Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-21T02:51:21.164Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 20 - Cryopreservation of Sperm – History and Current Practice

from Section 3 - Laboratory Diagnosis of Male Infertility

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 July 2023

Larry I. Lipshultz
Affiliation:
Baylor College of Medicine, Texas
Stuart S. Howards
Affiliation:
University of Virginia
Craig S. Niederberger
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Chicago
Dolores J. Lamb
Affiliation:
Weill Cornell Medical College, New York
Get access

Summary

The evolutionary branch from early primates to human beings dates back about 400 000 years (personal communication, Dr Lee Silver, Princeton University), and in that time, man has endured an “ice age.” In more recent history, man’s interest in cellular responses to freezing temperatures has been primarily concerned with his defense against it. The first cells discovered for the microscopic assessment of changes were sperm by van Leeuwenhoek in 1677, and in 1827, Karl Ernst von Baer later discovered the egg [1]. However, it was a very different and difficult concept for the public to grasp that human life can start with two microscopic gametes and that these cells can be frozen and survive thawing [2].

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Howard, SS. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek and the discovery of sperm. Fertil Steril 1997;67:1617.Google Scholar
Jensen, K. Reproduction: The Cycle of Life. Pinchot, PB, ed. US News Books, 1957.Google Scholar
Bunge, RG, Sherman, JK. Fertilizing capacity of human spermatozoa. Nature 1953; 172:767–8.Google Scholar
Sherman, JK. Synopsis on the use of frozen human semen since 1964: state of the art of human semen banking. Fertil Steril 1973;24:397.Google Scholar
Bunge, RG, Kettel, WC, Sherman, JK. Clinical use of frozen semen: report of four cases. Fertil Steril 1954;5:520–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, RG, Steptoe, PC, Purdy, JM. Establishing full-term human pregnancies using cleaving embryos grown in vitro. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980;87:737–56.Google Scholar
Palermo, G, Joris, H, Devroy, P, Van Steirteghem, AC. Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte. Lancet 1992; 340:1718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keel, BA, Black, JB. Reduced motility longevity in thawed human spermatozoa. Arch Androl 1980;4:213–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovelock, JE. The haemolysis of human red blood-cells by freezing and thawing. Biochim Biophys Acta 1953;10:414–26.Google Scholar
Meryman, H. Modified model for the mechanism of freezing injury in erythrocytes. Nature 1968;218:333–6.Google Scholar
Mazur, P, Leibo, S, Chu, E. A two-factor hypothesis of freezing injury. evidence from Chinese hamster tissue-culture cells. Exp Cell Res 1972;71:345–55.Google Scholar
Gao, D, Mazur, P, Critser, JK. Fundamental cryobiology of mammalian spermatozoa. In: Karow, AM, Critser, JK, eds. Reproductive Tissue Banking: Scientific Principles. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1997; pp. 263328.Google Scholar
Pegg, DE. The history and principles of cryopreservation. Sem Reprod Med 2002;20:513.Google Scholar
Mortimer, D. Concepts and future concepts and practices in human sperm cryobanking. Reprod BioMed Online 2004;9:134–51.Google Scholar
Walters, EM, et al. The history of sperm cryopreservation. In: Pacey, AA, Tomlinson, MJ, eds. Sperm Banking: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009; pp. 117.Google Scholar
Behjati-Ardakani, Z, Akhondi, MM, Mahmoodzadeh, H, Hosseini, SH. An evaluation of the historical importance of fertility and its reflection in ancient mythology. J Reprod Infertil 2016;17:29.Google ScholarPubMed
Sherman, JK. Research on frozen human sperm: past, present and future. Fertil Steril 1964;15:485–99.Google Scholar
Ombelet, W, van Robays, J. Artificial insemination history: hurdles and milestones. Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2015;7:137–43.Google Scholar
