Within scholarship on indigenismo, it is commonly held that the Indigenous uprisings in the southern Andes at the turn of the twentieth century spurred the cultural and political activities that we understand as the indigenista movement. Under the growing global demand for wool, these violent uprisings responded to new injuries accreted to old in a region where a variety of colonial relations, within an imaginary of coloniality, persisted. In this understanding of indigenismo, strangely, Indigenous peoples’ protest is interpreted to be an inspiration for indigenismo writ large. In contradistinction, this chapter reconceptualizes indigenismo by drawing on literature usually excluded by that term. The point is twofold: to illustrate the complex web of practices, often undertaken by Indigenous peoples themselves, in which indigenismo arose; and to reinvigorate our understanding of how local responses to transnational economic flows embodied a cultural imaginary that brought elite and nonelite actors together.