Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T17:25:00.965Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 41 - Cancer

from Section III - Care of the Elderly by Organ System

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 June 2022

By
Caroline Mariano ,
Hyman B. Muss  and
Chelsea Osterman
Edited by
Jan Busby-Whitehead ,
Samuel C. Durso ,
Christine Arenson ,
Rebecca Elon ,
Mary H. Palmer  and
William Reichel
Jan Busby-Whitehead
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Samuel C. Durso
Affiliation:
The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
Christine Arenson
Affiliation:
Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
Rebecca Elon
Affiliation:
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Mary H. Palmer
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
William Reichel
Affiliation:
Georgetown University Medical Center
Get access

Summary

Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the developed world. Age is a primary risk factor for developing cancer, and geriatric oncology is a rapidly emerging field that aims to address the specific needs of older patients with cancer. All clinicians who treat elderly patients should have knowledge of cancer risks, screening, and management principles. This chapter will review the principles of geriatric oncology, including geriatric assessment in the oncology population. We will then discuss the four most common solid tumors encountered in elderly patients: breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer. Each section will include risk factors, screening and prevention, presentation, staging, prognosis, and multidisciplinary management of early- and late-stage disease.

Keywords

geriatric oncologygeriatric assessmentbreast cancerprostate cancercolorectal cancerlung cancerelderlycancerimmunotherapy
Type
Chapter
Information
Reichel's Care of the Elderly
Clinical Aspects of Aging
 , pp. 506 - 523
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Shih, YC, Hurria, A. Preparing for an epidemic: Cancer care in an aging population. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2014; 34:133–137.Google Scholar
Lopez-Otin, C, Blasco, MA, Partridge, L, Serrano, M, Kroemer, G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013 (Jun. 6); 153(6):1194–1217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puts, MT, Santos, B, Hardt, J, Monette, J, Girre, V, Atenafu, EG, Springall, E, Alibhai, SM. An update on a systematic review of the use of geriatric assessment for older adults in oncology. Ann Oncol. 2014 (Feb.); 25(2):307–315.Google Scholar
Fried, TR, Bradley, EH, Towle, VR, Allore, H. Understanding the treatment preferences of seriously ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2002 (Apr. 4); 346(14):1061–1066.Google Scholar
Ramsdale, E, Polite, B, Hemmerich, J, Bylow, K, Kindler, HL, Mohile, S, Dale, W. The vulnerable elders survey-13 predicts mortality in older adults with later-stage colorectal cancer receiving chemotherapy: A prospective pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013 (Nov.); 61(11):2043–2044.Google Scholar
Min, LC, Elliott, MN, Wenger, NS, Saliba, D. Higher vulnerable elders survey scores predict death and functional decline in vulnerable older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 (Mar.); 54(3):507–511.Google Scholar
Mohile, SG, Epstein, RM, Hurria, A, et al. Communication with older patients with cancer using geriatric assessment: A cluster-randomized clinical trial from the National Cancer Institute community oncology research program. JAMA Oncol. 2019 (Nov.) 7:1–9.Google Scholar
Li, D, Sun, C, Kim, H, Chung, V, et al. Geriatric assessment-driven intervention (GAIN) on chemotherapy toxicity in older adults with cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2020; 38:12010.Google Scholar
Hutchins, LF, Unger, JM, Crowley, JJ, Coltman, CA Jr, Albain, KS. Underrepresentation of patients 65 years of age or older in cancer-treatment trials. N Engl J Med. 1999 (Dec. 30); 341(27):2061–2067.Google Scholar
