This book, along with its companion volume Enlightenment Underground and some of my other earlier works, draws a new picture of the origins of the German Enlightenment. It has mainly highlighted moments of radical Enlightenment, but it has also illuminated the conditions under which such moments took shape and shows that long-acknowledged scholarly discussions were deeply entangled with clandestine dissenters, and that the moderate Enlightenment, like that of Halle, was bound up with the Enlightened underground. The big picture that emerges is multifaceted and no longer focuses on Halle alone as the center and no longer emphasizes Pufendorf and Thomasius as the only protagonists but discovers a multitude of less well-known thinkers from various and unexpected locations in Germany.