Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T19:37:43.295Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Impact of social anxiety on the processing of emotional information in video-mediated interaction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

Pierre Philippot
Affiliation:
Université de Louvain, Belgium
Céline Douilliez
Affiliation:
University of Lille 3, France
Arvid Kappas
Affiliation:
Jacobs University Bremen
Nicole C. Krämer
Affiliation:
Universität Duisburg–Essen
Get access

Summary

Overview: This chapter discusses whether various modes of internet communication affect differently socially anxious individuals as compared to nonanxious. It reviews the literature on the relationship between internet use and social adjustment, mainly, social anxiety and loneliness. Next, it develops the reasons why the mainstream modes of communication on the internet, i.e., chats and emails, are appealing to socially anxious and lonely individuals. It also reviews the literature showing that these individuals are indeed presenting different patterns of communication on the internet as compared to nonanxious individuals. Then, it examines whether the introduction of a video-channel in internet communication constitutes a difficulty for socially anxious people. It concludes by suggesting new directions for research at the applied or clinical levels as well as at the fundamental level.

Since the development of emailing more than 30 years ago, communication on the internet has impressively grown, in terms of quantity as well as technology (Pew Internet and American Life, 2002). It now allows various forms of communication: instant messages, chat, email, phonemail, Skype, social networking sites, etc. From a psychological perspective, these different forms of communication have different implications in terms of the type of message conveyed and its emotional impact.

In this chapter, we will examine the relationship between social anxiety and internet communication. Our rationale is that these various modes of internet communication might affect differently people who are not at ease in the presence of others.

