I want now to put the human migration story into a possible sequence, tying it to the sea level and environmental changes related to the penultimate glacial cycle. Humans lived everywhere in Australia by 45 ky and had straddled the continent 10 ky earlier (Turney et al., 2001a, b; Pearce and Barbetti, 1981; Groube et al., 1986; Bowler, 1987; Roberts et al., 1990, 1994, 1998; Smith and Sharp, 1993; Flood, 1999; Grun et al., 1999; O'Connor, 1995; Mulvaney and Kamminga, 1999; Turney et al., 2001a, b; O'Connell and Allen, 2004). That signals the presence of a well-established, viable population, adapted to a wide variety of environments, ranging from islands off Australia's Kimberley coast to central New South Wales, from the Swan River in southwestern Australia to northern Queensland. Even Tasmania was occupied by at least 34 ky (Mulvaney and Kamminga, 1999; O'Connell and Allen, 2004). Although largely cut off from the mainland from 135 ky to 43 ky, there were brief connections of the eastern sill at 76 ky, 68–62 ky and 46 ky, but the elevation of the narrow Bassian land bridge was only around five metres, which made it susceptible to flooding and the dangers of storms common in the area (Lambeck and Chappell, 2001). So, if people arrived on the south coast after 63 ky, they had to wait till 43 ky before they could continue their explorations.