Index

doi:10.1017/9781108953535.020

Index

Page numbers in italics indicate figures.

Académie de peinture et de sculpture (Marseille), 102, 104–105

Académie de Saint-Luc (Paris), 94n12, 96n18

Académie des sciences (Paris), 103

Académie française, 117

Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Paris), 94n12, 99, 103–104, 105, 116

printmakers affiliated with, 103–104, 115

Salons of, 67, 115

academies of art

life-model work at, 11

in French provinces, 103–106

state-sponsored, 92

women members of, 57, 58, 62

Achenbach Collection (San Francisco), 236, 238

Achery, Elizabeth Lyfe d’. See d’Achery (or D’Acheray, Darchery, Dasheray), Elizabeth Lyfe

Ackermann, Rudolf, 30–32, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43n15, 241

Dr. Syntax’s Tour (Rowlandson), 251–252

Repository of the Arts, 31, 231

World in Miniature, 236

advertising. See also self-promotion

of Charles printshop contents sale, 252–253

of Darlys’ print exhibitions, 168

by Darlys’ studio, 163–164

by Griffin print shop, 180

for Hogarth’s prints, 192–193, 205–206

in newspapers, 5, 158–159, 178

for Pine’s Shakespeare subscription, 45–46

for satirical prints, 158–160

by M.O. Sayer, 178n16, 179n21

by Sledge, 185n42

of women-owned businesses in London, 75

of workshop output, 14, 85

Akin (née Cox), Eliza, 6, 243–250

Membership Certificate, the Female Charitable Asylum, 243, 244, 245

Mrs. Barbauld’s Lessons for Children, 246

Akin, Eliza (sister of James), 247

Akin, James, 243, 246–248

Mrs. Barbauld’s Lessons for Children, 246

Akin, Ophelia, 246

Alexander, David, 40, 49, 78–79, 141, 149–150

Amateurs and Printmaking in England, 1750–1830, 139n6, 140

Aliamet, Jacques (or Jean Jacques), 97, 120n61

Allen, William, 164

Almanach historique et raisonné des architectes, peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs et cizeleurs, 121–122

amateur (term), 140–141. See also non-professional printmakers

American Antiquarian Society, 166n40, 245, 250n24

Angelo, Henry, 231

Anguissola, Sofonisba, 11n1–11n2, 15n9

L’Année littéraire, 109, 114, 116n36, 120

apprenticeship(s), 80. See also contract(s)

advice literature for, 82

to J. Akin, 248

to the Darlys, 157–158, 170, 171

gender-based differences among, 82–83

in London livery companies, 75, 78, 156n3, 157, 176

premiums for, 78n15, 79n24

in printing workshops, 77–80

training during, 81, 82

for women outside family workshops, 89, 240

aquatint, 53, 61, 69, 70, 89, 98, 233–234

Archer, Sarah, 219

Argenville, Antoine Nicolas Dezallier d’, 114

aristocracy

British, cards printed for, 165

collectors among, 139

etchings used as social currency among, 151

French, social bonds among, 117

printmaking by members of, 2, 97

artist(s)

amateur vs. professional status of, 2, 5, 6, 25

female. See women artist(s)

rights of, 196

Astley, Rhoda, 21

Athenaeum, 135n27

Atherton, H.M., 157n8

Auchmuty, Rosemary, 3

Augusta, Princess of Wales, 159, 161, 162, 163

Austin, Gilbert

Chironomia; or a Treatise on Rhetorical Delivery, 49

Seven Attitudes by Mrs. Siddons, 49

Austin, William, 167

L’Avant-Coureur, 119

Aveline, Pierre II, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116

Aynscombe, Valentina, 213

“————— “And Catch the Living Manners as They Rise.,” 219, 220

Bachelier, Jean-Jacques, 105

Mémoir sur l’éducation des filles, 105

Baden (Germany), 63

Badischer Kunstverein, 63, 67

Baker, Mary. See Sayer, Mary Baker Overton

Bakewell, Elizabeth Bartlet. See Bartlet Bakewell, Elizabeth

Bakewell, Thomas, 176–177, 192

Bank of England, 194

Banks, Joseph (Sir), 167, 210

Banks, Sarah, 210

Barbauld, A.L. (Mrs.): Mrs. Barbauld’s Lessons for Children, 246

Barker, Hannah, 76, 176n4

Barlow, John, 213

Barnett, David, 239

Bartlet Bakewell, Elizabeth, 159n18, 174–178, 192, 202n57

The Brave Old Hendrick, the Great Sachem of Chief of the Mohawk Indians, 177–178

Bartolozzi, Francis (or Francesco), 26, 27, 41n7, 61, 186, 206

Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi (Kauffmann), 186

Shrimps! (W. Hogarth), 204

Basan, Pierre-François, 101, 119n58, 120

Dictionnaire des graveurs anciens et modernes, 102, 108, 111–112

Batoni, Pompeo, 127

Beauclerk, Diana (Lady), 137

drawings for The Mysterious Mother, 148

Becker, F., 130

The Bee, 51–52

Beechey, William, 41

Belle, Alexis-Simon, 91, 98

Belle, Clément-Louis-Marie-Anne, 98

Bennett, John, 170

Benziger, Karl and Nikolaus, 67

Berge, Pieter van den, 18n18

Bermingham, Ann, 140

Berry, Mary, 137

Bevilacqua, Mario, 124

Bianconi, Giovanni Ludovico, 126, 128n14

Antologia Romana, 128n14, 129

Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 59, 130–131, 134

Biedermeier period, 64

Billy (Comte de). See Chastre de Billy, Armand Pierre François de (Comte)

biographies

of Gillray, 218

of Hogarth, 190

of G.B. Piranesi, 128, 129

of L. Piranesi, 130

by/of Ann Taylor, 77

of C. Watson, 54n60

Birch, William Russell: The City of New York, in the State of New York, North America, 248

Blackwell, Elizabeth, 190

Blake, William, 53, 193n18

Blunt, Edmund March, 249–250

Bodmer, Gottlieb, 67

Bonaparte family, 33, 34

book(s)

illustrated, making of, 115–116

manufacture of, compared to engravings, 197–198

print illustrations for, 77, 85, 97, 115–116

published by Charleses, 252

Rowlandson illustrating, 224, 241

selling of and markets for, 116

bookseller(s) (London), 196–197, 201

Booksellers’ Bill, 196

Boston Evening Post, 192n13

Boston News-Letter, 192

Boswell, James: Tour of the Hebrides, 223

Bottari, Giovanni Gaetano, 125

Bottari, Guido (Msgr), 125

Bouchard, Jean (or Giovanni), 126

Bouchard, Maddalena, 127

Boucher, François, 97

Départ de Jacob, 114–115

Boulton, Jeremy, 172

Bourlier, Marie Anne, 41

Bowles, George, 186

Bowyer, Robert, 42–43

Boydell, John, 42, 45, 46, 47, 50–53, 54, 68, 185

Jane Hogarth and, 205

Kauffmann prints and, 61

Boydell, Josiah, 47

Boydell Shakespeare Gallery, 41, 44

C. Watson’s prints for, 50–52

works commissioned for, 47, 51n42

Boyne, John, 213

Bretherton, Charles, 234

Bretherton, James, 150–151, 166n37

Brighton (UK), 230–231

Brighton Museum, 230

Britannia, 202

Britannia Depicta, 85

British Museum (London), 40n3, 124n4, 149n38, 210, 240

albums of works by non-professional artists at, 21, 139, 144nn19

E. d’Achery prints at, 229

Darly prints at, 171n66

H. Humphreys prints at, 233

E. Jackson’s prints at, 224

Piranesi prints in, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135

Broeck, Barbara van den, 14

Broeck, Crispin van den, 14

Brookes, Henry, 223, 226, 231

Brown Ryland, Mary, 44, 159n18, 174–175, 176, 183, 185, 192

Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi (Kauffmann), 186

The Interview between Edgar and Elfrida after Her Marriage with Athelwold, 186n46

Brühl (Comte de), 113

Bryan, Michael: Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, 130

Bryer, Ann Harper, 159n18, 174, 176, 183, 185–186

Bryer, Henry, 185–186

Buldet, Denis Charles, 119

Bull, Elizabeth, 6, 222, 230

Bull, Fenwick, 230

Bull, Richard, 139, 141n13, 142, 148

Amabel Yorke and, 151

collections of, 148

Etching and Engravings, by the Nobility and Gentry of England, 142, 144, 145, 146

Bunbury, Henry William, 150, 165–166, 219

The Kitchen of a French Post House / La cuisine de la poste, 166

‘macaronies’ by, 167

Burdett, Peter Perez, 233

burin engraving(s), 96, 97, 113, 121, 143

Burke, Edmund, 52

Burke, Thomas, 20

business partnership(s). See also publishers and publishing (prints)

of J. Akin and W. Harrison Jr., 247–248

of Darlys (Mary and Matthieu). See Darly, Mary and Matthias, print business of)

of M. Graham and W. Charles, 251–253

J. Hogarth in, 192–193, 200, 203–204

H. Humphrey in, 210–211, 214–216, 242

husband-and-wife, 176–178, 242

of Overton and Sayer, 177, 179

of Sledge and Grimm, 184

Bute (Lord), 54, 159, 160, 161, 163

Bye, Marcus de, 83

Byrne, Elizabeth, 86

Byrne, Letitia, 76, 77, 83–86, 159n18

Animals Etched by Letitia Byrne from the Most Esteem’d Masters, 83, 84

Donnington Castle, 85

prints for European market by, 85

Byrne, William, 76–77, 81, 83, 85, 86

Donnington Castle, 85

Byron, Isabella (Lady Carlisle), 140, 143–146, 148n34, 151, 152

Cottage beside a Canal, 144

Man in a Fur Cap (Rembrandt), 144

St. Thais of Egypt after Parmegiano, 145

Byron, Richard (Hon. Revd), 144

Byron, William (Lord), 144

Cabinet Poullain, 101, 102

Calcografia Camerale (Rome), 134, 135

Campbell, Colen: Vitruvius Britannicus, 164

Campbell, Robert, 82–83

Canning, George, 215

Cantarini, Simone, 145

card(s), trade

of E. Bartlet Bakewell, 177, 192

Darlys and, 158, 173n71

of Griffins, 180

of H. Humphrey, 211

of E. Jackson, 180

of Mercier, 181, 182

of Pulley, 187

Cardon, Anthony, 31

Carey, Matthew, 252

caricature, 52, 158, 160. See also satirical print(s)