Type
Chapter
Information
Face-to-Face Communication over the Internet
Emotions in a Web of Culture, Language, and Technology
, pp. 127 - 143
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amir, N., McNally, R. J., Riemann, B. C., Burns, J., Lorenz, M., and Mullen, J. T. (1996). Suppression of the emotional Stroop effect by increased anxiety in patients with social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 945–948.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amir, N., Foa, E. B., and Coles, M. E. (1998). Automatic activation and strategic avoidance of threat-relevant information in social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 285–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amir, N., Freshman, M., and Foa, E. (2002). Enhanced Stroop interference for threat in social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 16, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asmundson, G. J. G. and Stein, M. B. (1994). Selective processing of social threat in patients with generalized social phobia: evaluation using a dot-probe paradigm. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8, 107–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bargh, J. A., McKenna, K. Y., and Fitzsimons, G. M. (2002). Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the “true self” on the Internet. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 33–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic (2nd edn.). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Emery, G., and Greenberg, R. L. (1985). Cognitive structures and anxiogenic rules. In Beck, A. T., Emery, G., and Greenberg, R. L. (eds), Anxiety Disorders and Phobias (pp. 54–66). New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Boucsein, W. and Wendt-Suhl, G. (1980). An experimental investigation of elements involved in the anticipation of public speaking. Archive für Psychologie, 133, 149–156.Google ScholarPubMed
Caplan, S. (2007). Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic internet use. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10, 234–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, Y. P., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., and Mansell, W. (2002). Patients with social phobia direct their attention away from faces. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 677–687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, D. M. (1999). Anxiety disorders: why do they persist and how to treat them. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 5–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, D. M. and McManus, F. (2002). Information processing in social phobia. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 92–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, D. M. and Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In Heimberg, R., Liebowitz, M., Hope, D. A., and Schneier, F. R. (eds), Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Treatment (pp. 69–93). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Douilliez, C. and Philippot, P. (2003). Biais dans l'évaluation explicite de stimuli verbaux et non-verbaux: effet de l'anxiété sociale. Revue Francophone de Clinique Comportementale et Cognitive, 8, 12–18.Google Scholar
Erwin, B., Turk, C., Heimberg, R., Fresco, D., and Hantula, D. (2004). The internet: home to a severe population of individuals with social anxiety disorder?Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 629–646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Foa, E. B., and Amir, N. (1999). Attentional biases for facial expressions in social phobia: the face-in-the-crowd paradigm. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 305–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harman, J., Hansen, C., Cochran, M., and Lindsey, C. (2005). Liar, liar: internet faking but not frequency of use affects social skills, self-esteem, social anxiety, and aggression. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 8, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heimberg, R.-G., Mueller, G. P., Holt, C. S., Hope, D. A., and Liebowitz, M. R. (1992). Assessment of anxiety in social interaction and being observed by others – the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale. Behavior Therapy, 23, 53–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, U. and Blairy, S. (1995). Set of Emotional Facial Stimuli. Montreal, Canada: Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal.Google Scholar
Hess, U., Blairy, S., and Kleck, R. E. (1997). Intensity of emotional facial expression and decoding accuracy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21, 241–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, L. K., Lin, C. Y., Steed, A., Swapp, D., and Slater, M. (2003). Social anxiety in virtual environments: results of a pilot study. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 6, 237–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joinson, A. (1998). Causes and implications of disinhibited behavior on the internet. In Gackenbach, J. (ed.), Psychology and the Internet (pp. 43–60). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Joinson, A. (1999). Social desirability, anonymity, and internet-based questionnaires. Behavior Research: Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 31, 433–438.Google ScholarPubMed
Kim, H. and Davis, K. (2009). Toward a comprehensive theory of problematic internet use: evaluating the role of self-esteem, anxiety, flow, and the self-rated importance of internet activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 490–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Landmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., and Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: a social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?American Psychologist, 53, 1017–1031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, J. M. and Ku, J. H. (2002). Virtual reality system for treatment of the fear of public speaking using image-based rendering and movie pictures. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 5, 191–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loytskert, J. and Aiello, J. (1997, April). Internet addiction and its personality correlates. Paper presented at the 68th meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Maidenberg, E., Chen, E., Craske, M., Bohn, P., and Bystritsky, A. (1996). Specificity of attentional bias in panic disorder and social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 529–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansell, W., Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., and Chen, Y. P. (1999). Social anxiety and attention away from emotional faces. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 673–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattia, J. I., Heimberg, R. G., and Hope, D. A. (1993). The revised Stroop color-naming task in social phobics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 305–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKenna, K. Y. A. and Bargh, J. A. (2000). Plan 9 for cyberspace: the implications of the internet for personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 57–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merckelbach, H., Hout, W., Hout, M. A., and Mersch, P. P. (1989). Psychophysiological and subjective reactions of social phobics and normals to facial stimuli. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 289–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Bono, J., and Painter, M. (1997). Time course of attentional bias for threat information in non-clinical anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 297–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mogg, K. and Bradley, B. P. (1999). Some methodological issues in assessing attentional biases for threatening faces in anxiety: a replication study using a modified version of the probe detection task. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 595–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mogg, K. and Bradley, B. P. (2002). Selective orienting of attention to masked threat faces in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1403–1414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mogg, K. and Bradley, B. V. P. (1998). A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 809–848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mogg, K., Philippot, P., and Bradley, B. (2004). Selective attention to angry faces in a clinical sample with social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 160–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morahan-Martin, J. and Schumacher, P. (2000). Incidence and correlates of pathological internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 16, 2–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morahan-Martin, J. and Schumacher, P. (2003). Loneliness and social uses of the internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 19, 659–671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musa, C. Z. and Lépine, J. P. (2000). Cognitive aspects of social phobia: a review of theories and experimental research. European Psychiatry, 15, 59–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Öhman, A. and Soares, J. J. F. (1993). On the automatic nature of phobic fear: conditioned electrodermal responses to masked fear-relevant stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 121–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Toole, K. (2000). Study offers early look at how internet is changing daily life. Standford News. http://news.standford.edu/pr/00/000216internet.html.Google Scholar
Pélissolo, A., André, C., Moutard-Martin, M. F., Wittchen, H. U., and Lépine, J. -P. (2000). Social phobia in the community: relationship between diagnostic threshold and prevalence. European Psychiatry, 15, 25–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
,Pew Internet and American Life Project (2002). Teenage life online: the rise of instant message generation and the internet's impact on friendships and family relationship. www.pewinternet.org/reports/2001/Teenage-Life-Online.aspx.
Philippot, P. and Douilliez, C. (2005). Social phobics do not misinterpret facial expression of emotion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(5), 639–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapee, R. M. and Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741–756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, E. (1993). Electronic chat: social issues on the Internet Relay Chat. Media Information Australia, 67, 62–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 20–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Safren, S. A. and Turk, C. L. (1998). Factor structure of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 443–453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savitsky, K. and Gilovich, T. (2003). The illusion of transparency and the alleviation of speech anxiety. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 618–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnarch, D. (1997). Sex, intimacy, and the internet. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 22, 15–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schouten, A., Valkenburg, P., and Peter, J. (2007). Precursors and underlying processes of adolescents' online self-disclosure: developing and testing an ‘internet-attribute-perception’ model. Media Psychology, 10, 292–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheldon, P. (2008). The relationship between unwillingness-to-communicate and students' Facebook use. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 20, 67–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepherd, R. M. and Edelmann, R. J. (2001). Caught in the web. Psychologist, 14, 520–521.Google Scholar
Solano, C. and Koester, N. (1989). Loneliness and communication problems: subjective anxiety or objective skills?Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 126–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spurr, J. M. and Stopa, L. (2002). Self-focused attention in social phobia and social anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 947–975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Watson, D. and Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiller, E., Bisserbe, J. -C., Maier, W., and Lecrubier, Y. (1998). Prevalence and recognition of anxiety syndromes in five European primary care settings: a report from the WHO study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care. British Journal of Psychiatry, 17, 18–23.Google Scholar
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., and Mathews, A. (1999). Cognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders (2nd edn.). Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Young, K. (1998). Caught in the Net. How to Recognize Signs of Internet Addiction and a Winning Strategy for Recovery. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×