler, D., 135
Chile
reparations in, 51
rights-based approach to community empowerment in, 6
China, foreign investment in Cambodia, 172
Chirix García, E., 214–215, 217
Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems, 82–83
Clark, J.N., 11–12, 16, 62, 63, 133, 266, 268, 270
Clark, P., 110–111
Clarke, K., 160
Colombia
adaptive peacebuilding, role of transitional justice in promoting, 206, 207
case studies generally, 3–4, 257
colonialism, effects of, 215–216
Commission for the Clarification of the Truth, Coexistence and Reconciliation, 189
Comprehensive System of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Non-Repetition, 189, 199
corruption in, 201–202, 203
data collection, 187–188
Development Programmes with a Territorial Focus (PDETs), 200
Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR), 189
Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN), 187
Entrelazando (weaving together), 191, 197–198
farming cooperatives in, 202–203
fieldwork in, 187–188
fresh perspective on transitional justice in, 7–8
gender roles in, 191
hegemonic masculinity in, 192–193
internally displaced persons (IDPs)
collective resilience, 193–198
individual resilience, 190–193
land restitution and, 201–204
overview, 14
reparations and, 200–201
research on, 187–189
social relations and organisation and, 198–199
land restitution in, 188, 201–204
Law of Victims for Indigenous Communities, 215–216
machismo in, 191
methodology of study, 187–189
National Association of Peasant Users (ANUC), 198
overview, 14, 189–190, 206–207
peace agreement in, 187, 189
‘radical citizenship’ in, 198, 265
reparations in, 188, 200–201
resilience in
collective resilience, 193–199
connecting individual and collective resilience, 204–206
housing and, 196
individual resilience, 190–193
land ownership and, 193–195
local ownership and, 265–266
mental health issues, 190–193
psychosocial healing, 191–192
reparations and, 200–201
salir adelante (moving forward), 204–206
self-organisation and, 265–266
social relations and organisation, impact of, 193, 198–199, 206
societal resilience, 265–266
socio-economic obstacles to, 193–198
transitional justice, role of in promoting, 206, 207
restorative justice in, 207
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
Bloque Caribe, 189
collective resilience, 193–198
individual resilience, 190–193
land restitution and, 201–204
overview, 14
reincorporation of, 188–189, 204
reparations and, 200–201
research on, 187–189
social relations and organisation and, 198–199
salir adelante (moving forward), 204–206
Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP), 189, 200, 207
transitional justice in
adaptive peacebuilding, role in promoting, 206, 207
local ownership and, 265–266
reparations, 200–201
resilience, role in promoting, 206, 207
self-organisation and, 265–266
weakening of social ties as unintended consequence of, 201–204, 206
Truth Commission, 206–207
Unit for the Search of Disappeared Persons, 189
Victims and Land Restitution Law (2011), 188, 189, 199, 200, 201, 203, 205
Victims’ Unit, 188, 201
Comes, T., 79–80
Complexity theory
adaptive peacebuilding and, 9, 89, 161, 181–182, 258–260, 261–262, 267
non-linearity and, 259, 260
resilience and, 213
social systems and, 258–259
spacecraft example, 258–259
transitional justice and, 259–260
Congo, Democratic Republic of
peacebuilding in, 88
transitional justice in, 88
Conservation of Resources Theory, 78
COVID-19 pandemic
in Cambodia, 172
in Palestine, 238
resilience and, 1, 2
in Uganda, 119, 124