Hard, AD. Artificial impregnation. Med World 1909;27:163.Google Scholar
Shettles, LB. The respiration of human spermatozoa and their response to various gases and low temperatures. Am J Physiol 1940;128:408.Google Scholar
Polge, C, Smith, UA, Parkes, AS. Revival of spermatozoa after vitrification and dehydration at low temperatures. Nature 1949;164:666–76.Google Scholar
Smith, AU, Polge, C. Survival of sperm at low temperatures. Nature 1950;166:668–9.Google Scholar
Polge, C, Lovelock, JE. Preservation of bull sperm at −70C. Vet Rec 1952;64:296–7.Google Scholar
Smith, AU. Behaviour of fertilized rabbit eggs exposed to glycerol and to low temperatures. Nature 1952;170:374–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittingham, DG, Leibo, SP, Mazur, P. Survival of mouse embryos frozen at −196°C and −269°C. Science 1972;178:411–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazur, P. Freezing of living cells: mechanisms and implications. Am J Physiol 1984;247:C125–42.Google Scholar
Macomber, D, Sanders, MB. The sperm count. N Engl J Med 1929;200:981–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snowden, R, Mitchell, GD (eds). Artificial Family: Consideration of Artificial Insemination by Donor. London: Allen and Unwin, 1981.Google Scholar
Wolstenholme, GEW, Fitzsimons, DW (eds). Law and Ethics of A.I.D. and Embryo Transfer. Amsterdam: Ciba Foundation Symposium 17, Associated Scientific Publishers, 1973.Google Scholar
Swanson, KW. The birth of the sperm bank. The Annals of Iowa 2012;71:241–76.Google Scholar
Sherman, JK. Current status of clinical cryobanking of human semen. In: Paulson, JD, Negro-Vilar, A, Lucena, E, Martini, L, eds. Andrology: Male Fertility and Sterility. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1986; pp. 517–47.Google Scholar
Muller, HJ. Human evolution by voluntary choice of germ plasma service. Science 1961; 134:643–9.Google Scholar
People of the State of California, Plantiff and Respondent v. Folmer J. Sorensen, Defendant and Appellent, Cr. 6420, September 29, 1967.Google Scholar
Rothman, CA. Method of obtaining viable sperm in the post-mortem state. Fertil Steril 1980;34:512.Google Scholar
Los Angeles Times. Baby is born using sperm from dead father. March 27, 1999.Google Scholar
Rall, WF, Reid, DS, Farrant, J. Innocuous biological freezing during warming. Nature 1980;286:511–14.Google Scholar
Morris, GJ. Rapidly cooled human sperm: no evidence of intracellular ice formation. Hum Reprod 2006;21:2075–83.Google Scholar
Benson, JD, Woods, EJ, Walters, EM, Critser, JK. The cryobiology of spermatozoa. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1682–99.Google Scholar
Wowk, B. Thermodynamic aspects of vitrification. Cryobiology 2010;60:1122.Google Scholar
Nawroth, F, Isachenko, V, Dessole, S, et al. Vitrification of human spermatozoa without cryoprotectants. Cryo Letters 2002;23:93102.Google ScholarPubMed
Isachenko, E, Isachenko, V, Katkov, II, et al. Vitrification of mammalian spermatozoa in he absence of cryoprotectants: from past practical difficulties to present success. Reprod BioMed Online 2003;6:191200.Google Scholar
Mahadevan, M, Trounson, AO. Effect of cryoprotective media and dilution methods on the preservation of human spermatozoa. Andrologia 1983;15:355–66.Google Scholar
Gao, DY, Liu, J, Liu, C, et al. Prevention of osmotic injury to human spermatozoa during addition and removal of glycerol. Hum Reprod 1995;10:1109–22.Google Scholar
Gilmore, J, Liu, J, Gao, DY, Critser, JK. Determination of optimal cryoprotectants and procedures for their addition and removal from human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 1997;12:112–18.Google Scholar
Gilmore, JA, Liu, J, Woods, EJ, Peter, AT, Critser, JK. Cryoprotective agent and temperature effects on human sperm membrane permeabilities: convergence of theoretical and empirical approaches for optimal cryopreservation methods. Hum Reprod 2000;15:335–43.Google Scholar