Kemeny, MM, Peterson, BL, Kornblith, AB, Muss, HB, Wheeler, J, Levine, E, Bartlett, N, Fleming, G, Cohen, HJ. Barriers to clinical trial participation by older women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003 (Jun. 15); 21(12):2268–2275.Google Scholar
Gross, CP, Herrin, J, Wong, N, Krumholz, HM. Enrolling older persons in cancer trials: The effect of sociodemographic, protocol, and recruitment center characteristics. J Clin Oncol. 2005 (Jul. 20); 23(21):4755–4763.Google Scholar
Kornblith, AB, Kemeny, M, Peterson, BL, Wheeler, J, Crawford, J, Bartlett, N, Fleming, G, Graziano, S, Muss, H, Cohen, HJ, Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Survey of oncologists’ perceptions of barriers to accrual of older patients with breast carcinoma to clinical trials. Cancer. 2002 (Sep. 1); 95(5):989–996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howlader, N, Noone, A, Krapcho, M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2010, Based on November 2012 SEER Data. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2012.Google Scholar
Cummings, SR, Lee, JS, Lui, LY, Stone, K, Ljung, BM, Cauleys, JA. Sex hormones, risk factors, and risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in older women: A long-term prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 (May); 14(5):1047–1051.Google Scholar
Lynch, B, Neilson, H, Friedenreich, C. Physical activity and breast cancer prevention. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2011; 186:13–42.Google Scholar
Jenkins, EO, Deal, AM, Anders, CK, Prat, A, Perou, CM, Carey, LA, Muss, HB. Age-specific changes in intrinsic breast cancer subtypes: A focus on older women. Oncologist. 2014 (Oct.); 19(10):1076–1083.Google Scholar
Kong, I, Narod, SA, Taylor, C, et al. Age at diagnosis predicts local recurrence in women treated with breast-conserving surgery and postoperative radiation therapy for ductal carcinoma in situ: A population-based outcomes analysis. Curr Oncol. 2014 (Feb.); 21(1):e96–e104.Google Scholar
Walter, LC, Schonberg, MA. Screening mammography in older women: A review. JAMA. 2014 (Apr. 2); 311(13):1336–1347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moyer, VA, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Medications to decrease the risk for breast cancer in women: Recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2013 (Nov. 19); 159(10):698–708.Google Scholar
Visvanathan, K, Hurley, P, Bantug, E, et al. Use of pharmacologic interventions for breast cancer risk reduction: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2013 (Aug. 10); 31(23):2942–2962.Google Scholar
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_1. Accessed on 11/03/2021.Google Scholar
Wishart, GC, Bajdik, CD, Dicks, E, Provenzano, E, et al. PREDICT plus: Development and validation of a prognostic model for early breast cancer that includes HER2. Br J Cancer. 2012 (Aug. 21); 107(5):800–807.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hind, D, Wyld, L, Beverley, CB, Reed, MW. Surgery versus primary endocrine therapy for operable primary breast cancer in elderly women (70 years plus). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 (Jan. 25); (1)(1):CD004272.Google Scholar
Hughes, KS, Schnaper, LA, Bellon, JR, Cirrincione, CT, Berry, DA, McCormick, B, Muss, HB, Smith, BL, Hudis, CA, Winer, EP, Wood, WC. Lumpectomy plus tamoxifen with or without irradiation in women age 70 years or older with early breast cancer: Long-term follow-up of CALGB 9343. J Clin Oncol. 2013 (Jul. 1); 31(19):2382–2387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunkler, I, Williams, L, Jack, W, Canney, P, Prescott, R, Dixon, M. The PRIME II trial: Wide local excision and adjuvant hormonal therapy ±postoperative whole breast irradiation in women ≥65 years with early breast cancer managed by breast conservation. Abstract S2-01. 36th Annual San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, December 2013.Google Scholar
Biganzoli, L, Wildiers, H, Oakman, C, Marotti, L, Loibl, S, Kunkler, I, Reed, M, Ciatto, S, Voogd, AC, Brain, E, Cutuli, B, Terret, C, Gosney, M, Aapro, M, Audisio, R. Management of elderly patients with breast cancer: Updated recommendations of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) and European Society of Breast Cancer Specialists (EUSOMA). Lancet Oncol. 2012 (Apr.); 13(4):e148–160.Google Scholar