Craps, S., 27
Crimes against humanity
in ICTY, 85, 86
in international criminal law, 49
sexual violence as, 210–211, 214
Criminal trials. See also specific country
in ICTR, 49, 108–109
in ICTY, 49
as mechanism of transitional justice, 61–62
problems with, 61–62
resilience, contributing to, 46, 61–62
societal resilience and, 11, 46
truth commissions and, 51
Crosby, A., 14–15, 212, 222–225, 228, 266, 269
Cumes, A., 217
Customary practices
as mechanism of transitional justice, 64
resilience, contributing to, 46, 64
Daly, E., 52–54
‘Damage narratives’, 211–212, 220
Darwish, Mahmoud, 238
Das, V., 149
Decolonial attitude
in Palestine, 239–243
transformative justice and, 239–243
de Coning, C., 8–10, 15–16, 35–36, 42, 52, 66, 88–89, 90, 96–97, 131, 160, 161
de Langis, T., 180
Differential impact, 36
Distributive justice, 48, 51, 53–55
Dixon, E., 239, 248, 249, 250, 251
Dolan, C., 123, 133–134
Dream practice, 238–239
Drumbl, M.A., 49
Duffield, M., 1
Duthie, R., 6
Duty to prosecute, 49
Dynamic resilience, 34–36
Džaferović, Šefik, 81–82
Ebola, 119
Edström, J., 131–132, 133
Egeland, J., 122–123
Egypt, Palestine and, 242
El Salvador, amnesty in, 50
Equifinality, 34–35
European Union, Palestine and, 242
Evans, B., 161
Evans, M., 53–54, 55, 234–235
Fly-in courts, 37
Folke, C., 262
Freire, P., 247
Galtung, J., 96
Gender
Bangladesh, birangonas (war heroines) in (See Bangladesh)
Colombia, gender roles in, 191
Guatemala, Mayan women in (See Guatemala)
Mayan cosmovision, gendered understanding of, 216–217, 220
missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls, trans and Two-Spirit people (MMIWG2S), 240–241, 250
Philippines, changing gender roles in, 35
Senegal, changing gender roles in, 35
Geneva Conventions, Bosnia-Herzegovina and, 85, 86
Geneva Peacebuilding Platform, 60–61
Genocide
adaptive peacebuilding, post-genocide recovery and, 96–97
in Bangladesh, 150
in international criminal law, 49
multi-systemic resilience and, 26, 28
in Rwanda, 61–62, 95–96, 97–99
transitional justice, post-genocide recovery and, 96–97
Giacaman, R., 236–237
Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict, 159–160
Grabar-Kitarović, Kolinda, 81–82
Grandin, G., 212
Gready, P., 53–54, 56, 236
Great Depression, 27
Guatemala
case studies generally, 3–4, 257
Centre for Legal Action in Human Rights (CALDH), 210, 217, 219
Coordinadora de Jóvenes de Sololá, 219
criminal trials in, 210–211
Defensoría Maya Ch’orti’, 219
distributive justice in, 48
Flor de Maguey Collective, 217, 219
Grupo de Mujeres Xu’m Saj Chee, 217
Grupo Mujeres Mayas Kaqla, 219, 220, 221, 224, 230
judicial system in, 229
Mayan cosmovision, 213–217
absence of recognition in justice system, 214–215
gendered understanding of, 216–217, 220
holistic nature of, 215
land-body-territory intersection in, 213–217, 220, 228, 229
non-dualistic nature of, 215
overview, 212
persistence of, 228
‘relational beings’ in, 216
Mayan women in
Ajq’ij (spiritual guides) and, 221
Chatz’ukuj a Kaslemal (find the best way to live), 218, 230
Chayik’a’a Kaslemal (build your own life), 218, 230
colonialism, effects of, 212–213, 215, 229–230
‘damage narratives’ and, 211–212, 220
‘human rights defenders’, 218
integrated processes of resilience, 220–221
Kajokachoq’ab (use your strengths), 218, 230
local ownership and, 266
overview, 14–15
resilience and, 211, 213–214, 230
self-organisation and, 266
self-representations in creative workshops, 222–228
sexual violence and, 210–211, 214, 217, 219, 224–225
struggle, experience framed in terms of, 217–219