Mary Darly’s principles of, 163–164

from Darlys’ shop, 165–166, 172, 183–184

Hogarth’s denigration of, 161

from H. Humphrey’s shop, 219, 233

by W. Humphrey, 209

as improper for ladies, 219

mezzotint drolls and, 184

The Caricatures of Gillray, 215, 217

Carlisle (Lady). See Byron, Isabella (Lady Carlisle)

Carracci, Annibale, 146, 148, 152

Carracci family, 127

Carriera, Rosalba, 21

Cars, Laurent, 111–116

Castiglione, 114

catalogue(s)

Boydell’s, 42

in art encyclopaedias, 70–71

of print exhibitions, 168

Catherine, Empress of Russia, 151n45, 160

Cecil, Mary Amelia, Marchioness of Salisbury, 42–43

Chardin, Jean-Siméon: Saying Grace, 117n42

Charles, Henry, 252

Charles, Mary Graham, 6, 243, 250–253

Charles, William, 243, 250–251

Charlotte, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, 35

Chastre de Billy, Armand Pierre François de (Comte), 120, 121

Chéreau, François, 21

Chéron, Élisabeth Sophie, 21

Chippendale, Thomas: The Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker’s Director, 156, 173n71, 183

Chiswick (UK), Hogarths’ house at, 194

Chracas: Diario ordinario di Roma, 135

chromolithography, 67

Ciprani, Giovanni Battista, 26, 186

class(es), social. See also aristocracy

art making and, 142

education and training determined by, 95, 97, 127

non-professional artists and, 97, 138–139

printmaking production affected by, 14, 17, 97

printsellers and, 6, 179–180, 188

self-presentation and, 17

Walpole on, 142

women’s duties according to, 86

Clayton, Timothy, 78, 159n18

Clive, Robert, 167

Clockmakers’ Company (London), 156, 157

Cochin, Charles-Nicolas (le jeune), 99, 116, 119n53

Almanach iconologique, 97

Watelet portrait, 118n46

Cochin, Charles-Nicolas (le père), 91, 96, 99

collections, art

albums of prints in, 134

art works presented in, 69

of natural history objects, 207–210, 214

of non-professional artists’ work, 138n4, 141, 147–148

portraits in, 148

print reproductions commissioned for, 103, 104, 113, 114

of Rembrandt drawings and prints, 145

collector(s). See also Bull, Richard; Walpole, Horace (Lord Orford)

advertising geared toward, 43

as amateurs, 141

art commissioned by, 103, 104

‘bias’ of, 224

of drawings and prints, 108, 117

in French printmaking networks, 122

L.S. Lempereur and, 117–118

women as, 118

Colley, John Long, 173

Colley, Mary, 173

Colley, Thomas Graham, 157, 170, 173

Colley, Thomas Graham Jr., 173

Collings, Samuel

Chamber of Genius (Rowlandson), 227

Chamber of Taste (Rowlandson), 227

More of Werter—The Separation (Rowlandson), 227

Picturesque Beauties of Boswell, 223–224, 225

The Sorrows of Werter—The Last Interview (Rowlandson), 227

Colman, George, 169

communities of artists. See network(s), printmakers’; workshop(s), printing

Comte, Marguerite Le, 109, 118

Condé, John, 232

contract(s)

for apprenticeship, 94nn11–94nn12, 96n16

for female engravers, 96

Cook (Captain), 210

copperplates. See also plate(s)

in Charles sale, 252n33

in Darly sale, 171

joining, C. Watson on, 53

in Piranesi chalcography, 124, 134

retirement of, 176

Rowlandson(s) acquiring, 235

second-hand, market for, 225

copyright (British), 5, 176

duration of, 196, 198

formalities of, 203–204

history of, 206

Parliamentary exceptions to, 190, 196, 198

as property, 195

Cornell (or Corneille), Thomas, 223, 225, 226

Capt. Epilogue, 225

Correggio, Antonio Allegri da: Mystical Marriage of St Catherine, 59–60

Costa, Emmanuel Mendes da

Conchology, or Natural History of Shells, 208

Natural History of Fossils, 208

Cosway, Maria Hadfield, 3–4, 21, 25–39

The Birth of the Thames, 29n20

caricatures of, 228

The Duchess of Devonshire as Cynthia, 27

Gallery of the Louvre (Galerie du Louvre), 32–35

Imitations in Chalk from Drawings by R. Cosway, R.A., 30

A Progress of Female Dissipation (Cardon), 31–32

A Progress of Female Virtue (Cardon), 31–32

The Winter’s Day Delineated, 35–37, 38, 43, 53

Cosway, Richard, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 31, 36

caricatures of, 228

portrait of Mrs. Fitzherbert, 232

Cosway, William (Sir), 25

Coulet, Anne Philiberte, 115n33, 119–122

La Belle Après-dinée (Vernet), 119

Cousinet and, 120–122

Le Départ de la chaloupe (Vernet), 120, 120

L’Heureux passage (Vernet), 120

Les Pêcheurs florentins (Vernet), 120

Les Pêcheurs napolitains (Vernet), 120

Coulet, Jeanne Louise, 120

Cousinet, Catherine Élisabeth, 4–5, 108–109, 111

Le Bénédicité Flamant (L. Le Nain), 112–113, 117, 122n76

Le Calme (Vernet), 118–119

Le Charme de la musique, 112

Les Commerçants Turcs (Vernet), 120–121

Coulet and, 120–122

La Crédule Laitière (Teniers), 117

Il Decamerone illustrations, 116–117

Départ de Jacob (Boucher), 114–115, 117

Le Moulin de Quinquengrogne (Lancret), 113–114, 117

La Pyramide de Sextius (Panini), 109, 118

Les Suites d’un naufrage, 121

La Tempête (Vernet), 118–119

Le Triomphe de Flore, 112

Les Trois Colonnes de Campo Vaccino (Panini), 109, 110, 118

Cousinet, Jean Baptiste, 111n13, 122

Coutts, Frances, 43

Coypel, Antoine, 103–104

Cozens, Alexander, 146, 150

crayon-manner engraving, 41n7, 69. See also stipple engraving

Hémery sisters’ use of, 97–98, 101, 102, 105

Cribb, Robert, 42

Cristall, Alexander (Captain), 88

Cristall, Elizabeth, 77, 88–90

George Dyer portrait by, 89

Cristall, Joshua, 88–89

Cruikshank, George, 188, 219, 221, 233

Cruikshank, Isaac, 242

Cruikshank, Mary, 242

Cugoano, Ottobah, 228

Cumberland (Duke), 157, 158, 163

Currier, J., 246

d’Achery (or D’Acheray, Darchery, Dasheray), Elizabeth Lyfe, 6, 159n18, 174, 180, 183, 186–187, 212, 222, 230, 240

Britannia’s Assassination (Gillray), 187

Covent Garden Nightmare (Rowlandson), 229

The Devonshire, or Most Approved Method of Securing Votes (Rowlandson), 187, 212, 229

Drum Major of Sedition, 229

Rowlandson published by, 229–230

Secret Influence Directing the New P-l-t, 229

Sir Cecil’s budget for paying the National Debt, 229

d’Achery, Nicholas Claude Amboise, 187

Daily Advertiser, 164

Daily Pennsylvanian, 247

Damer, Anne, 137

D’Archeuille, Jean, 229–230

d’Argenville, Antoine Nicolas Dezallier, 114

Darling and Thompson, 83

Darly, Ann, 164, 172

Darly (née Salmon), Mary, 5, 7, 155–173, 174, 176, 210, 236, 242. See also Darly, Mary and Matthias, print business of

The Boot & the Block-Head, 162

Caesar at New-Market, 158, 160, 166, 183–184

caricature and, 160, 163

Darly’s Comic-Prints. of Characters. Caricatures. Macaronies &c, 7

Hogarth and, 161–162

H. Humphrey and, 210–211

Lord Amherst on Duty, 171

printed ephemera by, 165

The Royal Ass, 171

The Scotch Broomstick & the Female Besom, 161

The Scotch Tent, or True Contrast, 161, 162

Tit for Tat, or Kiss My Arse Is no Treason, 161, 162

workhouse days and death of, 172–173

Darly, Mary and Matthias, print business of, 171, 174, 183–184. See also Darly (née Salmon), Mary; Darly, Matthias (aka Matthew)

Bunbury’s work with, 165–167

caricature albums from, 166–168

‘macaronies’ from, 163, 167, 184

Mr Sharp and Mr Blunt, 170

prints satirising American Revolutionary War from, 169

Darly, Matthias (aka Matthew), 5, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 168, 173n71, 183, 242. See also Darly, Mary and Matthias, print business of