Sparano, JA, Gray, RJ, Makower, DF, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy guided by a 21-gene expression assay in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018 (Jul. 12); 379(2):111–121.Google Scholar
Burstein, HJ, Lacchetti, C, Griggs, JJ. Adjuvant endocrine therapy for women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: ASCO clinical practice guideline focused update. J Oncol Pract. 2019 (Feb.); 15(2):106–107.Google Scholar
Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG), Peto, R, Davies, C, Godwin, J, Gray, R, Pan, HC, Clarke, M, Cutter, D, Darby, S, McGale, P, Taylor, C, Wang, YC, Bergh, J, Di Leo, A, Albain, K, Swain, S, Piccart, M, Pritchard, K. Comparisons between different polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer: Meta-analyses of long-term outcome among 100,000 women in 123 randomised trials. Lancet. 2012 (Feb. 4); 379(9814):432–444.Google Scholar
Muss, HB, Polley, MC, Berry, DA, Liu, H, et al. Randomized trial of standard adjuvant chemotherapy regimens versus capecitabine in older women with early breast cancer: 10-year update of the CALGB 49907 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2019 (Sep. 10); 37(26):2338–2348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutchinson, AD, Hosking, JR, Kichenadasse, G, Mattiske, JK, Wilson, C. Objective and subjective cognitive impairment following chemotherapy for cancer: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev. 2012 (Nov.); 38(7):926–934.Google Scholar
Mandelblatt, JS, Jacobsen, PB, Ahles, T. Cognitive effects of cancer systemic therapy: Implications for the care of older patients and survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2014 (Aug. 20); 32(24):2617–2626.Google Scholar
Khatcheressian, JL, Hurley, P, Bantug, E, Esserman, LJ, Grunfeld, E, Halberg, F, Hantel, A, Henry, NL, Muss, HB, Smith, TJ, Vogel, VG, Wolff, AC, Somerfield, MR, Davidson, NE, American Society of Clinical Oncology. Breast cancer follow-up and management after primary treatment: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2013 (Mar. 1); 31(7):961–965.Google Scholar
Rock, CL, Demark-Wahnefried, W. Nutrition and survival after the diagnosis of breast cancer: A review of the evidence. J Clin Oncol. 2002 (Aug. 1); 20(15):3302–3316.Google Scholar
Rock, CL, Doyle, C, Demark-Wahnefried, W, Meyerhardt, J, Courneya, KS, Schwartz, AL, Bandera, EV, Hamilton, KK, Grant, B, McCullough, M, Byers, T, Gansler, T. Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012 (Jul.–Aug.); 62(4):243–274.Google Scholar
Ferlay, J, Soerjomataram, I, Ervik, M, Dikshit, R, Eser, S, Mathers, C, Rebelo, M, Parkin, D, Forman, D, Bray, F. GLOBOCAN 2018 Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2018. Report No. 11.Google Scholar
Siegel, RL, Miller, KD, Goding Sauer, A, Fedewa, SA, Butterly, LF, Anderson, JC, Cercek, A, Smith, RA, Jemal, A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020 (May); 70(3):145–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delongchamps, NB, Singh, A, Haas, GP. The role of prevalence in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Cancer Control. 2006 (Jul.); 13(3):158–168.Google Scholar
Hugosson, J, Carlsson, S, Aus, G, Bergdahl, S, Khatami, A, Lodding, P, Pihl, CG, Stranne, J, Holmberg, E, Lilja, H. Mortality results from the Goteborg randomised population-based prostate-cancer screening trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 (Aug.); 11(8):725–732.Google Scholar
Drazer, MW, Prasad, SM, Huo, D, Schonberg, MA, Dale, W, Szmulewitz, RZ, Eggener, SE. National trends in prostate cancer screening among older American men with limited 9-year life expectancies: Evidence of an increased need for shared decision making. Cancer. 2014 (May 15); 120(10):1491–1498.Google Scholar
US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman, DC, Curry, SJ, Owens, DK, Bibbins-Domingo, K, et al. Screening for prostate cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018 (May 8); 319(18):1901–1913.Google Scholar
