Introduction

With the Restoration of imperial authority in Japan in 1868, the emperor assumed supreme command over both the army and the navy. Although these forces were not yet constituted, the principle of imperial authority was established at the outset. In the atmosphere of the Restoration the Japanese army, which had existed in the form of clan forces from time immemorial, was speedily brought into line with European armies. The professional warrior class (samurai), though not excluded from service in the new national army, often chose to seek other occupations, after being pensioned off. The army was to become a conscript one, drawn from males of every class, though conscription did not in practice affect all classes equally. Active service became obligatory for all aged over 20 and lasted for three years. Service with the reserve was compulsory for those who had completed their stint with the colors and lasted over four years. The army in 1914 exceeded half a million men.

By his prerogative the emperor had to appoint the minister of war, who was responsible for military administration (gunsei), and the chief of the general staff, who was responsible for military command (gunrei). The latter had by convention the right of direct access to the throne and was therefore separate from, and independent of, the civilian ministers of state. It was already the practice before 1914 for the minister of war (as also the minister of marine) not to be a civilian.