training-healing-action-reflection workshops, 218–222
truth-finding and, 211
Xojch’awoq (let’s talk), 218, 230
Mujeres Asociación para la Justicia y la Reconciliación, 219
National Reparations Programme (PNR), 210
National Union of Guatemala Women (UNAMG), 223
NGOs in, 210, 217, 219, 223, 224, 230
non-repetition in, 210–211
Red Departmental de Mujeres Sololatcas con Visión Integral, 219
reparations in, 210, 227
Sepur Zarco trial, 210–211, 214, 222–223
transitional justice
failures of, 213, 229
requirements for, 229
truth-finding in, 210, 211, 227
United Nations Historical Clarification Commission (CEH), 210
Habyarimana, Juvénal, 97
Haeri, S., 3
Hall, P.A., 27
Handal, Nathalie, 248
Hartling, L.M., 5–6
Hasina, Sheikh, 145
Hayner, P.B., 48, 51
Hayward, B.M., 5–6
Herman, J., 65
Historical justice, 48, 56
Hobfoll, S.E., 78
Hoddy, E.T., 56
Holocaust, 77–78, 151
Hoover, Herbert, 27
Howell, A., 2–3
Hughes, B., 259
Human rights
cross-fertilisation of ideas and, 26
Guatemala, Mayan women as ‘human rights defenders’, 218
transitional justice, relation to, 47
Humphrey, M., 126
Hun Many, 171
Hun Sen, 167, 169, 170, 171
Huntley, A., 240–241, 250
Hurricane Katrina, 32
ICC. See International Criminal Court (ICC)
ICTR. See International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
ICTY. See International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
Indigenous peoples
in Australia, 32
in Canada, 32, 37, 47
customary practices and, 64
‘damage narratives’ and, 211–212, 220
fly-in courts, 37
historical justice and, 48
justice systems of, 37
Mayan women (See Guatemala)
missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls, trans and Two-Spirit people (MMIWG2S), 240–241, 250
in Palestine (See Palestine)
resistance and, 32
sovereignty and, 241
transitional justice and resilience in, 7
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 32, 215–216
Interdisciplinarity, resilience and, 4
International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), 50
International Criminal Court (ICC)
creation of, 105
Uganda and, 124–125
victims and, 63
International criminal law, 49
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). See also Rwanda
creation of, 105
criminal trials in, 49, 108–109
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals and, 113
limited impact of, 108–109
as model of transitional justice, 97
reparations and, 112–113, 114
Rules of Procedure and Evidence, 113
Victims and Witness Support Unit, 113
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). See also Bosnia–Herzegovina
Ahmići massacre and, 74, 75
Blaškić trial, 83, 85–87
Bosnian War and, 74
creation of, 85, 105
crimes against humanity in, 85, 86
criminal trials in, 49
ethnic divisions, entrenching of, 12, 86–88
failures of, 270
Josipović trial, 86–87
Kordić trial, 84, 85–87
Kupreškić trials, 86–87
limited impact of, 89, 90
resilience, failure to foster, 86–88
retributive justice in, 47
International Development Research Centre (IDRC), 223
International Monetary Fund, 160
Iran, Palestine and, 242
Isakhan, B., 2
Islamic State, 2
Israeli Occupation of Palestine, 242, 243–244, 249–250
Izetbegović, Alija, 75
Izquierdo, B., 215–216
Joinet, L., 49–50
Jordan, Palestine and, 242
Joseph, J., 57
Josipović, Ivo, 83, 86–87
Juncos, A.E., 57
Justice and Reconciliation Project (JRP), 129
Justice systems
complexity of, 37
efficiency of, 38–39
evolution of, 39
fly-in courts, 37
of Indigenous peoples, 37
modularity of, 39
need for better understanding of, 39–42