The Cork Rump, 234

death of, 170

‘A New patriotic Song, to the Tune of Rule Britannia,’ 164

possible indictment of, 162–163

questioning of, in duke of Cumberland case, 157

The Recruiting Serjeant (Townshend), 158, 166

The Scotch Victory, 164

Wilkes and, 163–164

Darly, Matthias Jr., 158, 172, 173n71

Darly, Mattina, 158, 173

‘Etruscan Profiles,’ 169–170

Miss Carolina Sullivan One of the Obstinate Daughters of America, 1776, 169

‘Darly’s Comic Exhibition,’ 168

Davidoff, Leonore: Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–185075

De Launay, Nicolas, 100

Les Suites d’un naufrage (Vernet), 121

de Passe, Crispin. See Passe, Crispin de

de Wilde, Maria. See Wilde, Maria de

death, will(s) and. See will(s)

Denham, John: Married [and] Unmarried, 225

Desprez, Louis Jean, 135–136

Devonshire, Duchess of, 45, 45, 212

Dezallier d’Argenville, Antoine Nicolas, 114

Dickinson, William, 166n37, 184, 211, 219

Dictionnaire des graveurs anciens et modernes depuis l’origine de la gravure (Basan), 102, 108, 111n12, 112n16

Dighton, Catherine, 242

Dighton, Robert, 242

D’Oench, Ellen, 141, 144

Dogson, Campbell, 135

Donaldson v. Becket, 196–197, 206

Dorat, Claude-Joseph: Fables Nouvelles, 97

Douce, Francis, 236

Downman, John, 46

dowry(ies)

for female artists, 81, 95, 98

of L. Piranesi, 128–129

drawing(s)

en plein air, 84–85

instruction in, for gentry, 165

from live models, 11

Prestels’ prints from, 68–69

in printmaking process, 213

prints resembling, 41–42

reproductions of, 97–98

Dresden (Germany), Galerie Royale, 113

drolls, mezzotint, 163, 168, 184

Drury Lane Theatre (London), 45, 50

Dun, Alexander, 163–164

Dürer, Albrecht, 63, 65

Düsseldorf Academy, 68, 71

Dyck, Anthony van, 17, 23

Dyer, George, 89

Edgcumbe, Emma Mount, 219

Edict of Saint Jean-de-Luz, 93–94

education and training of printmakers

Bachelier’s interest in, 105

for burin engravers, 96, 97, 113

Edict of Saint Jean-de-Luz affecting, 93, 94

in 18th-century Italy, 127

within family workshops, 80–81, 111

gendering of, 89–90, 111

of Horthemels sisters, 95–96

social class and, 95, 97, 127

or women printmakers, 76–77, 82, 95–96

Edward II, King of England, 159–160

Edwards, Edward, 45, 47

Edwards, George, 157, 160

Edwards, Turner, 103, 104

Einsle, Joseph Bernhard, 62

Eliot, John (2nd Baron), 149

elite. See aristocracy

Ellenrieder, Konrad, 62, 64

Ellenrieder (née Hermann), Maria Anna, 62

Ellenrieder, Marie, 4, 56–57, 62–67, 66, 70–71

church commissions by, 62–63

Lerch portrait by, 64

Mary Holding the Hand of the Infant Jesus, 65, 66

prints made by other artists of her work, 67

Endeavour (ship), 210

England

amateurism in, 141, 152

art and commerce separated in, 138

nobility and gentry in. See aristocracy

Engravers Act (England),

1735, 190, 194–195, 194n22, 202, 203

1767, 194n22, 196, 206

engravers and engraving(s). See also printmaking

with burin, 96, 97, 113, 121, 143

crayon-manner. See crayon-manner engraving

of letters/inscriptions, 120, 158, 160n64, 213

line, 47, 69, 143

mezzotint. See mezzotint engraving

plates for. See plate(s)

as ‘practical dowry,’ 98

rights of, 196–197

Saint Jean-de-Luz edict and, 93

steel, 67

stipple. See stipple engraving

training in making, 82

Erickson, Amy Louise, 78–80, 176, 179

etching(s), 69

drawings made into, 213

for landscapes and vedute, 114, 124, 125

multiple, process of, 133

by G. Piranesi, style of, 133

by L. Piranesi, style of, 130, 133

production of, 97, 143

taken up by amateurs, 97

Evans, R.H.: Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray, 218

Evelyn, John, 148, 149–150

exhibition(s)

at Académie royale (Paris), 104, 230

advertising for, 231–232

of drawings purchased at Mary Darly’s sale, 170

in London, 86, 168

of prints, 140, 168, 181

Sign-Painters’, 200

at Worcester Art Museum, 250

family(ies)

businesses and trades run among, 75, 159, 175, 176, 183, 243

Darly. See Darly, Mary and Matthias, print business of

gendering of labour within, 86–88

Griffin, publishers, 180

Humphrey, businesses run by, 208–209

printmaking/selling within. See workshop(s), printing

training within, 80–81, 111

widows and. See widow(s)

Fanshawe, Catherine Maria, 43, 144

Farington, Joseph, 29, 33, 34, 84–86

Farren, Elizabeth, 46, 230

Female Charitable Society, 244–245, 249, 250

feminism, 1. See also women; women artist(s)

studies in, 3, 77

ferret weaving, 155

Fesch, Joseph (Cardinal), 34, 35

Fessard, Étienne, 97, 100, 111–116

Fielding, Mantle: American Engravers Upon Copper and Steel, 250

Firmian, Karl Joseph von (Count), 57

Fisher, Ann, 192

Fisher, Edward, 192

Fitzherbert (Mrs.), 230, 232

Floding, Per Gustaf, 117

Fontaine, Jean de La: Les Fables, 116

Fordyce, James (Rev.): Sermons for Young Women, 86–87

Fores, Samuel William, 168, 214, 216, 233, 239, 241

E. Jackson and, 223, 228–229

Lay and, 231

Forrest, Ebenezer, 204

Forster, (Mrs.) Elizabeth. See Humphrey, Elizabeth

Forster, Jacob, 209

Foster, Elizabeth (Lady), 46

Fox, Charles James, 227

Fragonard, Jean-Honoré, 97

France

non-professional artists in, 141

provincial académies of, 103–106

women printmakers in, 4–5, 91–122

Frankland, Robert, 219

Franklin, Benjamin, 195, 196n33

Fraser, William Augustus (4th Baronet), 236

Free Society of Artists, 208

Fréron, Élie Catherine, 109–110, 114, 115, 116n36, 118, 120

fresco, by women artists, 58, 63

Gainsborough, Thomas, 41, 81

Galerie du comte de Brühl, 113

Gandellini, Giovanni Gori, 126, 129–130

Gandon, James, 164

Garrand, George, 198

Garrick, David, 167, 168

Bon Ton, 169

Gay, John, 228n21

Gazetteer and London Daily Advertiser, 163–164

Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 164, 192, 193n15, 199

General Evening Post, 179n21

‘genius’ (concept), 93

gendering of, 37

Gentleman’s Magazine, 42

George, Dorothy, 169n54, 171, 233–234, 234n48

George Augustus Frederick, Prince of Wales, 31

George Earl of Warwick, 146, 147

George III, king of England, 159

Gillray, James, 5–6, 171, 183, 186, 187–188, 211–212, 240

“————— “And Catch the Living Manners as They Rise.,” 219, 220

Anticipation, or, The Approaching Fate of the French Commercial Treaty, 227

La Belle Assemblée, 214

Britannia’s Assassination, 187

Connoisseurs Examining a Collection of George Morland’s, 218n38

E. d’Achery publishing, 229–230

Election-Troops, Bringing in Their Accounts, to the Pay-Table, 214

H. Humphrey and, 212, 214–216, 218, 219, 221, 232, 233, 242

Shakespeare Sacrificed: — or the Offering to Avarice, 50, 54

The Triumphant Britons, 212

Westminster Election prints, 214, 225, 229

Gilpin, William, 149–150

glass painting, 65

Godfrey, Richard, 141

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 58, 63

Sorrows of the Young Werther, 227

Goldsmith, Oliver: She Stoops to Conquer, 168–169

Gordon, Duchess of, 219

Gordon, George (Lord), 170–171

Gordon Riots (London), 171

Gori Gandellini, Giovanni, 126, 129–130

Goupy, Joseph, 144

Graham, George, 228

Granger, James: A Biographical History of England, 148

Grantham, Mary (Lady), 150, 151n47

graphic arts, 1, 2. See also printmaking

business of. See printseller(s)

satirical use of. See satirical print(s)