Sun, L, Caire, AA, Robertson, CN, George, DJ, Polascik, TJ, Maloney, KE, Walther, PJ, Stackhouse, DA, Lack, BD, Albala, DM, Moul, JW. Men older than 70 years have higher risk prostate cancer and poorer survival in the early and late prostate specific antigen eras. J Urol. 2009 (Nov.); 182(5):2242–2248.Google Scholar
Alemozaffar, M, Regan, MM, Cooperberg, MR, et al. Prediction of erectile function following treatment for prostate cancer. JAMA. 2011 (Sep. 21); 306(11):1205–1214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shappley, WV, 3rd, Kenfield, SA, Kasperzyk, JL, Qiu, W, Stampfer, MJ, Sanda, MG, Chan, JM. Prospective study of determinants and outcomes of deferred treatment or watchful waiting among men with prostate cancer in a nationwide cohort. J Clin Oncol. 2009 (Oct. 20); 27(30):4980–4985.Google Scholar
Trinh, QD, Bjartell, A, Freedland, SJ, Hollenbeck, BK, Hu, JC, Shariat, SF, Sun, M, Vickers, AJ. A systematic review of the volume-outcome relationship for radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2013 (Nov.); 64(5):786–798.Google Scholar
Resnick, MJ, Koyama, T, Fan, KH, Albertsen, PC, Goodman, M, Hamilton, AS, Hoffman, RM, Potosky, AL, Stanford, JL, Stroup, AM, Van Horn, RL, Penson, DF. Long-term functional outcomes after treatment for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013 (Jan. 31); 368(5):436–445.Google Scholar
Schulman, C, Irani, J, Aapro, M. Improving the management of patients with prostate cancer receiving long-term androgen deprivation therapy. BJU Int. 2012 (Jun.); 109(Suppl. 6):13–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hussain, M, Tangen, CM, Berry, DL, Higano, CS, et al. Intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013 (Apr. 4); 368(14):1314–1325.Google Scholar
Crook, JM, O’Callaghan, CJ, Duncan, G, et al. Intermittent androgen suppression for rising PSA level after radiotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2012 (Sep. 6); 367(10):895–903.Google Scholar
Chi, KN, Agarwal, N, Bjartell, A, et al; TITAN Investigators. Apalutamide for metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019 (Jul. 4); 381(1):13–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, ID, Martin, AJ, Stockler, MR, et al; ENZAMET Trial Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group. Enzalutamide with standard first-line therapy in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019 (Jul. 11); 381(2):121–131.Google Scholar
Agarwal, N, McQuarrie, K, Bjartell, A, et al; TITAN Investigators. Health-related quality of life after apalutamide treatment in patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (TITAN): A randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2019 (Nov.); 20(11):1518–1530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Italiano, A, Ortholan, C, Oudard, S, et al. Docetaxel-based chemotherapy in elderly patients (age 75 and older) with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2009 (Jun.); 55(6):1368–1375.Google Scholar
Mukherji, D, Pezaro, CJ, Shamseddine, A, De Bono, JS. New treatment developments applied to elderly patients with advanced prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2013 (Oct.); 39(6):578–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rex, DK, Johnson, DA, Anderson, JC, Schoenfeld, PS, Burke, CA, Inadomi, JM, American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2009. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 (Mar.); 104(3):739–750.Google Scholar
Preventive Services, U.S. Task Force. Screening for colorectal cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008 (Nov. 4); 149(9):627–637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, SJ, Leipzig, RM, Walter, LC. Incorporating lag time to benefit into prevention decisions for older adults. JAMA. 2013 (Dec. 25); 310(24):2609–2610.Google Scholar