Jeyendran, RS, Van der Ven, HH, Kennedy, W, Perez-Pelaez, M, Zaneveld, LJD. Comparison of glycerol and a zwitter ion buffer system as cryoprotective media for human spermatozoa. J Androl 1984;5:17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keel, BA, Webster, BW, Roberts, DK. Effects of cryopreservation on the motility characteristics of human spermatozoa. J Reprod Fert 1987;81:213–20.Google Scholar
Weidel, L, Prins, GS. Cryosurvival of human spermatozoa frozen in eight different buffer systems. J Androl 1987;8:41–7.Google Scholar
Stanic, P, Tandara, M, Sonicki, Z, et al. Comparison of protective media and freezing techniques for cryopreservation of human semen. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;91:6570.Google Scholar
Critser, JK, Huse-Benda, AR, Aaker, DV, Arneson, BW, Ball, GD. Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa. I. Effects of holding procedure and seeding on motility, fertilizability, and acrosome reaction. Fertil Steril 1987;47:656–63.Google Scholar
Critser, JK, Arneson, BW, Aaker, DV, Huse-Benda, AR, Ball, GD. Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa. II. Post-thaw chronology of motility and of zona-free hamster ova penetration. Fertil Steril 1987;47:980–4.Google Scholar
Critser, JK, Huse-Benda, AR, Aaker, DV, Arneson, BW, Ball, GD. Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa. III. The effect of cryoprotectants on motility. Fertil Steril 1988;50:314–20.Google Scholar
Henry, MA, Noiles, EE, Gao, D, Mazur, P, Critser, JK. Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa. IV. The effects of cooling rate and warming rate on the maintenance of motility, plasma membrane integrity, and mitochondrial function. Fertil Steril 1993;60:911–18.Google Scholar
Punyatanasakchai, P, Sophonsritsuk, A, Weerakiet, S, Wansumrit, S, Chompurat, D. Comparison of cryopreserved human sperm in vapor and liquid phases of liquid nitrogen: effect on motility parameters, morphology, and sperm function. Fertil Steril 2008;90:1978–82.Google Scholar
Isachenko, E, Isachenko, V, Sanchez, R, Katkov, II, Kreienberg, R. Cryopreservation of spermatozoa: old routine and new perspectives. In: Donnez, J, Kim, SS, eds. Principles and Practice of Fertility Preservation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011; pp. 176–98.Google Scholar
Isachenko, V, Maettner, R, Petrunkina, AM, et al. Cryoprotectant-free vitrification of human spermatozoa in large (up to 0.5 mL) volume: a novel technology. Clin Lab 2011;57(9–10):643–50.Google Scholar
Whittingham, DG, Wood, M, Farrant, J, Lee, H, Halsey, JA. Survival of frozen mouse embryos after rapid thawing from −196 degrees C. J Reprod Fertil 1979;56:1121.Google Scholar
Willadsen, SM, Polge, C, Trounson, AO, Rowson, LEA. Transplantation of sheep and cattle embryos after storage at −196°C. In: Elliott, K, Whelan, J, eds. The Freezing of Mammalian Embryos. Amsterdam: Elsevier Excerpta Medica, 1977; pp. 190201.Google Scholar
Seki, S, Mazur, P. Effect of warming rate on the survival of vitrified mouse oocytes and on the recrystallization of intracellular ice. Biol Reprod 2008;79:727–37.Google Scholar
Seki, S, Mazur, P. The dominance of warming rate over cooling rate in the survival of mouse oocytes subjected to a vitrification procedure. Cryobiology 2009;59:7982.Google Scholar
Calamera, JC, Buffone, MG, Doncel, GF, et al. Effect of thawing temperature on the motility recovery of cryopreserved human spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 2010;93:789–94.Google Scholar
Whitney, JB, Anderson, RE, Schiewe, MC. Single center validation of routine blastocyst biopsy implementation. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016;33:1507–13.Google Scholar
Anderson, RE, Whitney, JB, Schiewe, MC. Clinical benefits of preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) for all in vitro fertilization treatment cycles. J Eur Med Genet 2020;63:103731.Google Scholar
Manjunath, P. New insights into the understanding of the mechanism of sperm protection by extender components. Anim Reprod 2012;9:809–15.Google Scholar
Hezavehei, M, Shara, M, Kouchesfahani, HM, et al. Sperm cryopreservation: a review on current molecular cryobiology and advanced approaches. Reprod BioMed Online 2019;37:327–39.Google Scholar