women’s work in, 2, 5, 6, 70, 152

Graves, A., 157n7

graveuses en taille-douce. See women printmakers

Great Ormond Street Hospital (London), 190

Green, Valentine, 27n8, 27n11

Green Frog Service, 151n45

Grego, Joseph, 224, 230–231, 233

Gregory XVI, Pope, 134

Greuze, Jean-Baptiste, 97

La Mère bien-aimée, 120n64

Greville, Francis (Earl of Brooke), 146

Greville, George (2nd Earl of Warwick), 146, 147

Greville, Louisa Augusta (Lady), 139, 140, 143, 146–148, 151, 152

Landscape after a Painting by Salvator Rosa, 139, 147

Grey (Marchioness), 150

Griffin, Elizabeth, 159n18, 174, 175, 176, 180

Griffin, Hester, 174, 175, 176, 180–181

Griffin, Peter, 180

Griffiths, Antony, 248, 250

Griffiths, Julius, 33, 35

Grimm, Hieronymus, 183–185, 211

Grolier Club, 99

Guercino, 127, 147, 148

Guiard, Laurent, 122

guild(s), artists’, 94, 176

female apprentices in, 78

in Paris, 103

rules of, 93

Guillard, Charlotte, 141

Gwynn, John, 195

Hadfield, Maria Cosway. See Cosway, Maria Hadfield

Haid, Johann Elias, 21

Hall, Catherine: Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–185075

Hamilton, William, 45

Hamlet (Shakespeare), 41, 44, 46

Hamlett, Jane, 76

Harcourt, Simon (Viscount Nuneham), 143

Harold (Darly), Elizabeth, 157

Harriet, Lady Duncannon, 46, 212

Harris, John, 166n37, 223, 232

Harrison, William Jr., 247

Hayley, William, 40–41, 53–54, 79–80

Hedges, Edward, 213

Heineken, Carl Heinrich van, 113–114, 120

Dictionnaire des artistes dont nous avons des estampes, 111–112

Hémery, Antoine-François, 101, 104, 106

Hémery, Louise-Rosalie, 4, 91, 96, 97

Hémery (Ponce), Marguerite, 4, 91, 96, 97, 100

Cabinet Poullain, 101

Hémery (Lingée), Thérèse-Éléonore, 4, 91, 96, 97, 99–100, 115n33

Allegory of Art (van Mieris the Elder), 101, 102

Cabinet Poullain, 101, 102

Marseille academy membership of, 102, 104–106

Victime de la Calomnie Gertrude, 100

Heppet, H., 235

Hermitage Museum (St. Petersburg), Rowlandson etchings in, 225–227

Heß, Carl Ernst Christoph, 64

Hewson, William, 88

Hill, Draper, 217

Hind, A.M., 42n8, 124n4, 130, 134

history painting(s)

in Boydell Shakespeare Gallery, 47

Kauffmann and, 58–60, 62, 127

Pine and, 44

prints made after, 11, 49, 59–60

single-figure, 60

Hobart, Albinia, 219, 227

Hofakademie der Maler, Bildhauer und Baukunst (Vienna), 115n33

Hogarth, Ann, 191–192

Hogarth, Jane, 5, 189–206

Boydell and, 205

early and unknown W. Hogarth works published by, 203–206

family print business run by, 191–206

The Heads from the Cartons (W. Hogarth), 205

A Landscape, 203, 204, 205

Livesay and, 204

The Politician (W. Hogarth), 203, 205

reputation of W. Hogarth shielded by, 189–191, 205–206

satirical prints directed at, 200–201

Sayer’s publications and, 201–202

Shrimps! (W. Hogarth), 204, 205

Hogarth, William, 32

‘battle of prints’ and, 161

Enraged Woman, 238

The Four Stages of Cruelty, 201

A Harlot’s Progress, 191, 201

Industry and Idleness, 201

March to Finchley, 205

Marriage A-la-Mode, 191, 201, 205

Nichols’s Biographical Anecdotes about, 189–190, 204

The Politician, 203

A Rake’s Progress, 191, 201, 202, 205

reputation of, J. Hogarth shielding, 189–191, 205–206

satirical prints directed at, 200–201

The Times Plate I, 161–162

Hogarth Act, 195–196

Hogarth Moralized, 192–194

Hoisington, Rena M., 70n38

Holland, William, 168, 214, 227, 228, 232

Hollar, Wenceslaus, 145

Holloway, Thomas, 88–89

Hoppner, John, 40, 41, 53

Horthemels, Daniel (le jeune), 95

Horthemels, Daniel (le père), 95, 98

Horthemels, Denis, 95

Horthemels, Frédéric, 95

Horthemels (Cochin), Louise-Madeleine, 4, 91, 94, 98, 99, 104

Horthemels (née Cellier), Marie-Anne, 95

Horthemels, Marie-Anne Hyacinthe, 4, 91, 94, 98, 103–104

Cardinal de Bissy portrait, 103

Horthemels, Marie-Nicole, 4, 91, 94, 98

Houbraken, Jacobus, 22–23

households. See family(ies); workshop(s), printing

Howard, Henry (4th Earl of Carlisle), 144

Howitt, Elizabeth Rowlandson, 222, 234–239, 241

Drown’d (T. Rowlandson), 236, 237, 238

Love and Poverty, 238

Quarterly Dunns, or Clamorous Tax Gatherers (T. Rowlandson), 235

Howitt, Samuel, 222, 223, 234, 235–236

Hume-Campbell, Alexander (Viscount Polwarth), 149

Humphrey, Ann, 208

Humphrey, Elizabeth, 207–208, 209, 214, 217–218, 221

will of, 218nn38–218nn39

Humphrey, George Sr., 187, 207, 208, 209

Humphrey, George II, 208, 209, 214

Humphrey, George [nephew of Hannah], 217, 221

Humphrey, Hannah, 5–6, 28, 159n18, 174, 180, 183, 186–188, 210, 211, 222, 223, 232–234, 239–242

“————— “And Catch the Living Manners as They Rise.,” (Aynscombe/Gillray), 219, 220

The Apotheosis of the Dutchess (Rowlandson), 212

La Belle Assemblée (Gillray), 214

Brothers of the Whip (Rowlandson), 233

Charity Covereth a Multitude of Sins (Rowlandson), 233

Col. Topham Endeavouring with His Squirt to Extinguish the Genius of Holman (Rowlandson), 233

The Devonshire, or Most Approved Method of Securing Votes (Rowlandson), 212, 229

Election-Troops, Bringing in Their Accounts, to the Pay-Table (Gillray), 214

English Manner and French Prudence (Rowlandson), 233

Gillray’s relationship with, 212, 214–216, 218, 232, 242

A Lady at a Card Party Who Does Not Play, 213–214

as major print publisher, 218–219

The Resurrection, or An Internal View of the Museum in W-D-M-LL Street on the Last Day (Rowlandson), 233

The Rotation Office (Rowlandson), 233

Rowlandson and, 232–233

shops of, layouts of, 216–217

The Village Doctor (Rowlandson), 233

Wet under Foot (Rowlandson), 233

Humphrey, Sarah: A New Academy for Accomplishments, 209, 210

Humphrey, William, 187, 208, 211, 212–214, 223, 229, 233

Mary Darly and, 210–211

History of the Westminster Election (Rowlandson), 212

Liberty and Fame Introducing Female Patriotism to Britania [sic] (Rowlandson), 212, 225

Rowlandson and, 233

The Shilling of the Value of a P[riv]y C[ouncillo]r’s Matrimonial Honor (Rowlandson), 211

A Smuggling Machine or a Convenient Cos(au)way for a Man in Miniature, 28–29

The Triumphant Britons (Gillray), 212

The Two Patriotic Duchess’s on their Canvass (Rowlandson), 212

Two-Penny Whist, 217–218

Very Slippy-Weather, 216

Westminster election prints (Gillray), 214, 225

The Westminster Mendicant (Rowlandson), 213

will of, 221

Hüttner, Johann Christian, 215–216

Huygens, Constantijn, 15–16, 24

Hyde, Melissa, 1n2

Iliad (Homer), 158

Illustrative Description of the Genuine Works of Mr James Gillray, 217

imprints

for cooperative ventures among printsellers, 224–226

of women printsellers/publishers, 151

Inchbald, Elizabeth, 228

indenture, 79n24

Infantia Christi, 65

inheritance, per Roman statutory rule, 127–128. See also will(s)

inscription(s), 234

by J. Akin, 246

by M. Charles, 252

copyright and, 216

by Cousinet, 115, 118

on Mary Darly prints, 158

by de Wilde, 14, 18

on engravings, 46, 120

on Hogarth print volumes, 201–202, 205

by O’Keeffe, 219

by L. Piranesi, 135

by Rowlandson, 228

by Schurman, 15, 17

by Jos. Smith, 21

by Spencer, 22

intaglio. See printmaking

intellectual property, 195

invention(s), 12, 178, 196

caricature and, 213

by Mary Darly, 165

by Indigenous Peoples, 210

by Kauffmann, 19, 62

patent and, 199

by L. Piranesi, 124, 133

in printmaking, 67, 70

of repeatable images, 16, 24

self-portraits and, 11

of social cards, 160

by Walpole, 142

Ipswich Journal, 169

Isabella, Queen of England, 159–160, 161

Istituto centrale per la grafica (Rome), 131, 132, 134n26, 135

Jackson, Elizabeth, 6, 29, 222, 240

Anticipation, or, The Approaching Fate of the French Commercial Treaty (Gillray), 227

Bawd on Her Last Legs, 228

Chamber of Genius (Rowlandson, aft. Collings), 227

Chamber of Taste (Rowlandson, aft. Collings), 227

Contrasting French and English Beauties (Rowlandson), 228

The Doctor Called Up or the False Alarm, 228

Don’t He Deserve It/She Don’t Deserve It, 228

I’ll Tell You What! … Such Things Never Were Till Now (Inchbald), 228

Liberty and Fame Introducing a Female Artist to Britannia (Rowlandson), 226

Liberty and Fame Introducing Female Patriotism to Britania [sic] (Rowlandson), 225

Married [and] Unmarried (Rowlandson), 225, 228

Morland prints published by, 228

The Parachute (Rowlandson), 227, 228

Picturesque Beauties of Boswell, 223–224, 225

Rowlandson prints published by, 223–228, 241

satirical prints published by, 227–228

Syrens (Rowlandson), 228

Triumph of Hipocrasy [sic] (Rowlandson), 227

Triumph of Sentiment (Rowlandson), 227

Twelve Etchings, 225–226

A Visit to the Aunt, 240

Jackson, Hester Griffin, 174, 175, 176, 180–181

Jackson, Michael, 180

Jacobé, Johann, 184–185

James-Sarazin, A., 103

Jefferson, Thomas, 34–35

Jefferys, James

Bacchants, 226

Elizabeth Bull and, 230

Johnston, Cecilia, 219

Johnston, David Claypoole, 219

Jones, John, 223

Journal des sçavans, 116

Judkins, Elizabeth, 40, 41n6

Kauffmann, Angelika (or Angelica), 4, 19, 20–21, 26, 27, 36, 41n7, 44, 56–62, 70–71, 186

