Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- 1 Introduction
- Part I The terrestrial cryosphere
- 2A Snowfall and snow cover
- 2B Avalanches
- 3 Glaciers and ice caps
- 4 Ice sheets
- 5 Frozen ground and permafrost
- 6 Freshwater ice
- Part II The marine cryosphere
- Part III The cryosphere past and future
- Part IV Applications
- Glossary
- References
- Index
- Plate section
6 - Freshwater ice
from Part I - The terrestrial cryosphere
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- 1 Introduction
- Part I The terrestrial cryosphere
- 2A Snowfall and snow cover
- 2B Avalanches
- 3 Glaciers and ice caps
- 4 Ice sheets
- 5 Frozen ground and permafrost
- 6 Freshwater ice
- Part II The marine cryosphere
- Part III The cryosphere past and future
- Part IV Applications
- Glossary
- References
- Index
- Plate section
Summary
History
Engineering studies of freshwater ice began in the mid nineteenth century in eastern Europe. The flooding of Buda and Pest in 1838 led to studies of ice conditions on the River Danube during the winters of 1847/48 and 1848/49 by Arenstein (1849). Ashton (1986) and Barnes (1906) note that there were many nineteenth century studies of ice formation and ice jams. Ireland (1792) mentions “ground ice” rising up from the bottom of the River Thames and there were other eighteenth century references to this in France and Germany. Farquharson (1835, 1841) reports on anchor ice (ground-gru) observed in Lincolnshire, England, and proposed a theory of radiational cooling of rocks and vegetation in the river bed. Barnes (1906) published a study of frazil and anchor ice formation based on earlier literature and observations on the St. Lawrence River in Canada. Frazil is a French-Canadian term first used in 1831; anchor ice was originally termed ground ice (in Germany). Dunble (1860) studied the effects of lake ice on a 4-km-long railway bridge over Rice Lake, Ontario. Adams (1992) reports that Dunble (1860, p. 423) performed an experiment to demonstrate that “with the same change in temperature, the expansion and contraction of ice are equal”.
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- Chapter
- Information
- The Global CryospherePast, Present and Future, pp. 190 - 218Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2011
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