Di Santo, M, Tarozzi, N, Nadalini, M, Borini, A. Human sperm cryopreservation: update on techniques, effect on DNA integrity, and implications for ART. Adv Urol 2012;854837:112.Google Scholar
Saritha, KR, Bongso, A. Comparative evaluation of fresh and washed human sperm cryopreserved in vapor and liquid phases of liquid nitrogen. J Androl 2001;22:857–62.Google Scholar
Chaveiro, A, Liu, J, Engel, B, Critser, JK, Woelders, H. Significant variability among bulls in the sperm membrane permeability for water and glycerol: possible implications for semen freezing protocols for individual males. Cryobiology 2006;53:349–59.Google Scholar
Watson, PF. The preservation of semen in mammals. In: Finn, CA, ed. Oxford Reviews of Reproductive Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979; pp. 283350.Google Scholar
Critser, JK. Current status of semen cryobanking in the USA. Hum Reprod 1998;13 (Suppl 2):5569.Google Scholar
Moutos, CP, Lahham, R, Phelps, JY. Cryostorage failures: a medicolegal review. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019;36:10411048.Google Scholar
Cassou, R. [La méthode des pailletes en plastique adaptée à la généralisation de la conqélation]. In: Proc 5th Int Congr Anim Reprod. Trento: Italy, 1964;4:540–6.Google Scholar
Schiewe, MC, Schmidt, PM, Pontbriand, D, Wildt, DE. Toxicity potential of residual ethylene oxide on embryos cryopreserved in gas-sterilized plastic straws. Gamete Res 1988;19:31–9.Google Scholar
Benifla, J-L, Letur-Konçrsch, H, Collin, G, et al. Safety of cryopreservation straws for human gametes or embryos: a preliminary study with human immunodeficiency virus-1. Hum Reprod 2000:15:2186–9.Google Scholar
Pomeroy, KO, Harris, S, Conaghan, J, et al. Storage of cryopreserved reproductive tissues: evidence that cross-contamination of infectious agents is a negligible risk. Fertil Steril 2010;94:1181–8.Google Scholar
Bielanski, A, Bergeron, H, Lau, PCK, Devenish, J. Microbial contamination of embryos and semen during long term banking in liquid nitrogen. Cryobiology 2003;46:146–52.Google Scholar
Tedder, RS, Zuckerman, MA, Goldstone, AH, et al. Hepatitis B transmission from contaminated cryopreservation tanks. Lancet 1995;346:137–40.Google Scholar
Fountain, D, Ralston, M, Higgins, N, et al. Liquid nitrogen freezers: a potential source of microbial contamination of hematopoietic stem cell components. Transfusion 1997;37:585–91.Google Scholar
Cobo, A, Romero, JL, Perez, S, et al. Storage of human oocytes in the vapor phase of nitrogen. Fertil Steril 2010;94:1903–7.Google Scholar
Pomeroy, K. Liquid nitrogen storage tank failure: can we improve the current system? 2018. Available from: www.fertstertdialog.com.Google Scholar
Schiewe, MC, Freeman, MF, Whitney, JB, et al. Comprehensive assessment of cryogenic storage risk and quality management concerns: best practice guidelines for ART labs. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019;36:514.Google Scholar
International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories (ISBER). Best Practices Addendum: Liquid Nitrogen-Based Cryogenic Storage of Specimens, 4th ed. Vancouver, BC: ISBER, 2019.Google Scholar
Kupker, W, Schlegel, PN, Al-Hasani, S, et al. Use of frozen-thawed testicular sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 2000;73:453–8.Google Scholar
Levran, D, Ginath, S, Farhi, J, Nahum, H, Glezerman, M, Weissman, A. Timing of testicular sperm retrieval procedures and in vitro fertilization – intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Fertil Steril 2001; 76:380–3.Google Scholar
Schiewe, MC, Rothman, C, Spitz, A, Werthman, PE, Zeitlin, SI, Anderson, RE. Validation-verification of a highly effective, practical human testicular tissue in vitro culture-cryopreservation procedure aimed to optimize pre-freeze and post-thaw motility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016;33:519–28.Google Scholar
Habermann, H, Seo, R, Cieslak, J, et al. In vitro fertilization outcomes after intracytoplasmic sperm injection with fresh or frozen-thawed testicular spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 2000;73:955–60.Google Scholar