Apostles cycle (Schwarzenberg), 58

art training of, 127

Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi, 186

The Interview between Edgar and Elfrida after Her Marriage with Athelwold, 186n46

Mystical Marriage of St. Catherine (Correggio), 59–60

portraits by, 58–59

at Royal Academy of Arts, 44n18, 58

Schwarzenberg high altar, 58, 63

La Speranza, 20

Winckelmann portrait, 59–61

Woman Plaiting Her Hair, 60

Kauffmann, Johann Josef, 57, 58

Kearse, Mary Lawrance, 31

Kearsley, George, 223, 224

Keate, George, 210

Keate, Georgiana, 210, 219

Kenrick, William, 198

Kirkley, Caroline, 79, 90

Kirkley, Ralph, 79

Kneass, William, 248

Koenen, Henrietta Louisa, 2n3

Kunz, Armin, 70n38

La Fontaine, Jean de: Les Fables, 116

Lafosse, Adolphe, 67

Lancret, Nicolas, 104

Le Moulin de Quinquengrogne, 113–114, 117

Landseer, John, 46

Langer, Johann Peter, 62

law(s)

not made by women, 199–200

on estates and wills. See will(s)

on intellectual property, 195

statutory, in 18th-century Rome, 127–128

study of, 3

Lawrance (Kearse), Mary, 31

Lawrence, Richard, 232

Lawrence, Thomas, 41, 45, 49

Lay, Eleanor, 6, 222, 223, 240

A Brace of Blackguards (Rowlandson), 230–231

Brighton views by, 230

The English Review, 230

The French Review, 230

A Sufferer for Decency (Rowlandson), 230–231

Lay, Henry, 232

Le Bas, Jacques Philippe, 119n53

Le Brun, Élisabeth-Vigée, 101

Le Brun, Jean-Baptiste-Pierre, 101

Le Comte, Marguerite, 109, 118

Le Daulceur, Louise, 112

Le Nain, Louis, 112

Legrand, Jacques Guillaume, 128, 129

Leicester Fields (London)

Darlys at, 158, 161, 162n25, 163, 164

the Golden Head (Hogarths residence) at, 191, 192, 193, 204

Leis, Arlene Carol, 210n13

Lemercier, Joseph, 67

Lempereur (Mme). See Cousinet, Catherine Élisabeth

Lempereur, Louis Simon, 109, 112, 115–116, 118n46

Cousinet represented by, 120–122

Le Comte portrait (Watelet), 118n48

as print publisher and seller, 119, 120, 121

Watelet portrait (Cochin), 118n46

Lépicié, François Bernard, 116–117

Lépicié (née Marlié), Renée Élisabeth, 116–117

Lerch, Georg, 64

letter engraving, 120, 158, 160n64. See also inscription(s)

on Humphrey-published prints, 213

Lewis, Mary, 191

Lewis, W.S., 137n2, 145

Lewis Walpole Library (Yale Univ.), 28n15, 137n2, 145n25, 203n58

Ligozzi, Jacopo: The Triumph of Truth over Envy, 69–70

Lingée, Charles-Louis, 91, 97, 99–100

Cabinet Poullain, 101

Victime de la Calomnie Gertrude (T-E. Hémery Lingée), 100

wife of. See Hémery (Lingée), Thérèse-Éléonore

The Literary Magazine, and American Register, 43

lithography, 64, 67

colour (chromolithography), 67

livery companies (London), 75, 78, 156n3, 157, 175, 176n4

Livesay, Richard, 204, 205

‘Hogarth’s Tour,’ 204n61

Mask and Palette (W. Hogarth), 204

Mr. Ben: Read (W. Hogarth), 204

Mr. Gabriel Hunt (W. Hogarth), 204

Shrimps! (W. Hogarth), 204

Lloyd’s Evening Post, 164n34

London

as art marketplace, 68, 81

Bermondsey area of, 155–156

booksellers in, 195–197

fire insurance policy holders in, 239

Gordon Riots in, 170–171

livery companies in, 75, 78, 156n3, 157, 175, 176n4

printing industry in, 5, 76–77, 175–176

Rocque’s map of, 155

shopping location(s) in, 207

the Square Mile in, 175–176

Westminster borough of, 175, 212

women printmakers in, 75–90

London Chronicle, 194

London Courant, 45n21, 47n31

London Tradesman, 82

London und Paris, 216

Louis, Dauphin of France, 99

Louis XIV, King of France, 93

Loutherberg, Philip de: The Exhibition, 234

Louvre, Musée du (Paris), 32, 34

Cosway’s prints of, 33

Salons at, 115

Lutma, Jan, 64

‘macaronies,’ 163, 167, 169, 171, 184

Macaulay, Catherine, 169

Macklin, Charles, 168

Major, Thomas, 235

Mann, Horace, 145–146

Marillier, Clément-Pierre, 100

Marinkelle, Joseph, 22–24

Oprecht Verhaal wegens het portraitteeren, 22, 23n32, 23n34, 24

marketing of prints, 81, 115, 194–195, 239–242. See also advertising; self-promotion

Markey, Lia, 93, 98

Maronnie, B., 135n27

Marseille, Académie de peinture et de sculpture at, 102, 104–105

Marshall, Betty, 215, 217, 221

Mary, Duchess of Gloucester, 40, 53

Mary, Queen of Scots, 160

Mason, William, 51, 142

Massachusetts Gazette, 192n13

Massard, Jean: La Mère bien-aimée (Greuze), 120n64

Maxted, Ian, 240–241

Mayor, A. Hyatt, 145

Mayor, Barnabas, 157

McAllister-Johnson, W., 114

McArdell, James, 21

McKeever, Lou, 7, 155

Melcher, Jakob, 67

Menus Plaisirs, 99

Mercier, Dorothy Clapham, 159n18, 174, 176, 181

trade card of, 182

Mercier, Philippe, 181

Mercure de France, 117, 120n60

Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), 114n28, 145, 203, 204n66, 223n4, 224n7, 226n12, 227n14, 234n50

mezzotint engraving, 42, 43, 52, 79, 98, 230

satirical prints (drolls) in, 163, 168, 184

Mieris the Elder, Frans van: Allegory of Art, 101, 102

Milam, Jennifer, 1n2

Miller, Andrew, 179n19

Millinton, Edward, 152

minerals, trade in, 207, 209, 214

Minor, Heather Hyde, 124, 129

Mitchell, Matthew, 236

Moitte, Élisabeth Mélanie, 111

Moitte, Pierre Étienne, 111–117

Moitte, Rose Angélique, 111

Molteno, Anthony, 42

Molteno, Colnaghi & Co., 68

Montagu, Elizabeth, 50

Montigny Le Daulceur, Louise de, 112

morality

Blake’s work and, 193n18

Hogarth’s work and, 192–193

H. Humphrey and, 215

Morgan & Yeager, 252

Morland, George, 231

Lindamira, 228

Morning Reflection, 228

Morning Chronicle, and London Advertiser, 27, 45, 165, 167n46, 168, 185n42, 205n68

Morning Post, 36, 43, 46

Mortimer, Richard, 218n38

Mortimer, Roger, 160

Moser, Mary, 57–58

Mosley, Charles, 157n8, 179

Moulinneuf (M.), 105–106

Munich Academy of Art, 62, 63

Murphy, Arthur

The Grecian Daughter, 45, 48, 49

The Way to Keep Him, 46

Murray, Alexander, 167, 171

Museum of Old Newbury, 5, 245nn4, 5

Musgrave, Richard (Bt of Hayton Castle, Co. Cumberland), 144

Nagler, G. K., 130

Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France, 33

National Gallery of Art (Washington, DC), 134

Fraser Album in, 224

Rowlandson collection at, 236

natural history market (London), 207–210, 214

Nazarenes, 62–64, 71

Neoclassicism, 71

network(s), printmakers’, 3, 103

art agents and, 121

Cabinet Poullain made by, 101

commercial, 42

in 18th-century France, 93–94, 101, 103, 107, 115

French provincial académies in, 104–106

gendering of, 86

professional, 103

women negotiating, 112, 241

workshops and, 52, 85, 90, 94

Newburyport (MA), 249

Newburyport Female Charitable Society, 243–246, 244

Nichols, John, 193n15, 194

Biographical Anecdotes of William Hogarth, 189–190, 205

Niquet (Mlle), 120n64

nobility. See aristocracy

Nochlin, Linda, 11n2, 94n12

non-professional printmakers, 97, 138. See also professionalism in art

caricatures suggested by, 160

class, social status and, 97, 138–139

competence of, 140

difficulty researching, 138–139

Gillray publishes work by, 219, 221

prints by, in Bull and Walpole albums, 137, 141–148

Norfolk, Duchess of, 45

The North Briton, 164n32, 201

Northcote, James, 51

‘not artist’ status. See non-professional printmakers

Nuremberg (Germany), 68

O’Keeffe, W., 219

Old Watercolour Society, 89

Oudry, Jean Baptiste, 116

Overton, Mary Baker. See Sayer, Mary Baker Overton

Overton, Philip, 177, 178n15, 180

Oxford Almanack for the Year 1749, 179n21

painting(s), by women artists, 1, 11, 27, 41, 56, 70

M. Cosway and. See Cosway, Maria Hadfield

given as gifts, 16

Kauffmann and. See Kauffmann, Angelika

pecuniary restrictions of, 30

print reproduction of, 46, 47, 64, 67, 117–120

professionalism in, 25, 29, 38

of religious subjects, 58, 59, 62–63, 65, 67

of self-portraits. See self-portraits and portraiture

for stencils, 165

Panini, Giovanni Paolo

La Pyramide de Sextius, 109, 118

Les Trois Colonnes de Campo Vaccino, 109, 110, 118

Paris

bookselling and engraving in, 95–96

rue Saint-Jacques in, 95, 96, 98, 103

Saint-Benoît neighbourhood of, 96

women printmakers in, 92–107

Parker, Henry, 177, 202

Parliament (UK)

copyright considered by, 190, 199

Hogarth Act considered by, 195–196, 198

women and, 200

Parmegiano: St. Thais of Egypt, 145

Pasquin, Anthony, 157, 158n9, 159n17

Passe, Crispin de, 16–17

Les Vrais Pourtraits de quelques unes des Plus Grandes Dames de la Chrestiente, desguisées en Bergères, 16–17