Hewitson, P, Glasziou, P, Watson, E, Towler, B, Irwig, L. Cochrane systematic review of colorectal cancer screening using the fecal occult blood test (hemoccult): An update. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 (Jun.); 103(6):1541–1549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, DA, Weiss, DG, Bond, JH, Ahnen, DJ, Garewal, H, Chejfec, G. Use of colonoscopy to screen asymptomatic adults for colorectal cancer. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group 380. N Engl J Med. 2000 (Jul. 20); 343(3):162–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, RM, Walter, LC. Colorectal cancer screening in the elderly: The need for informed decision making. J Gen Intern Med. 2009 (Dec.); 24(12):1336–1337.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Wilson, M, Elwin, CE, Norrving, B, Algra, A, Warlow, CP, Meade, TW. Long-term effect of aspirin on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: 20-year follow-up of five randomised trials. Lancet. 2010 (Nov. 20); 376(9754):1741–1750.Google Scholar
Papamichael, D, Audisio, R, Horiot, JC, Glimelius, B, Sastre, J, Mitry, E, Van Cutsem, E, Gosney, M, Kohne, CH, Aapro, M, SIOG. Treatment of the elderly colorectal cancer patient: SIOG expert recommendations. Ann Oncol. 2009 (Jan.); 20(1):5–16.Google Scholar
Andre, T, Boni, C, Mounedji-Boudiaf, L, Navarro, M, Tabernero, J, Hickish, T, Topham, C, Zaninelli, M, Clingan, P, Bridgewater, J, Tabah-Fisch, I, de Gramont, A, Multicenter International Study of Oxaliplatin/5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin in the Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer (MOSAIC) Investigators: Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 (Jun. 3); 350(23):2343–2351.Google Scholar
Tournigand, C, Andre, T, Bonnetain, F, Chibaudel, B, Lledo, G, Hickish, T, Tabernero, J, Boni, C, Bachet, JB, Teixeira, L, de Gramont, A. Adjuvant therapy with fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in stage II and elderly patients (between ages 70 and 75 years) with colon cancer: Subgroup analyses of the multicenter international study of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin in the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012 (Sep. 20); 30(27):3353–3360.Google Scholar
Sanoff, HK, Carpenter, WR, Martin, CF, Sargent, DJ, Meyerhardt, JA, Sturmer, T, Fine, JP, Weeks, J, Niland, J, Kahn, KL, Schymura, MJ, Schrag, D. Comparative effectiveness of oxaliplatin vs non-oxaliplatin-containing adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012 (Feb. 8); 104(3):211–227.Google Scholar
Lieu, C, Kennedy, EB, Bergsland, E, Berlin, J, George, TJ, Gill, S, Gold, PJ, Hantel, A, Jones, L, Mahmoud, N, Meyerhardt, J, Morris, AM, Ruiz-Garcia, E, You, YN, Baxter, N. Duration of oxaliplatin-containing adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer: ASCO clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2019 (Jun. 1); 37(16):1436–1447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muss, HB, Bynum, DL. Adjuvant chemotherapy in older patients with stage III colon cancer: An underused lifesaving treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2012 (Jul. 20); 30(21):2576–2578.Google Scholar
Meyerhardt, JA, Mangu, PB, Flynn, PJ, Korde, L, Loprinzi, CL, Minsky, BD, Petrelli, NJ, Ryan, K, Schrag, DH, Wong, SL, Benson, AB, 3rd, American Society of Clinical Oncology. Follow-up care, surveillance protocol, and secondary prevention measures for survivors of colorectal cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline endorsement. J Clin Oncol. 2013 (Dec. 10); 31(35):4465–4470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seymour, MT, Thompson, LC, Wasan, HS, Middleton, G, Brewster, AE, Shepherd, SF, O’Mahony, MS, Maughan, TS, Parmar, M, Langley, RE, FOCUS2 Investigators, National Cancer Research Institute Colorectal Cancer Clinical Studies Group. Chemotherapy options in elderly and frail patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (MRC FOCUS2): An open-label, randomised factorial trial. Lancet. 2011 (May 21); 377(9779):1749–1759.Google Scholar
WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. Enforcing Bans on Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship. World Health Organization: Luxembourg, 2013.Google Scholar
