Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T03:36:15.297Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 16 - Clinical Manifestations of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

from Section 3 - Diagnosis of the Infant with Brain Injury

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2017

David K. Stevenson
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
William E. Benitz
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Philip Sunshine
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Susan R. Hintz
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Maurice L. Druzin
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Finer, NN, Robertson, CM, Peters, KL, et al. Factors affecting outcome in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in term infants. Am J Dis Child 1983; 137: 21–5.Google Scholar
Finer, NN, Robertson, CM, Richards, RT, et al. Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy in term neonates: perinatal factors and outcome. J Pediatr 1981; 98: 112–17.Google Scholar
Mizrahi, EM, Kellaway, P. Characterization and classification of neonatal seizures. Neurology 1987; 37: 1837–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roland, EH, Hill, A. Clinical aspects of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Semin Pediatr Neurol 1995; 2:5771.Google Scholar
Vannucci, R. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Am J Perinatol 2000; 17: 113–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, E, Stanley, FJ. Intrapartum asphyxia: a rare cause of cerebral palsy. J Pediatr 1988; 112: 515–19.Google Scholar
Nelson, KB, Ellenberg, JH. Antecedents of cerebral palsy: multivariate analysis of risk. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 81–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, KB. What proportion of cerebral palsy is related to birth asphyxia? J Pediatr 1988; 112: 572–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naeye, RL, Peters, EC. Antenatal hypoxia and low IQ values. Am J Dis Child 1987; 141: 50–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Cowan, F, Rutherford, M, Groenendaal, F, et al. Origin and timing of brain lesions in term infants with neonatal encephalopathy. Lancet 2003; 361: 736–42.Google Scholar
Levene, MI, Grindulis, H, Sands, C, et al. Comparison of two methods of predicting outcome in perinatal asphyxia. Lancet 1986; 1: 67–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Sarnat, HB, Sarnat, MS. Neonatal encephalopathy following fetal distress: a clinical and electroencephalographic study. Arch Neurol 1976; 33: 696705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shankaran, S, Laptook, AR, Ehrenkranz, RA, et al. Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1574–84.Google Scholar
de Vries, L, Jongmans, MJ. Long-term outcome after neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2010; 95: F220–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mwaniki, MK, Atieno, M, Lawn, JE, Newton, CRJ. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after intrauterine and neonatal insults: a systematic review. Lancet 2012; 279: 445–52.Google Scholar
Shankaran, S, Laptook, AR, Tyson, JE, et al. Evolution of encephalopathy during whole body hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. J Pediatr 2012; 160: 567–72.e3Google Scholar
Merchant, N, Azzopardi, D. Early predictors of outcome in infants treated with hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015; 57(Suppl. 3): 816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramasawmy, V, Horton, J, Vandermeer, B, et al. Systematic review of biomarkers of brain injury in term neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol 2009; 40: 215–26.Google Scholar
Chalak, LF, Sánchez, PJ, Adams-Huet, B, et al. Biomarkers for severity of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and outcomes in newborns receiving hypothermia therapy. J Pediatr 2014; 164: 468–74.Google Scholar
Takeuchi, T, Watanabe, K. The EEG evolution and neurological prognosis of neonates with perinatal hypoxia. Brain Dev 1989; 11: 115–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scher, MS, Painter, MJ, Bergman, I, et al. EEG diagnosis of neonatal seizures: clinical correlations and outcome. Pediatr Neurol 1989; 5: 1724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toet, MC, Hellström-Westas, L, Groenendaal, F, et al. Amplitude integrated EEG 3 and 6 hours after birth in full term neonates with hypoxicischemic encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999; 81: F1923.Google Scholar
Van Laerhoven, H, de Haan, TR, Offriga, M, et al. Prognostic tests in term neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2013 131: 8898.Google Scholar
Scalais, E, François-Adant, A, Nuttin, C, et al. Multimodality evoked potentials as a prognostic tool in term asphyxiated newborns. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1998; 108: 199207Google Scholar
Kuenzle, C, Baenziger, O, Martin, E, et al. Prognostic value of early MR imaging in term infants with severe perinatal asphyxia. Neuropediatrics 1994; 25: 191200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baenziger, O, Martin, E, Steinlin, M, et al. Early pattern recognition in severe perinatal asphyxia: a prospective MRI study. Neuroradiology 1993; 35: 437–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Triulzi, F, Parazzini, C, Righini, A. Patterns of damage in the mature neonatal brain. Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36: 608–20.Google Scholar
Miller, SP, Ramaswamy, V, Michelson, D, et al. Patterns of brain injury in term neonatal encephalopathy. J Pediatr 2005; 146: 153–60.Google Scholar
Chau, V, Poskitt, KJ, Dunham, CP, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the encephalopathic term newborn. Curr Pediatr Rev 2014; 10: 2836.Google Scholar
