1.Jain, S. Ayurveda: the ancient Indian system of medicine. In: Devinsky, O, Schachter, S, Pacia, S (eds.), Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Epilepsy. New York: Demos Medical Publishing, 2005:123–128
2.Gowers, WR. Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Diseases: Their Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment. London: Churchill, 1881:264–268, 271
3.Sucher, NJ, Carles, MC. A pharmacological basis of herbal medicines for epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2015;52(Part B):308–318
4.Samuels, N, Finkelstein, Y, Singer, SR, Oberbaum, M. Herbal medicine and epilepsy: proconvulsive effects and interactions with antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 2008;49:373–380
5.Mbuba, CK, Ngugi, AK, Newton, CR, Carter, JA. The epilepsy treatment gap in developing countries: a systematic review of the magnitude, causes, and intervention strategies. Epilepsia 2008;49:1491–1503
6.Ngugi, AK, Bottomley, C, Kleinschmidt, I, Sander, JW, Newton, CR. Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: a meta-analytic approach. Epilepsia 2010;51:883–890
7.Lai, CW, Lai, YH. History of epilepsy in Chinese traditional medicine. Epilepsia 1991;32:299–302
8.Xiao, F, Yan, B, Chen, L, Zhou, D. Review of the use of botanicals for epilepsy in complementary medical systems: traditional Chinese medicine. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;52(Part B):281–289
9.Sriranjini, SJ, Sandhya, K, Mamta, VS. Ayurveda and botanical drugs for epilepsy: current evidence and future prospects. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;52(Part B):290–296
10.Wahner-Roedler, DL, Elkin, PL, Vincent, A, et al. Use of complementary and alternative medical therapies by patients referred to a fibromyalgia treatment program at a tertiary care center. Mayo Clin Proc 2005;80:55–60
11.Schachter, SC Herbs and botanicals. In: Rho, JM, Sankar, R, Strafstrom, CE (eds.) Epilepsy: Mechanisms, Models, and Translational Perspectives. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2010:403–411
12.Lai, CW, Huang, X, Lai, YHC, et al. A survey of public awareness, understanding and attitudes toward epilepsy in Henan Province, China. Epilepsia 1990;31:182–187
13.Hong, Z, Qu, B, Wu, X-T, et al. Economic burden of epilepsy in a developing country: a retrospective cost analysis in China. Epilepsia 2009;50:2192–2198
14.Hu, J, Si, Y, Zhou, D, et al. Prevalence and treatment gap of active convulsive epilepsy: a large community-based survey in rural West China. Seizure 2014;23:333–337
15.Danesi, MA, Adetunji, JB. Use of alternative medicine by patients with epilepsy: a survey of 265 epileptic patients in a developing country. Epilepsia 1994;35:344–351
16.Govindaraghavan, S, Sucher, NJ. Quality assessment of medicinal herbs and their extracts: criteria and prerequisites for consistent safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. Epilepsy Behav 2015;52(Part B):363–371
17.Liu, FX, Salmon, JW. Herbal medicine regulation in China, Germany and the United States. Integr Med 2010;9:54–61
18.Blumenthal, M, Busse, WR. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines: Developed by a Special Expert Committee of the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council.1998.
19.Hoffman, FA. Botanicals as ‘new’ drugs: US development. Epilepsy Behav 2015;52(Part B):338–343
20.Ekstein, D. Issues and promise in clinical studies of botanicals with anticonvulsant potential. Epilepsy Behav 2015;52(Part B):329–332
21.Luciano, DJ, Spinella, M. Herbal treatment of epilepsy: phytotherapy. In: Devinsky, O, Schachter, S, Pacia, S (eds.) Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Epilepsy, New York: Demos Medical Publishing. 2005:143–155
22.Delgoda, R, Westlake, AC. Herbal interactions involving cytochrome p450 enzymes: a mini review. Toxicol Rev 2004;23:239–249
23.Li, Q, Chen, X, He, L, Zhou, D. Traditional Chinese medicine for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(3):CD006454
24.He, L, Wen, T, Yan, S, et al. Reevaluation of the effect of Dianxianning on seizure rate of refractory epilepsy as additive treatment in clinical practice. Front Med 2011;5:229–234
25.Maa, E, Figi, P. The case for medical marijuana in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014;55:783–786
26.Porter, BE, Jacobson, C. Report of a parent survey of cannabidiol-enriched cannabis use in pediatric treatment-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2013;29:574–577
27.Hussain, SA, Zhou, R, Jacobson, C, et al. Perceived efficacy of cannabidiol-enriched cannabis extracts for treatment of pediatric epilepsy: a potential role for infantile spasms and Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsy Behav 2015;47:138–141
28.Reddy, DS, Golub, V. The pharmacological basis of cannabis therapy for epilepsy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016;357(1):45–55
29.Rosenberg, EC, Tsien, RW, Whalley, BJ, Devinsky, O. Cannabinoids and epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics 2015;12:747–768
30.Devinsky, O, Cilio, MR, Cross, H, et al. Cannabidiol: pharmacology and potential role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Epilepsia 2014;55:791–802
31.Gloss, D, Vickrey, B. Cannabinoids for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(3):CD009270
32.Szaflarski, JP, Bebin, EM. Cannabis, cannabidiol, and epilepsy: from receptors to clinical response. Epilepsy Behav 2014;41:277–282
33.Thiele, EA, Marsh, E, French, JA, et al. Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2018;391:1085–1096
34.Devinsky, O, Patel, AD, Cross, JH, et al. Effect of cannabidiol on drop seizures in the Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. N Engl J Med 2018;378:1888–1897
35.Devinsky, O, Cross, JH, Laux, L, et al. Trial of cannabidiol for drug-resistant seizures in the Dravet syndrome. N Engl J Med 2017;376:2011–2020
36.Schachter, SC. Botanicals and herbs: a traditional approach to treating epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics 2009;6:415–420
37.Elsas, SM. A model on how to obtain data from botanical practitioners. Epilepsy Behav 2015;52(Part B):333–337
38.Schachter, SC. Herbal therapies for epilepsy. In: Schwartzkroin, PA (ed.) Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research. Oxford: Academic Press.2009:1450–1454