Park, YS, Lee, SH, Song, SJ, Jun, JH, Koong, MK, Seo, JT. Influence of motility on the outcome of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection with fresh vs. frozen testicular sperm from men with obstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2003;80:526–30.Google Scholar
Verheyen, G, De Croo, I, Tournaye, H, Pletinex, I, Devroey, P, Van Steirteghem, A. Comparison of four mechanical methods to retrieve spermatozoa from testicular tissue. Hum Reprod 1995;10:2956–9.Google Scholar
Crabbé, E, Verheyen, G, Silber, S, et al. Enzymatic digestion of testicular tissue may rescue the intracytoplasmic sperm injection in some patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1998;13:2791–6.Google Scholar
Crabbé, E, Verheyen, G, Tournaye, H, Van Steirteghem, A. Freezing of testicular sperm as a minced suspension preserves sperm quality better than whole-biopsy freezing when glycerol is used as cryoprotectant. Int J Androl 1999:22:43–8.Google Scholar
Zhu, J, Tsirigotis, M, Pelekanos, M, Craft, I. In-vitro maturation of human testicular spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 1996;11:231–2.Google Scholar
Edirisinghe, WR, Junk, SM, Matson, PL, Yovich, JL. Changes in the motility patterns during in vitro culture of fresh and frozen-thawed testicular and epididymal spermatozoa: implications for planning treatment by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 1996;11:2474–6.Google Scholar
Aoki, VW, Wilcox, AL, Thorp, C, Hamiliton, BD, Carrell, DT. Improved in vitro fertilization, embryo quality and pregnancy rates with intracytoplasmic sperm injection of sperm from fresh testicular biopsy samples vs. frozen biopsy samples. Fertil Steril 2004;82:1532–5.Google Scholar
Allan, JA, Cotman, AS. A new method of freezing testicular biopsy sperm: three pregnancies with sperm extracted from cryopreserved sections of seminiferous tubule. Fertil Steril 1997;68:741–4.Google Scholar
Liu, J, Tsai, YL, Katz, E, Compton, G, Garcia, JE, Baramki, TA. Outcome of in-vitro culture of fresh and frozen-thawed human testicular spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1667–72.Google Scholar
Hu, Y, Maxson, WS, Hoffman, DI, Ory, SJ, Licht, MR, Eager, S. Clinical application of intracytoplasmic sperm injection using in vitro cultured testicular spermatozoa obtained the day before egg retrieval. Fertil Steril 1999;72:666–9.Google Scholar
Tasdemir, I, Tasdemir, M, Tavukeuoglu, S. Effect of pentoxyfylline on immotile testicular spermatozoa. J Assist Reprod Genet 1998;15:90–2.Google Scholar
Mangoli, V, Mangoli, R, Dandekar, S, Suri, K, Desai, S. Selection of viable spermatozoa from testicular biopsies: a comparative study between pentoxifylline and hypoosmotic swelling test. Fertil Steril 2011;95:631–4.Google Scholar
Angelopoulos, T, Adler, A, Krey, L, Licciardi, F, Noyes, N, McCullough, A. Enhancement or initiation of testicular sperm motility by in vitro culture of testicular tissue. Fertil Steril 1999;71:240–3.Google Scholar
Balaban, B, Urman, B, Sertac, A, et al. In-vitro culture of spermatozoa induces motility and increases implantation and pregnancy rates after testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 1999;14:2808–11.Google Scholar
Navara, CS, Simerly, C, Zoran, S, Schatten, G. The sperm centrosome during fertilization in mammals: implications for fertility and reproduction. Reprod Fertil Dev 1995;7:747–54.Google Scholar
Luyet, BJ, Hodapp, EL. Revival of frog’s spermatozoa vitrified in liquid air. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1938;49:433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isachenko, V, Isachenko, E, Montag, M, et al. Clean technology for cryoprotectant-free vitrification of human spermatozoa. Reprod BioMed Online 2005;10:350–4.Google Scholar
Isachenko, E, Isachenko, V, Weiss, JM, et al. Acrosomal status and mitochondrial activity of human spermatozoa vitrified with sucrose. Reproduction 2008;136:167–73.Google Scholar
Kuznyetsov, V, Moskovtsev, SI, Crowe, M, Lulat, AG, Librach, CL. Vitrification of a small number of spermatozoa in normozoospermic and severely oligozoospermic samples. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2015;61:1317.Google Scholar