Parsons, A, Daley, A, Begh, R, Aveyard, P. Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis: Systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010 (Jan. 21); 340:b5569.Google Scholar
National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle, DR, Adams, AM, Berg, CD, Black, WC, Clapp, JD, Fagerstrom, RM, Gareen, IF, Gatsonis, C, Marcus, PM, Sicks, JD. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011 (Aug. 4); 365(5):395–409.Google ScholarPubMed
McWilliams, A, Tammemagi, MC, Mayo, JR, et al. Probability of cancer in pulmonary nodules detected on first screening CT. N Engl J Med. 2013 (Sep. 5); 369(10):910–919.Google Scholar
Moyer, VA. Screening for lung cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2013 (Dec. 31); 160(5):330–338.Google Scholar
Chute, CG, Greenberg, ER, Baron, J, Korson, R, Baker, J, Yates, J. Presenting conditions of 1539 population-based lung cancer patients by cell type and stage in New Hampshire and Vermont. Cancer. 1985 (Oct. 15); 56(8):2107–2111.Google Scholar
Grills, IS, Mangona, VS, Welsh, R, Chmielewski, G, McInerney, E, Martin, S, Wloch, J, Ye, H, Kestin, LL. Outcomes after stereotactic lung radiotherapy or wedge resection for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010 (Feb. 20); 28(6):928–935.Google Scholar
Senthi, S, Lagerwaard, FJ, Haasbeek, CJ, Slotman, BJ, Senan, S. Patterns of disease recurrence after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for early stage non-small-cell lung cancer: A retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2012 (Aug.); 13(8):802–809.Google Scholar
Butts, CA, Ding, K, Seymour, L, Twumasi-Ankrah, P, et al. Randomized phase III trial of vinorelbine plus cisplatin compared with observation in completely resected stage IB and II non-small-cell lung cancer: Updated survival analysis of JBR-10. J Clin Oncol. 2010 (Jan. 1); 28(1):29–34.Google Scholar
Hardy, D, Cormier, JN, Xing, Y, Liu, CC, Xia, R, Du, XL. Chemotherapy-associated toxicity in a large cohort of elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2010 (Jan.); 5(1):90–98.Google Scholar
Corbaux, P, Maillet, D, Boespflug, A, Locatelli-Sanchez, M, Perier-Muzet, M, Duruisseaux, M, Kiakouama-Maleka, L, Dalle, S, Falandry, C, Peron, J. Older and younger patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors have similar outcomes in real-life setting. Eur J Cancer. 2019 (Nov.); 121:192–201.Google Scholar
Lichtenstein, MRL, Nipp, RD, Muzikansky, A, Goodwin, K, Anderson, D, Newcomb, RA, Gainor, JF. Impact of age on outcomes with immunotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2019 (Mar.); 14(3):547–552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corre, R, Greillier, L, Le Caer, H, et al. Use of a comprehensive geriatric assessment for the management of elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: The phase III randomized ESOGIA-GFPC-GECP 08–02 study. J Clin Oncol. 2016 (May 1); 34(13):1476–1483.Google Scholar
Temel, JS, Greer, JA, Muzikansky, A, Gallagher, ER, Admane, S, Jackson, VA, Dahlin, CM, Blinderman, CD, Jacobsen, J, Pirl, WF, Billings, JA, Lynch, TJ. Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 (Aug. 19); 363(8):733–742.Google Scholar
Gaspar, LE, Gay, EG, Crawford, J, Putnam, JB, Herbst, RS, Bonner, JA. Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (stages I–III): Observations from the National Cancer Data Base. Clin Lung Cancer. 2005 (May); 6(6):355–360.Google Scholar
Eaton, BR, Kim, S, Marcus, DM, Prabhu, R, Chen, Z, Ramalingam, SS, Curran, WJ Jr, Higgins, KA. Effect of prophylactic cranial irradiation on survival in elderly patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2013 (Nov. 1); 119(21):3753–3760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dietrich, J, Monje, M, Wefel, J, Meyers, C. Clinical patterns and biological correlates of cognitive dysfunction associated with cancer therapy. Oncologist. 2008 (Dec.); 13(12):1285–1295.Google Scholar
Godby, RC, Johnson, DB, Williams, GR. Immunotherapy in older adults with cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 2019 (May 7); 21(7):56,019–0806-2.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×