Paul, Jeremiah, 250

Paulson, Ronald, 161n22

Pauncefote, Emma Smith, 28, 79

Payne, James, 222n2, 232

Payne, Matthew, 222n2, 232

pensions, from Royal Academy of Arts (London), 205

Perkins, Jacob, 249

Perry, Lara, 77n13

Peters, Hendrick (aka Tejonihokarawa), 178n14

petition (Parliament), 33n36, 195–199

Philadelphia (PA), 243

Akinses in, 247, 249–250

Charleses’ print business in, 252–253

Philips, Samuel, 32

Phillips, Richard, 53

photography, printmaking affected by, 71

Piazzetta, Giovanni Battista, 58

Pickering, Timothy, 250

Picot, Victor-Marie, 45n21

Pierre, Jean Baptiste Marie, 117–118

Pine, Charlotte, 208

Pine, Robert Edge, 41, 42

America, 44

Garrick Speaking the Ode, 50

W. Humphrey’s prints after, 208–209

Mrs. Siddons as Euphrasia, 45, 48, 49

C. Watson and, 41, 44–45

Pinhas, Hermann, 67

Pinto, John, 129

piracy of prints, 161n21, 194–195, 198, 201

Piranesi (née Pasquini), Angela (or Angelica), 125, 129n16

Piranesi, Angelo, 126, 128

Piranesi, Anna Maria, 126, 128, 129n18

Piranesi, Faustina Clementina Ludovica, 126

Piranesi, Francesco, 123, 126, 128, 129, 130, 134, 135

etching of cave of Posillipo by, 135–136

Piranesi, Giovanni Battista (or Giambattista), 5, 123–125

Antichità Romane, 130–131

dying intestate, 127–129

etching style of, 133

Invenzioni capricciose di carceri, 126

Magnificenze, 126

Opere varie di architettura, 126

Vedute Romane (Views of Rome), 126, 134

Piranesi, Laura Maria Gertrude, 5, 123

biographical background on, 130–131, 134

dowry and marriage of, 128–129

Sepolcro di Cecilia Metella or detto Capo di Bove, 132

Veduta degli avanzi del Tempio della Pace, 131

Veduta del Campidoglio, 131

Veduta del Castel Sant’Angelo di Roma, in tempo che spara la Girandola, 132, 135–136

Veduta del Ponte e del Castello S. Angelo nel tempo che si spara la Girandola, 135–136

Veduta del Ponte Salaro, 131

Veduta del Portico di Ottavia, 131

Veduta del tempio della Concordia, 131

Veduta del tempio della Sibilla in Tivoli (Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli), 132, 134

Veduta del Tempio di Antonino, oggi Dogana di Terra, 131, 134

Veduta del Tempio di Bacco oggi detto S. Urbano, 131

Veduta del tempio di Cibele nella piazza della Bocca della Verità, 131

Veduta dell’Anfiteatro Flavio d.o il Colosseo, 132

Veduta dell’Arco di Settimio Severo, 131

Veduta dell’Arco di Tito, 131

Veduta della Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, 132

Veduta della Fontana di Termini, 132

Veduta della Piramide di Caio Cestio 131

Veduta della Rotonda, 131

Tempio di Giano, 131

Veduta di Ponte Molle, 132, 134

Veduta di San Giovanni in Laterano, 131

views of Roman Pantheon and Colosseum, 135n27

Piranesi, Pietro, 126, 128, 129n18, 135

Pitt, William, 161, 218

Pitteri, Marco Alvise, 58

plate(s)

cancellation of, 69

date of first publishing on, 203

of Hogarth’s prints, 192

joining of, 53–54

quality variance among, 47

reuse/reissuance of, 42, 52, 61

scoring of, 16

sizing of, pricing and, 42–43, 69

stipple engraving’s use of, 42

political print(s). See also satirical print(s)

caricature and, 158

from E. d’Achery, 186–188, 229–230

by Mary Darly, 158–160, 171

by Matthias Darly, 157, 159, 162–163, 183–184

from H. and/or W. Humphreys, 186–188, 211–212, 214, 225

Jackson publishing, 227

Polwarth (Lady). See Yorke, Amabel (Lady Polwarth)

Polwhele, Richard, 36

Pompadour (Mme de), 112, 118

Ponce, Nicolas, 91, 100, 104

Cabinet Poullain, 101

Pond, Arthur, 178

Portland, Duchess of, 208, 212

portrait(s)

by Bakewell, 178

collections of, 148

of Mary Darly, 167

by Kauffmann, 58–61

mourning, 247

popularity of, 54

of E. Rowlandson, 234–235

self-. See self-portraits and portraiture

by Sledge, 185

stipple engraving for, 41–42

of women artists, by men, 20–21

posture prints. See caricature

Potter, Paulus, 83

Poullain, Antoine, 101

Poulson’s Daily Advertiser, 252n33

Poussin, Nicolas: Death of Germanicus, 51

Predl, Katharina von, 63

press(es), printing, 69, 151

in Charles sale, 252n33, 253

of H. Humphrey, 218

of T. Major, 235

Walpole’s, 142, 143

Prestel, Johann Gottlieb, 56, 68, 71

Prestel (née Höll), Maria Katharina, 4, 56–57, 68–71

The Triumph of Truth over Envy (Ligozzi), 69–70

pricelists, by Jane Hogarth, 205

pricing of prints, 33, 42, 54, 166, 183, 227, 231

print(s) (states)

colouring in, 61

copyright and, 202

of Hogarth’s A Rake’s Progress, 202

in Kauffmann’s oeuvre, 60–61

of L. Piranesi’s work, 134

pricing of, 33, 42, 54, 166, 183, 227, 231

signing of, 40, 69, 92, 99–100, 103

print(s) (subjects)

allegory, 11

architecture and landscape, 124, 133, 156–157, 231

beauty, 228

book illustrations, 77, 85, 97, 115–116

botanical, 57n4, 190

fashion, 46, 210, 219, 240

genre, 232

history, 11, 59–60

humour, 165–166

political events and issues. See political print(s)

satirical. See satirical print(s)

self-portraiture See self-portraits and portraiture

sporting, 232, 234

theatrical, 4, 41, 44–47

topographical, 77, 85

vedute (cityscapes; vistas), 124, 125, 131–132

print market(s). See also printseller(s)

in 18th-century France, 115

in 18th-century U.S., 243

in Georgian England, 239–242

international, 108

in London, 81

for pendant prints, 118

piracy in, 194–195, 198

women in. See women printmakers

print shop(s), 183, 210. See also printseller(s)

of H. Humphrey, layout of, 216–217

woman-owned and/or -run, 210

printer-booksellers, guild of, 95

Printing Women: Three Centuries of Female Printmakers, 1570–1900 [exhib.], 2n3

printmaking

drawings and. See drawing(s)

gender and, 2n3

networks and relationships in. See network(s), printmakers’

photography and, 71

processes for. See printmaking process(es)

Saint Jean-de-Luz edict affecting, 93–94

social class and, 14, 17, 97

training in. See education and training of printmakers

printmaking process(es), 82, 213

burin used in, 96, 97, 113

colour in, 41–42, 166

crayon-manner in. See crayon-manner engraving

engraving. See engravers and engraving(s)

etching. See etching(s)

gold leaf used in, 70n38

lithography. See lithography

multiplate, 69

multiple-etching, 133

plates used in. See plate(s)

Prestels’ experimentation with, 69

stipple. See stipple engraving

Walpole on, 143

printseller(s), 5–6, 31, 108, 242. See also print shop(s); publishers and publishing (prints)

cooperative ventures among. See business partnership(s)

diversity in offerings of, 192

in Philadelphia, 243–253

social class and, 6, 179–180, 188

specialisation among, 183

women, 12, 174–188, 210, 239–240

privilege, 36, 138

property and, 199

Probin, Ann, 79, 90

Probin, John, 79

professionalism in art, 2, 5, 6, 25. See also non-professional printmakers

in 18th-century England, 138, 140–141

English aristocracy and, 141–142

networks and. See network(s), printmakers’

print exhibitions (London) and, 168

reputation development and, 104–105, 115

satirical prints about, 28–29

training and. See education and training of printmakers

Walpole’s considerations of, 137, 141–143

for women, 29–30, 38–39, 56–57

promotion

of académiciens’ work, 104

self-. See self-promotion

through workshops, 14, 98

property (intangible), 190, 191, 195, 199, 236

prostitution, female artists’ self-promotion equated to, 12

Protestant Association, 170–171

Public Advertiser, 160, 161, 162n25, 163, 165–169, 192, 193n16

publication line(s)

on Livesay’s offerings, 204n61, 205

name of proprietor and date included in, 203–204

omission of (by women), 29n21, 151

publishers and publishing (prints), 5–6, 42, 181, 183. See also business partnership(s); printseller(s)

cooperative ventures among printsellers and, 224–225

Mary Darly as, 158–159

in Georgian England, 240–241

H. Humphrey as, 210, 218

specialization of, 183

strategies of, 183

women as, 174–188

Pulley, Hester Griffin Jackson, 174, 175, 176, 180–181

Quimby, Mary O’Brien, 243n3, 246n6

Quirinale, Palazzo del (Rome), 131, 132, 134

Rackley, Erika, 2–3

Raphael, 63

Sistine Madonna, 65, 67

Recueil d’Estampes d’après les plus célèbres Tableaux de la Galerie Royale de Dresde, 113