Isachenko, V, Isachenko, E, Katkov, II, et al. Cryoprotectant-free cryo-preservation of human spermatozoa by vitrification and freezing in vapor: effect on motility, DNA integrity, and fertilization ability. Biol Reprod 2004;71:1167–73.Google Scholar
Isachenko, E, Isachenko, V, Katkov, II, et al. DNA integrity and motility of human spermatozoa after standard slow freezing versus cryoprotectant-free vitrification. Hum Reprod 2004;19:932–9.Google Scholar
Isachenko, E, Isachenko, V, Weiss, JM. et al. Acrosomal status and mitochondrial activity of human spermatozoa vitrified with sucrose. Reproduction 2008;136:167–73.Google Scholar
Isachenko, V, Maettner, R, Petrunkina, AM, et al. Vitrification of human ICSI/IVF spermatozoa without cryoprotectants: new capillary technology. J Androl 2012;33:462–8.Google Scholar
Isachenko, E, Mallmann, P, Rahimi, G,et al. Vitrification technique: new possibilities for male gamete low temperature storage. In: Katkov, II, ed. Frontiers in Cryobiology. Croatia: InTech, 2012; pp. 4176.Google Scholar
Agha-Rahimi, A, Khalili, MA, Nabi, A, Ashourzadeh, S. Vitrification is not superior to rapid freezing of normozoospermic spermatozoa: effects on sperm parameters, DNA fragmentation and hyaluronan binding. Reprod BioMed Online 2014;28:352–8.Google Scholar
Isachenko, V, Isachenko, E, Petrunkina, AM, Sanchez, R. Human spermatozoa vitrified in the absence of permeable cryoprotectants: birth of two healthy babies. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011;24:323–6.Google Scholar
Mansilla, MA, Merino, O, Risopatrón, J, Isachenko, V, Isachenko, E, Sánchez, R. High temperature is essential for preserved human sperm function during the devitrification process. Andrologia 2015;48:13.Google Scholar
Sánchez, R, Isachenko, V, Petrunkina, AM, et al. Live birth after intrauterine insemination with spermatozoa from an oligoasthenozoospermic patient vitrified without permeable cryoprotectants. J Androl 2011;33:559–62.Google Scholar
Sánchez, R, Risopatrón, J, Schulz, M, et al. Vitrified sperm banks: the new aseptic technique for human spermatozoa allows cryopreservation at −86°C. Andrologia 2012;44:433–5.Google Scholar
Moskovtsev, SI, Lulat, AG-M, Librach, CL. Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa by vitrification vs slow freezing: Canadian experience. In: Katkov, II, ed. Frontiers in Cryobiology. Croatia: InTech, 2012; pp. 79100.Google Scholar
Slabbert, M, du Plessis, SS, Huyser, C. Large volume cryoprotectant-free vitrification: an alternative to conventional cryopreservation for human spermatozoa. Andrologia 2015;47:594–9.Google Scholar
Katkov, II, Bolyukh, VF, Chernetsov, OA, et al. Kinetic vitrification of spermatozoa of vertebrates: what can we learn from nature? In: Katkov, II, ed. Frontiers in Cryobiology. Croatia: InTech, 2012; pp. 340.Google Scholar
Wyns, C, Abou-Ghannam, G, Poels, J. Vitrification of human testicular tissue, spermatogonia, and spermatozoa. In: Tucker, MJ, Liebermann, J, eds. Vitrification in Assisted Reproduction, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2015; pp. 197202.Google Scholar
Mohaqiq, M, Movahedin, M, Mazaheri, Z, Amirjannati, N. In vitro transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells isolated from human frozen–thawed testis tissue can induce spermatogenesis under 3-dimensional tissue culture conditions. Biol Res 2019;52:1625.Google Scholar
Sherman, JK. Freezing and freeze-drying of human spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 1954;5:357–71.Google Scholar
Loi, P, Iuso, D, Czernik, M, Zacchini, F, Ptak, G. Towards storage of cells and gametes in dry form. Trends Biotechnol 2013;31:688–95.Google Scholar
Gianaroli, L, Magli, MC, Stanghellini, I, et al. DNA integrity is maintained after freeze-drying of human spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 2012;97:1067–73.Google Scholar
Gil, L, Olaciregui, M, Luno, V, Maio, C, Gonzalez, N, Martinez, F. Current status of freeze-drying technology to preserve domestic animals sperm. Reprod Domest Anim 2014;49:7281.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×