neoliberal approach, move away from, 37–38
optimum principles of, 38–39
reliability of, 38
resilience in, 37–39
scalability of, 39
Kaepernick, Colin, 250
Kagame, Paul, 106
Kajikawa, Y., 1–2
Kastner, P., 5, 57, 59, 60, 61
Kawahiva people, 31
Kent, L., 127
Kirmayer, L.J., 130–131, 133
Kony, Joseph, 124–125
Kordić, Dario, 83–84, 85–87
Košić, Vlado, 83–84
Kupreškić, Mirjan, 86–87
Kupreškić, Vlatko, 86–87
Kupreškić, Zoran, 86–87
Ladinx, use of term, 212
Laketa, S., 84
Lambourne, W., 11, 52–54, 55–56, 263, 270
Lamont, M., 27
Laplante, L.J., 51
Law, cross-fertilisation of ideas and, 26
Lebanon, resilience in, 82
Lederach, J.P., 53
Leebaw, B.A., 6
Liberalism. See Neoliberalism
Liebenberg, L., 75, 79
Local ownership
adaptive peacebuilding and, 9, 260–262
in Colombia, 265–266
in Guatemala, 266
in Uganda, 264–265
Lon Nol, 166–167
Luthar, S.S., 5–6
Lykes, M.B., 14–15, 212, 222–225, 228, 266, 269
Maddison, S., 56
Mahdiani, H., 4
Mani, R., 53
Martin, L., 136
Masud, H.R., 15, 271
McAuliffe, P., 54, 55, 89
Memory-making, resilience and, 151–152
Mexico
Mama Maquín (NGO), 227
Mayan women in, 227
Millar, G., 7
Mookherjee, N., 13, 57, 268–269
Moore, J.C., 79
Morocco, reparations in, 51
Mozambique, amnesty in, 50
Mujib, Sheikh, 145, 154
Multifinality, 35–36
Multi-systemic model of resilience, 4–5, 8, 23–26, 42, 58, 263
Muvingi, I., 88
Navigation, resilience and, 28–29
‘Negative peace’, 48, 96
Negotiation, resilience and, 28–29
Neoliberalism
critique of, 53–54
justice systems, move away from neoliberal approach to, 37–38
peacebuilding and, 88–89, 267
social-ecological model of resilience, move toward, 27–28, 120, 161, 270
Nepal, survivors’ groups in, 126–127
Ngomokwe, F., 12–13, 14, 264–265
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs). See specific country or organisation
Non-linearity, 259, 260
Norodom Sihanouk, 166
Nuremberg Tribunal, 49, 85
Nussio, E., 7–8
Nuwayhid, I., 82
Obradovic-Wochnik, J, 88
Ogata, S., 105
Oil and gas industry, resilience and, 29–30
Olson, D.H., 82–83
Ongwen, D., 124–125
Orentlicher, D.F., 49, 84
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 262–263
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 74, 85
Palestine
case studies generally, 3–4, 257
Community Health Worker (CHW) programmes, 243–245, 246–247, 250
counter-narratives, 237
COVID-19 pandemic in, 238
Hamas, 242
Israeli Occupation of, 242, 243–244, 249–250
methodology of study, 238–239
Nakba (disaster), 237–238
‘occupation of the senses’ concept, 236
overview, 15
Palestinian Authority, 242
Palestinian Resilience Research Collaborative (RRC), 245–247, 250, 251
refugee camps, 243–245
rights-based approach to community empowerment in, 6
‘theories in the flesh’, 237
transformative justice in
capacity for struggle and, 246–247
decolonial attitude and, 239–243
dream practice and, 238–239
embodied enactments of humanity and, 248–253
existing institutions as antithetical to, 242–243
human resources needed for, 245
NGOs as antithetical to, 242–243, 252–253
overview, 236–237, 253, 271
proxy model, 245–246
radical coalitions for, 243–248
‘radical love’ and, 248–253
‘resetting our wings’ and, 248–253
self-determination and, 239–243
sovereignty and, 241
trust and, 243
‘unafraid replanting’ and, 240
United Nations and, 242
‘Wounds Inside’ concept, 236–237
Panter-Brick, C., 78
Paris Peace Agreement of 1991, 167
Paz y Paz Bailey, Claudia, 229
Peacebuilding
adaptive peacebuilding (See Adaptive peacebuilding)
Geneva Peacebuilding Platform, 60–61
local turn in, 55
neoliberalism and, 88–89, 267