Reiffenstein, Johann Friedrich, 59

Reinhart, Johann Christian, 56

religion(s)

Ellenrieder’s art and, 63, 67

painting subjects from, 58, 59, 62–63, 65, 67

Roman Catholicism, 26, 65, 67, 71

Rembrandt

chiaroscuro of, in prints, 64

collecting drawings and prints by, 145, 152

copyists and imitators of, 144–145

The Hog, 145

Man in a Fur Cap, 144, 145

prints by, 64, 148n34

The Rat Catcher, 145

Rembrandt and His Wife Saskia, 145

Reni, Guido, 127, 148, 152

Repository of Arts (London), 31, 231

Repton, Humphry, 51–52, 230

Resolution (ship), 210

Revere, Paul: A Warm Place—Hell, 166n49

Reynolds, Joshua (Sir), 27, 40, 50, 53, 54, 79, 147–148

The Death of Cardinal Beaufort, 50–52

Omai, 184–185

Self-Portrait, 51

Sledge’s prints after, 184

Reynolds, Samuel William, 32

Richmond, Duchess of, 46

Ridley, William, 20

Rigaud, Hyacinthe, 103, 104

Rizzio, David, 160

Roberts, Ann, 240

Robinson, Mary ‘Perdita,’ 35–38, 43

Thoughts on the Condition of Women and on the Injustice of Mental Subordination, 35–36

Robinson, Thomas (Lord Grantham; 2nd Baron Grantham), 150

Rocque, John, 155

Roget, John Lewis, 88–89

Roland, Charles Nicolas, 118n46

Roman Catholicism, 26, 65, 67, 71

Rome, views of, from Piranesi family, 124–126, 131–133

Romney, George, 41, 184

Rosa, Salvator, 139, 147, 148, 152

Rose, Mark, 195

Rosenthal, Angela, 20

Rowlandson, Elizabeth. See Howitt, Elizabeth Rowlandson

Rowlandson, James, 222, 236

Rowlandson (née Chevalier), Jane, 222

Rowlandson, Thomas, 6, 28n15, 171, 186, 187, 209n10, 212, 219

1784, or The Fashions of the Day (Repton), 230

The Apotheosis of the Dutchess, 212

Brothers of the Whip, 233

Chamber of Genius (Collings), 227

Chamber of Taste (Collings), 227

Charity Covereth a Multitude of Sins, 233

Col. Topham Endeavouring with His Squirt to Extinguish the Genius of Holman, 233

Contrasting French and English Beauties, 228

Cosways and, 228

Covent Garden Nightmare, 229

E. d’Achery publishing, 228–229

Death of the Fox, 232

The Devonshire, or Most Approved Method of Securing Votes, 187, 212, 229

Dr. Syntax’s Tour, 251–252

Drown’d [also Finding the Shipwrecked Sailor], 236, 237, 238

English Manner and French Prudence, 233

Going Out in the Morning, 232

Going to Ride St George, 232

History of the Westminster Election, 212

Imitations of Modern Drawings, 223, 226–227, 241

E. Jackson publishing, 223–228

A Landing Place with Small Boats, 224

E. Lay publishing, 230–232

Liberty and Fame Introducing Female Patriotism to Britania [sic], 212

Married [and] Unmarried, 225, 228

More of Werter—The Separation (Collings), 227

Narcissus, 228

The Parachute, 227, 228

Picturesque Beauties of Boswell (Collings), 223–225, 225, 227

A Pretty Picture Book for Good Children, 236

as print publisher, 235

Quarterly Dunns, or Clamorous Tax Gatherers, 235

Rear-cart, 234

The Resurrection of an Internal View of the Museum in W-D-M-LL Street on the Last Day, 233

Rhedarium, 223

The Rotation Office, 233

The Shilling of the Value of a P[riv]y C[ouncillo]r’s Matrimonial Honor, 211

The Sorrows of Werter—The Last Interview (Collings), 227

Syrens, 228

Triumph of Hipocrasy [sic], 227

Triumph of Sentiment, 227

The Two Patriotic Duchess’s on their Canvass, 212

A View at Blackwall, 224

A View at Brighthelmstone, 224

A View near Folkstone with Fishermen Selling a Cargo, 224

A View near Shoreham with Smuglers [sic] Landing a Cargo, 224

The Village Doctor, 233

The Westminster Mendicant, 213

Wet Nurse Interrupted, 238

Wet under Foot, 233

women publishers of, 222–223, 239–240

Royal Academy of Arts (London), 27, 44, 89, 148–149, 168, 175, 185, 240, 247

on copyright, 198

M. Cosway at, 27

exhibition at (1786), 230

J. Hogarth’s pension from, 205

Kauffmann at, 44n18, 58, 186

Rowlandson at, 222, 234

women members of, 27, 30n24

Royal Academy Schools, 54

Royal Exchange (London), 157n8, 178

Royal Society, da Costa prosecuted by, 208

rue Saint-Jacques, (Paris), 95, 96, 98, 103

Ryder’s Court (London), Darly’s printshop at, 158–163

Ryland, Mary Brown. See Brown Ryland, Mary

Ryland, William Wynne, 41n7, 61, 183, 185–186, 192, 206

Sage, Letitia, 227

St. James’s Chronicle, Or, British Evening-Post, 29n19, 164n32, 192n13, 198

Saint Jean-de-Luz, edict of, 93–94

Salem Female Charitable Society, 245

Salmon, Daniel, 155

Sandby, Paul, 146, 152, 162n25

Sandrart, Jacob von, 14

Sandrart, Susanna Maria von, 14, 98

Sarrabat, Suzanne, 96n16

satirical print(s), 171, 183–184, 186–188, 200. See also caricature; political print(s)

advertisements for, 158–160

colour used on, 172

on Donaldson v. Becket, 197

on fashion, 219

about Hogarths, 200–201

Humphreys issuing, 211–212, 219

indictments arising from, 162–163

Jackson publishing, 227

subjects of, 169

women artists targeted by, 28

by women printmakers, 40n2

Sayer, James, 179, 218, 219, 233

Sayer, Mary Baker Overton, 159n18, 175–177

portrait of William IV, Prince of Orange, 178–179

Sayer, Robert, 157n8, 170, 179, 209

Les Satyres de Guillaume Hogarth, Oeuvre moral et Comique en LXXIX Sujets, 201–202

Sayer & Bennett, 170

Schertle, Valentin, 67

Schurman, Anna Maria van, 12, 14–16, 24

Schwerzmann, Josef Anton, 129

Schwerzmann, Luisa Clara Maria Gertrude Fortunata, 129

Scientific Researches, 218

Scratchley, Thomas, 157

Seidler, Louise, 63

Sejanus, 160

self-portraits and portraiture, 3

by female artists, 11–24

as gifts, 16–17, 21

by male artists, 11–12

by J. Reynolds, 51

by T. Rowlandson, 240

self-promotion. See also advertising

portraiture used for, 12

printmaking assisting in, 6, 70–71

Shakespeare, William. See also Boydell Shakespeare Gallery

Henry VI, 50–52

Jubilee of (1769), 50

The Tempest, 41, 44, 46–47, 50–52

C. Watson prints from plays by, 41, 44–47

Shell Warehouse (London), 208, 209

shells and shellwork, 207–208, 210, 214

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley: The Rivals, 169

Sherwin, John Keyse, 45, 49, 203

Shirreff, Charles: Siddons and Kemble in the Characters Tancred and Sigismunda, 45

Sickler, Friedrich, 56

Siddons, Sarah, 43, 45

as Euphrasia, 47, 48, 49

signature(s) (on art works), 13–14, 69, 83, 92, 99–100, 103

of Mary Darly, 156

on L. Piranesi prints, 134

on plates, 112

Sign-Painters’ Exhibition (1762), 200

Siries, Violante Beatrice, 26

Sledge, Susanna, 175, 180, 183–185, 192n12, 210–211

Omai (Reynolds), 184–185

Sledge, Thomas, 184

Sloan, Kim, 140–141, 144, 146, 150

Smith, Charlotte, 28

Smith, Eliza, 79

Smith, Emma, 28, 79

Smith, John Raphael, 79, 209, 211, 219, 223, 227, 235, 240

Smith, Joseph, 21

Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington, DC), 243

Sneyd, John, 215

social status. See class(es), social

Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, 208

Society of Artists, 44, 168, 181

Society of Artists of Great Britain, 157n7, 168

J. Hogarth’s work with, 195–198

Sofonisba Anguissola, 11n1–11n2, 15n9

Somerset House Gazette, 217

Sommerau, Ludwig, 20

Sophia, Princess of England, 40n4, 53

Spencer, Lavinia, 21, 22

Spornberg, Jacob, 169n59

Spring Gardens (London), 44

Square Mile district (London), 175–176

Stanley, George, 215, 218

Stationers’ Company (London), 78n19, 173n71, 176n4, 192–193

Statute of Anne (1710), 194n22, 196

stencils, 165, 166n39

Stephens, F.G., 156n4

stipple engraving, 40, 41–42, 51n42, 185–186, 230. See also crayon-manner engraving