Hüppi, PS, Murphy, B, Maier, SE, et al. Microstructural brain development after perinatal cerebral white matter injury assessed by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatrics 2001; 107: 455–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertson, RL, Ben-Sira, L, Barnes, PD, et al. MR line-scan diffusion-weighted imaging of term neonates with perinatal brain ischemia. Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20: 658–70.Google Scholar
Myer, JE. Uber die Lokalisation frühkindlicher Hirnshäden in arteriellen Grenzgebieten. Arch Psychiatr Zeitschr Neurol 1953; 190: 328–41.Google Scholar
Volpe, JJ, Herscovitch, P, Perlman, JM, et al. Positron emission tomography in the asphyxiated term newborn: parasagittal impairment of cerebral blood flow. Ann Neurol 1985; 17: 287–96.Google Scholar
Volpe, JJ, Pasternak, JF. Parasagittal cerebral injury in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: clinical and neuroradiological features. J Pediatr 1979; 91: 472–6.Google Scholar
Friede, RL. Developmental Neuropathology, 2nd edn. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voit, T, Lemburg, P, Neuen, E, et al. Damage of thalamus and basal ganglia in asphyxiated full-term neonates. Neuropediatrics 1987; 18: 176–81.Google Scholar
Johnston, MV, Hoon, AH. Possible mechanisms in infants for selective basal ganglia damage from asphyxia, kernicterus, or mitochondrial encephalopathies. J Child Neurol 2000; 15: 588–91.Google Scholar
Malamud, N, Hirano, A. Atlas of Neuropathology, 2nd edn. Berkeley:University of California Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Gilles, FH. Hypotensive brain stem necrosis: selective symmetrical necrosis of tegmental neuronal aggregates following cardiac arrest. Arch Pathol 1969; 88: 3241.Google ScholarPubMed
Rorke, LB. Pathology of Perinatal Brain Injury. New York:Raven Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Roland, EH, Hill, A, Norman, MG, et al. Selective brainstem injury in an asphyxiated newborn. Ann Neurol 1988; 23: 8992.Google Scholar
Pasternak, JF, Gorey, MT. The syndrome of acute near-total intrauterine asphyxia in the term infant. Pediatr Neurol 1998; 18: 391–8.Google Scholar
Natsume, J, Watanabe, K, Kuno, K, et al. Clinical, neurophysiologic, and neuropathological features of an infant with brain damage of total asphyxia type (Myers). Pediatr Neurol 1995; 13: 61–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barmada, MA, Moossy, J, Shuman, RM. Cerebral infarcts with arterial occlusion in neonates. Ann Neurol 1979; 6: 495502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banker, BQ. Cerebral vascular disease in infancy and childhood. I. Occlusive vascular disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1961; 20: 127–40.Google Scholar
Koelfen, W, Freund, M, Varnholt, V. Neonatal stroke involving the middle cerebral artery in term infants: clinical presentation, EEG and imaging studies, and outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol 1995; 37: 204–12.Google Scholar
Levine, SC, Huttenlocher, P, Banich, MT, et al. Factors affecting cognitive function of hemiplegic children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1987; 29: 2735.Google Scholar
Rivkin, MJ, Anderson, ML, Kaye, EM. Neonatal idiopathic cerebral venous thrombosis: an unrecognized cause of transient seizures or lethargy. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: 51–6.Google Scholar
Wong, VK, LeMesurier, J, Franceschini, R, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis as a cause of neonatal seizures. Pediatr Neurol 1987; 3: 235–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banker, BQ, Larroche, JC. Periventricular leukomalacia of infancy. Arch Neurol 1962; 7: 386410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guzzetta, F, Shackleford, GD, Volpe, S, et al. Periventricular intraparenchymal echodensities in the premature newborn: critical determination of neurologic outcome. Pediatrics 1986; 78: 9951006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fawer, CL, Calame, A, Perentes, E, et al. Periventricular leukomalacia: a correlation study between real-time ultrasound and autopsy findings. Neuroradiology 1985; 27: 292300.Google Scholar
Trounce, JQ, Rutter, N, Levene, MI. Periventricular leucomalacia and intraventricular haemorrhage in the preterm neonate. Arch Dis Child 1986; 16: 1196–202.Google Scholar
Trounce, JQ, Shaw, DE, Leverne, MI, et al. Clinical risk factors and periventricular leucomalacia. Arch Dis Child 1988; 63: 1722.Google Scholar
Sarkar, S, Shankaran, S, Laptook, AR et al. Screening cranial imaging at multiple time points improves cystic periventricular leukomalacia detection. Am J Perinatol 2015; 32 (epub ahead of print).Google Scholar
De Vries, LS, Connell, JA, Dubowitz, LMS, et al. Neurological, electrophysiological and MRI abnormalities in infants with extensive cystic leukomalacia. Neuropediatrics 1987; 18: 61–6.Google Scholar
Dolfin, T, Skidmore, MB, Fong, KW, et al. Incidence, severity, and timing of subependymal and intraventricula hemorrhages in preterm infants born in a perinatal unit as detected by serial real-time ultrasound. Pediatrics 1983; 71: 541–6.Google Scholar
Enzmann, D, Murphy-Irwin, K, Stevenson, D, et al. The natural history of subependymal germinal matrix hemorrhage. Am J Perinatol 1985; 2: 123–33.Google Scholar
Scher, MS, Wright, FS, Lockman, LA, et al. Intraventricular haemorrhage in the full-term neonate. Arch Neurol 1982; 39: 769–72.Google Scholar
Volpe, JJ. Intracranial hemorrhage:subdural, primary subarachnoid, cerebellar, intraventricular (term infant), and miscellaneous. In Neurology of the Newborn, 5th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders. 2008: 483516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouwer, AJ, Groenendaal, F, Benders, MJ, de Vries, LS. Early and late complications of germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage in the preterm infant: what is new? Neonatology 2014; 106: 296303.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×