political nature of, 261
pragmatic turn in, 51–52, 88–89
resilience and, 57, 59
social-ecological model of resilience and, 57–58
systemic approach to, 89
transitional justice and, 49–52, 88
United Nations and, 8–9, 88–89
Peacekeeping, 105
Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Freire), 247
Pérez Molina, Otto, 227
Persistence pattern of resilience, 31
Peru
reparations in, 51, 64
Yuyachkani (theatre group), 224
Philippines
changing gender roles in, 35
multifinality in, 35
Pol Pot, 166–167, 173–174
‘Positive peace’, 48, 96
Pouligny, B., 59, 60, 61
Principles against Impunity, 49–50
Psychosocial healing
in Burundi, 65
in Colombia, 191–192
as mechanism of transitional justice, 65
resilience, contributing to, 46, 65
Purić, Ibrahim, 84
Qatar, Palestine and, 242
‘Radical citizenship’, 198, 265
‘Radical love’, 248–253
Rape. See Sexual violence
Reconciliation, 47, 53, 146–147. See also specific country
Recovery pattern of resilience, 32
Reed, J., 161
Refugee Law Project (RLP), 122, 129, 133–134
Reparations. See also specific country
mechanism of transitional justice, reparations as, 63–64
reparative justice, 48, 51
resilience, contributing to, 46, 63–64
right to reparation, 51
societal resilience and, 11, 46, 63
‘Reproductive heteronormativity’, 157–158
‘Resetting our wings’, 248–253
Resilience. See also specific country
adaptation pattern of, 32–33, 58
adaptive capacity and, 262–263
adaptive peacebuilding and, 10, 66, 262–264
agentic nature of, 60
biological systems and, 25
communal and group perspective, 130–131
complexity theory and, 213
in context of transitional justice, 11, 46–47, 66
COVID-19 pandemic and, 1, 2
criminal trials contributing to, 46, 61–62
critical consideration on case-by-case basis, need for, 272
cross-cultural approach to, 3–4
cross-fertilisation of ideas and, 26
customary practices contributing to, 46, 64
dangers in use of, 58, 59
defined, 23, 95–96, 262
differential impact and, 36
dynamic resilience, 34–36
equifinality and, 34–35
Eurocentric bias in approach to, 26–27, 28
genocide and, 26, 28
Indigenous peoples and, 7
individual versus social-ecological approach, 3, 27–28
interdisciplinarity and, 4
in justice systems, 37–39 (See also Justice systems)
key questions regarding, 11
lack of attention, 2
lessons learned, 15–16, 257, 264
linkage with other concepts, 272–273
literature, gaps in, 25
in local communities, 121
memory-making and, 151–152
multifinality and, 35–36
multiple levels of, 272
multi-systemic model of, 4–5, 8, 23–26, 42, 58, 263
navigation and, 28–29
need for better understanding of, 39–42
negotiation and, 28–29
neoliberal approach, move away from, 27–28, 120, 161
nested relationships, 24–25
oil and gas industry and, 29–30
participatory experimental approach to, 273
patterns of, 31–34
peacebuilding and, 57, 59
persistence pattern of, 31
problematic descriptions of, 2–3
as process, 23, 30–31, 57, 102, 161, 269–271, 272
progressive use of, 60
psychosocial healing contributing to, 46, 65
quality of process, importance of, 272
recovery pattern of, 32
reparations contributing to, 46, 63–64
resistance pattern of, 31–32
in Rwanda, 26, 28
sexual violence and, 3, 145
‘showing resilience’, 30–31
social capital and, 262–263
social-ecological model of (See Social-ecological model of resilience)
societal resilience, 11, 46, 59–60, 63, 265–266
synergies with transitional justice, 6–7
therapeutic jurisprudence and, 25–26
as trait, 95–96
transformation pattern of, 33–34
transitional justice and, 5–8, 57, 58, 59, 263