in Cabinet Poullain, 101, 102

of E. Jackson prints, 228

for Prestel prints, 69

in theatrical prints, 46, 47

women practicing, 42n8

Strawberry Hill, 137, 143, 148, 151

Stuart, Gilbert

Benjamin West portrait, 53

William Woolett portrait, 53

Stubbs, George Townly, 213

studios. See workshop(s), printing

Sunderland (Lord), 145

Sweetser, Sally, 245

Tallis, John, 216

Tardieu, Jacques Nicolas, 111

Tardieu, Nicolas-Henri, 91, 96, 103–104

Portrait de Jean Soanen, 98–99

Taylor, Ann, 76, 77, 81, 86, 87, 90, 159n18

Autobiography and Other Memorials of Mrs Gilbert (Formerly Ann Taylor), 77n10

Taylor, Elizabeth, 199

Taylor, Isaac, 76–77, 81, 86

Taylor, Jane, 76, 77, 81, 87, 90

Taylor, Walter, 199

Tegg, 239, 241

Tejonihokarawa (aka Hendrick Peters), 178n14

Teniers, David, 117

Terry, Garnett, 197

Tessin (Comte de), 117

Theyanoguin, 178

Thicknesse, Philip, 214

Thieme, U., 130

Thompson, John Peter, 61

Thornhill, James (Sir), 190

Thornhill, Judith (Lady), 190

Tiberius, Emperor of Rome, 160

Tomkins, Peltro William, 32, 46

Topham, Edward: The Macaroni Print Shop, 167

Tournay (Tardieu), Claire, 111

Townshend, George, 160

The Recruiting Serjeant, 158

trade cards. See card(s), trade

Triennial Directory (1817–19), 236

Trimmer, Sarah, 186

Trusler, John (Rev.)

business relationship with Jane Hogarth of, 192–194

Memoirs, 194n22

Turner (Mrs.), neighbor of H. Humphrey, 218

Turner, J.M.W., 85

Turner, Rebecca, 218n39

Turner, Sarah, 218n39

Uffizi (Florence), 33

United States, women print publishers in, 6, 243–253

van der Wilp, Sara Maria, 22–24

Van Dyck, Anthony, 17, 23

van Schurman, Anna Maria, 12, 14–16, 24

vedute, 124, 125

by L. Piranesi, 130–134

Vence (Comte de; Claude Alexandre de Villeneuve), collection of, 114

Vernet, Joseph

La Belle Après-dinée, 119

Le Calme, 118–119

Les Commerçants Turcs, 120–121

Le Départ de la chaloupe, 120

engravings of works by, 119–120

L’Heureux passage, 120

Les Pêcheurs napolitains, 120

Les Suites d’un naufrage, 121

La Tempête, 118–119

Verrue (Comtesse de), 118

Victoria, Queen of England, 63

Views of Rome (pub, Bouchard), 126

Vigée-Le Brun, Élisabeth, 101

Villeneuve, Claude Alexandre de (Comte de Vence), collection of, 114

Vivares, François, 186

The Enchanted Castle, 186n46

Vivares, Susanna (or Susan) Parker, 159, 175, 176, 183, 185–186

The Enchanted Castle (F.Vivares), 186n46

Vives, Juan, 14n8

The Instruction of a Christian Woman, 14n8

Wagner, Joseph, 21

Wakefield, Priscilla: Reflections on the Present Condition of the Female Sex, 80–81

Walker, Adam, 189n1

Walpole, Horace (Lord Orford), 142–143, 148, 160, 167, 204

Anecdotes of Painting in England, 189–190

‘Book of Materials,’ 146

collecting by, 148

A Collection of Prints Engraved by Various Persons of Quality, 137, 141–145, 147, 149, 151, 152

Description of the Villa at Strawberry Hill, 137, 148

etchings after Rembrandt collected by, 145

on women’s rationality, 199–200

‘Works of Genius at Strawberryhill [sic] by Persons of rank and Gentlemen, not Artists,’ 137

Ward, William, 235

Ware, Isaac: A Complete Body of Architecture, 156–157

Washington, George, mourning portraits of, 247

Watelet, Claude Henri, 117–118

L’Art de peindre, 117, 118n46

M. Le Comte portrait, 118n47

Watson, Caroline, 4, 35–38, 40–55, 87

Boydell Shakespeare Gallery prints by, 41, 50–52

Contemplation (Reynolds), 53

The Death of Cardinal Beaufort (Reynolds), 41, 50–52

Ferdinand and Miranda Playing Chess (Wheatley), 41, 50–52

Garrick Speaking the Ode (Pine), 41, 43, 44–45, 48n34, 50

Hayley and, 52–54, 79–80

The Life of Romney, 43n17, 53

Maternal Tuition, 42n10, 43n15

Miranda (Pine), 41, 44, 45, 46–47, 48n34, 51n44

Mrs. Siddons as Euphrasia (Pine), 41, 44–45, 47–49, 48

Ophelia (Pine), 41, 44–47

Reynolds self-portrait, 51

Siddons and Kemble in the Characters Tancred and Sigismunda (Shirreff), 45, 49

West portrait (Stuart), 53

Woolett portrait (Stuart), 53

Watson, James, 41, 44n20, 45

Watteau, Antoine, 97

Wessenberg, Ignaz Heinrich Freiherr von, Vicar General of Konstanz, 62, 64, 65

West, Benjamin, 53, 54, 247

Westman, Annabel, 155

Westminster (London borough), 175, 183

Wheatley, Francis, 51

White, Christopher, 141

Whitehall Evening Post, 25, 180nn24

widow(s), 95, 159, 174, 176

husbands’ print businesses assumed by, 177–178, 183, 186, 190–192, 252–253

Wigstead, Henry, 223

Wilde, Jacob de, 12–13, 18

Wilde, Maria de, 12, 13, 14, 17–18

Signa Antiqua e Museo Jacobi de Wilde, 18

Wilkes, John, 163, 164, 167, 200–201

will(s)

of J. Akin, 249

of Bartlet Bakewell, 177

of N. d’Archey, 187

of Darly Colley, 173

of Gillray, 215, 219

of Grimm, 185

of W. Hogarth, 191

of S. Howitt, 235–236

of E. Humphrey, 218nn38–218nn39

of G. Humphrey Sr., 187

of H. Humphrey, 174, 216, 221

in Roman statutory law, 127–128

of J. Rowlandson, 222

William IV, Prince of Orange, 178–179

Williams, John (aka Anthony Pasquin), 157, 158n9, 159n17

Wilp, Sara Maria van der, 22–24

Wilson, Thomas, 169

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 59, 60, 61

Wollstonecraft, Mary, 1, 30, 36

A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 30, 36

women

as apprentices, 78–80, 88–89

archival information about, lack of, 253

as artists. See women artist(s)

businesses run by, 75, 239

as collectors of art, 118

conforming to male-dictated standards, 23–24

feminism and, 1, 3, 77

law making and, 199

money earned by, 30

patronising female artists, 43

as printmakers. See women printmakers

as printsellers, 12, 175, 179–180, 239–240, 248

as publishers of prints, 174–188, 239–240

rationality of, Walpole on, 199–200

rights of (18th century), 25

as subjects of satire, 28–29, 169

women artist(s). See also women printmakers

in French provincial academies, 104–105

fresco by, 58, 63

male counterparts’ roles in careers of, 112

modesty required of, 14, 15

networking among, 85–86

professional status of. See professionalism in art

proximity to Académie royale (Paris) of, 103–104

satirical prints aimed at, 28–29

training of, 77

women as patrons of, 43

women printmakers, 1–2, 233, 242, 248. See also women artist(s)

as anonymous artisans, 12, 91

in Basan’s Dictionnaire, 108, 112n16

earning a living, 42, 81, 216

Edict of Saint Jean-de-Luz affecting, 93–94

among English aristocracy, 142

in France, 4–5, 91–122

marriage to, 98–99, 215–216

networking among, 85–86

in Philadelphia, 243

‘practical dowries’ for, 98

professional status of. See professionalism in art

self-portraiture by, 11–24

training of, 76–77, 82, 93–95

works signed by, 40, 69, 92, 99–100, 103

in workshops. See workshop(s), printing

Woolett, William, 186n46, 206

Woolf, Virginia: A Room of One’s Own, 123

Woolfe, John, 164

Worcester Art Museum (MA), 245n4

Art in New England, Early New England Printmakers, 250

workshop(s), printing, 11

apprenticeships and, 78–80, 88–89

Darlys’ business and. See Darly, Mary and Matthias, print business of

family-based, 4, 5, 6, 13–14, 40n2, 75–90, 210, 242, 248, 251, 252

home blended with business in, 86–88

in London, 75–90, 175

networks among, 42, 52, 85, 90, 94

in Paris, 92–107

of Piranesi family, 123, 126

promotion via, 14, 98

Saint Jean-de-Luz edict and, 93–94

training at, 80–81

Wortley, Clare Stuart: ‘Amateur Etchers,’ 139, 141

Wray, Cecil (Sir), 227

Wright, Thomas: Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray, 218

Wright of Derby, Joseph, 26

writing engraving. See letter engraving

Würth, Anton, 70n38

Wynne Ryland, William. See Ryland, William Wynne

Yorke, Agneta, 149, 150

Yorke, Amabel (Lady Polwarth), 140, 149–151, 152

View in Studley Park, 150

Yorke, Caroline (Lady), 140, 149–151, 152

View on Beaulieu River (A. Yorke), 149

Young, Arthur, 121

Zofani, Johan, 26

Zucchi, Antonio, 58

Zucchi, Giuseppe Carlo, 61

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