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Subsistence strategies in the Middle Stone Age at Sibudu Cave: the microscopic evidence from stone tool residues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 June 2019

Bonny S. Williamson
Affiliation:
School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
Francesco d'Errico
Affiliation:
George Washington University, Washington DC
Lucinda Backwell
Affiliation:
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
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Summary

Abstract

Microscopic residue analysis was conducted on a number of stone tools from Sibudu Cave to obtain more information on specific use of certain tool types at the site. Plant residues were preserved better than residues of animal origin. The presence of ochre as a use-related residue and use-wear traces were well represented. The soils were found to be slightly acidic, a factor that may have contributed favourably to the exceptional preservation of organic remains at the site. Although culturally modern behaviour has not been specifically inferred from this data, the potential exists to answer questions relating to patterned tool use and specific activity areas within the site.

Résumé

Une analyse de résidus microscopiques présents sur un certain nombre d'outils en pierre provenant de la Grotte de Sibudu a été réalisée en vue d'obtenir des informations sur la fonction de certains types d'outils. Les résidus végétaux sont mieux conservés que ceux d'origine animale. Les traces d'utilisation sont bien conservées sur le pièces analysées et souvent associées à des traces d'ocre Nous avons constaté que les sols étaient légèrement acides, facteur qui pourrait avoir contribué favorablement à la conservation exceptionnelle de restes organiques sur ce site. Même si la question de l’émergence de la modernité culturelle n'est pas directement abordée à partir de ces données, celles-ci recèlent néanmoins des informations pertinentes pour répondre à des questions en relation avec cette problématique telles que la fonction des outils et l'existence de zones d'activités spécialisées au sein du site.

Introduction

Residue analysis has been conducted on stone tools from a number of southern African sites to date (Lombard, 2001; Tomlinson, 2001; Williamson, 1997) as well as sites elsewhere in the world (Fullagar et al., 1997; Hardy et al., 2001; Tuross & Dillehay, 1995; Loy & Dixon, 1998). The applicability of persistent residues in determining site use and subsistence strategies of prehistoric people is finding wider acceptance. Residue types identified in this study included animal tissues, blood, hair, collagen and plant tissue remains, cellulosic fibres, resins and exudates, starch grains and starchy residues, as well as mineral deposits like ochre. Sibudu Cave has a long occupation sequence with an interesting and complex stratigraphy (Wadley, 2001a) that provides a relatively closed environment ideal for the preservation of microscopic organic residues.

Type
Chapter
Information
From Tools to Symbols
From Early Hominids to Modern Humans
, pp. 512 - 524
Publisher: Wits University Press
Print publication year: 2005

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