trauma theory and, 95–96
truth commissions contributing to, 46, 62–63
Resistance pattern of resilience, 31–32
Restorative justice
in Colombia, 207
combined retributive and restorative justice, 47, 61–62
overview, 51
in Rwanda, 110–111
in South Africa, 47
Retributive justice
combined retributive and restorative justice, 47, 61–62
in ICTY, 47
overview, 47
Right to justice, 49–50
Right to know, 50
Right to reparation, 51
Ríos Montt, Efraín, 210–211, 219
Robins, S., 53–54, 55–56, 126–127, 236
Rombouts, H., 126
Rome Statute, 160
Ruhl, J.B., 37, 38–39
Ruiz Serna, D., 216
Rwanda
adaptive peacebuilding in
church-based groups, role of, 96–97, 101–102
coping as, 102–104
cultural resources and, 101, 103–104
Gacaca courts hindering, 108, 110, 111–112
local resistance to, 97, 104–108
NGOs, role of, 96–97, 101–102, 105
religious and spiritual responses as, 99–102
reparations and, 112–115
social accompaniment and, 103
spirit cults and, 101
systemic hindrances to, 104–108, 268
case studies generally, 3–4, 16, 257
combined retributive and restorative justice in, 47, 61–62
criminal trials in, 61–62, 109
ethnic divisions in, 96
Gacaca courts
adaptive peacebuilding, hindering, 108, 110, 111–112
combined retributive and restorative justice in, 47
criticisms of, 111
one-sided nature of, 110
overview, 12, 109–110
reparations and, 114
resilience, hindering, 110
restorative justice in, 110–111
RPF and, 108, 110, 112
state power, reinforcing, 108
transformation of, 110
truth-finding and, 111
genocide commemoration ceremonies, 106–107
Genocide Statute, 114
government prosecutions in, 109
Hutu people, reprisal killings of, 98–99, 106–107
ICTR (See International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR))
kubandwa (spirit cult), 101
kwihangana (bearing up under), 101, 103–104
multi-systemic resilience in, 26, 28
national unity and reconciliation in, 105–106
NGOs in, 96–97, 101–102, 105
overview, 12, 115
politics of, 96
post-genocide recovery in, 96–97
poverty in, 96, 108
‘race talk’, elimination of, 104–105, 107
recurrence of violence in, 107
reparations in, 112–115
resilience in
coping as, 102–104
cultural resources and, 103–104
Gacaca courts hindering, 110
reparations and, 112–115
social accompaniment and, 103
Roman Catholic Church in, 100
Ruhengeri, need for multi-systemic resilience in, 41–42
Rwandan Armed Forces (RAF), 97–99
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), 12, 96, 97–99, 104, 105, 106–107, 108, 110, 112
Ryangombe (spirit cult), 101
sexual violence in, 98
survivors’ groups in, 126
Tutsi people, genocide against, 61–62, 95–96, 97–99
Uganda compared, 13
Santos, Juan Manuel, 203
Sarkar, M., 149
Saul, J., 54
Schulz, P., 12–13, 14, 264–265
Self-determination
in Palestine, 239–243
transformative justice and, 239–243
transitional justice and, 239
Self-organisation
adaptive peacebuilding and, 260–262
in Colombia, 265–266
defined, 260
economy as self-organised system, 260
in Guatemala, 266
lessons learned, 264–267
in Uganda, 264–265
Senegal
changing gender roles in, 35
multifinality in, 35
Sexual violence
adaptive peacebuilding and, 160
birangonas (See Bangladesh)
in Cambodia, 170–171
as crime against humanity, 210–211, 214
‘damage narratives’ and, 211–212
documentation of, 144
Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict, 159–160
in Guatemala, 210–211, 214, 217, 219, 224–225
resilience and, 3, 145
in Uganda, 13, 123, 129, 133–134, 135–136
Shahab, S., 2
Shalhoub-Kevorkian, N., 236, 249
Shapiro, S.C., 180
Shapiro-Phim, T., 90
Shepherd, L.J., 56
Shunuarah, M., 241
Sierra Leone
combined retributive and restorative justice in, 47
criminal trials in, 62
Fambul Tok, 54
Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), 47, 62
survivors’ groups in, 136
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), 7, 47
Sikkink, K., 49
Sinalo, C.W., 26, 28
Social accompaniment, 103
Social capital, 59–60, 262–263
Social-ecological model of resilience
in Cambodia, 165
emergence of, 25
neoliberal approach, move away from, 27–28, 120, 161, 270
overview, 168
peacebuilding and, 57–58
transitional justice and, 57–58
Social systems
complexity theory and, 258–259
non-linearity of, 259
as not amenable to general rules, 259
‘Social torture’, 123
Societal resilience, 11, 46, 59–60, 63, 265–266
Society of Community Research and Action (SCRA), 244–245
Socio-economic justice, 48, 51, 53–55
South Africa
amnesty in, 50
Apartheid, dismantling of, 34
Embalenhle, need for multi-systemic resilience in, 40–41
historical justice in, 48
Khulumani Victim Support Group, 126
restorative justice in, 47
SASOL (state-owned corporation), 40
survivors’ groups in, 126
transitional justice in, 52
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), 47, 48, 50, 63, 146–147, 259
Sovereignty, transformative justice and, 241
Soyuz rocket, 258–259
The Spectral Wound: Sexual Violence, Public Memories and the Bangladesh War of 1971 (Mookherjee), 143, 152–154, 157, 158–159
Spivak, G.C., 157–158
Sri Lanka, amnesty in, 51
Stewart, B., 83
Stiles, A.S., 80–81
Stojić, Dsmir, 84
Syria, resilience in, 2
Teitel, R.G., 48
Thailand, migrant labour from in Cambodia, 172
Therapeutic jurisprudence, 25–26
Theron, L., 58
Timor-Leste
Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation (CAVR), 51, 64
customary practices in, 64
nahe biti (customary practice), 64
restorative justice in, 51
survivors’ groups in, 126–127
Tokyo Tribunal, 49, 85
Transformation pattern of resilience, 33–34
Transformative justice
decolonial attitude and, 239–243
defined, 235–236
emergence of, 229
goals of, 235–236
in Palestine (See Palestine)
self-determination and, 239–243
sovereignty and, 241
transitional justice versus, 235, 239, 253, 271
trust and, 243
Transitional justice. See also specific country
adaptive peacebuilding, contributing to, 9–10, 89, 257–258, 264
civil and political rights, focus on, 234
complexity theory and, 259–260
context of, resilience in, 11, 46–47, 66
criminal trials (See Criminal trials)
critical appraisal of, 46–47
critical consideration on case-by-case basis, need for, 272
cross-fertilisation of ideas and, 26
customary practices as mechanism of, 64
defined, 5, 47
distributive justice, 48, 51, 53–55
fresh perspective on, 7–8
historical justice, 48, 56
human rights, relation to, 47
ICT as model of, 97
Indigenous peoples and, 7
key questions regarding, 11
lessons learned, 15–16, 257, 264
linkage with other concepts, 272–273
literature, gaps in, 25
local turn in, 54–55
neglect of resilience in, 74
NGOs and, 55
in non-transitional periods, 47
‘one-size-fits-all’ model, 49
participatory experimental approach to, 273
peacebuilding and, 49–52, 88
political theory of, 47
post-genocide recovery and, 96–97
as process, 38
psychosocial healing as mechanism of, 65
recommendations for, 267
reconciliation, 47, 53, 146–147
reparations (See Reparations)
resilience and, 5–8, 57, 58, 59, 263
restorative justice (See Restorative justice)
retributive justice (See Retributive justice)
self-determination and, 239
social-ecological model of resilience and, 57–58
social-ecological reframing of, 89–90, 266, 270
social justice, traditional neglect of, 6, 234–235
socio-economic justice, 48, 51, 53–55
stressors, response to, 263
structural factors, neglect of, 6
synergies with resilience, 6–7
transformative justice versus, 235, 239, 253, 271
transformative turn in, 52–56, 263, 270
truth commissions (See Truth commissions)
as undermining resilience, 5–6
United Nations and, 49–50
Transparency International, 170
Trauma theory, resilience and, 95–96
Trust, transformative justice and, 243
Truth commissions. See also specific country
amnesty and, 50–51
criminal trials and, 51
as mechanism of transitional justice, 62–63
resilience, contributing to, 46, 62–63
right to know and, 50
societal resilience and, 11, 46
victims and, 63
Tuck, E., 15, 211–212, 213, 220
Ubuntu, 259
Uganda
Acholiland, 121, 126
Acholi War Debt Claimants’ Association (AWDCA), 127
Agreement on Accountability and Reconciliation (AAR), 124
case studies generally, 3–4, 257
COVID-19 pandemic in, 119, 124
Ebola in, 119
fieldwork in, 122
ICC and, 124–125
International Crimes Division (ICD) of High Court of Uganda, 124
Juba peace talks, 124
Justice Law and Order Sector (JLOS), 124
local processes in, 125–126, 136–137, 138
Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), 119, 122–125
macro-level processes in, 125
methodology of study, 122
micro-level processes in, 125–126, 136–137, 138
Ministry of Justice, 124
multiplicity of processes in, 119–120, 124
NGOs in, 122, 125, 127
Northern Ugandan conflict, 119, 122–124
overview, 12–13, 121–122, 137–138
Peace and Recovery Development Plan (PRDP), 128
peacebuilding in, 124–126
Rwanda compared, 13
sexual violence in, 13, 123, 129, 133–134, 135–136
survivors’ groups in
bol cup (savings and farmers groups), 129
collective income-generating activities, 121, 127, 129, 135–136, 138, 264–265
local ownership and, 264–265
in Northern Uganda, 127–129
nurturing local ecology of resilience, 130–131
overview, 120–121, 126–127, 137–138
peer-to-peer support, 121, 127, 129, 131–134, 138, 264–265
religious groups, 127, 129
resilience in context of, 121
self-organisation and, 264–265
‘survivor’ versus ‘victim’, 120
Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLA), 127, 129, 135, 264–265
transitional justice in, 124–126
Transitional Justice Working Group (TJWG), 124
Watya ki Gen, 129
Women’s Advocacy Network (WAN), 129
‘Unafraid replanting’, 240
Ungar, M., 7, 10, 53, 57–58, 60, 62, 75, 95–96, 102, 182, 262, 263, 265, 268
Unintended consequences
lessons learned, 267–269, 272
weakening of social ties as unintended consequence of transitional justice, 201–204, 206
United Kingdom
Palestine and, 242
sexual violence committed by soldiers, 160
United Nations
Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 123
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 32, 215–216
Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO), 194–195, 202–203
Historical Clarification Commission (CEH), 210
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, 113
Palestine and, 242
peacebuilding and, 8–9, 88–89
peacekeeping and, 105
Protection Force in Bosnia–Herzegovina (UNPROFOR), 83
reconciliation and, 53
Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), 167, 169
transitional justice and, 5, 49–50
United States
Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement, 247
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, 34
GenerationFIVE (NGO), 235–236
Great Depression in, 27
Hurricane Katrina,