Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- PART I INTRODUCTION: THE EXPERIENCE OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
- PART II THE EXPERIENCE SAMPLING METHOD: PROCEDURES AND ANALYSES
- PART III EXPERIENCE SAMPLING STUDIES WITH CLINICAL SAMPLES
- PART IV THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF THE EXPERIENCE SAMPLING METHOD
- PART V PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH APPLICATIONS: PRACTICAL ISSUES and ATTENTION POINTS
- 26 Practical issues in psychiatric applications of ESM
- 27 Selecting measures, diagnostic validity and scaling in the study of depression
- 28 Research alliance and the limit of compliance: Experience Sampling with the depressed elderly
- 29 The importance of assessing base rates for clinical studies: an example of stimulus control of smoking
- 30 Infrequently occurring activities and contexts in time-use data
- 31 Technical note: devices and time-sampling procedures
- CLOSING Looking to the future
- References
- List of contributors
- Index
29 - The importance of assessing base rates for clinical studies: an example of stimulus control of smoking
from PART V - PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH APPLICATIONS: PRACTICAL ISSUES and ATTENTION POINTS
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 May 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- PART I INTRODUCTION: THE EXPERIENCE OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
- PART II THE EXPERIENCE SAMPLING METHOD: PROCEDURES AND ANALYSES
- PART III EXPERIENCE SAMPLING STUDIES WITH CLINICAL SAMPLES
- PART IV THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF THE EXPERIENCE SAMPLING METHOD
- PART V PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH APPLICATIONS: PRACTICAL ISSUES and ATTENTION POINTS
- 26 Practical issues in psychiatric applications of ESM
- 27 Selecting measures, diagnostic validity and scaling in the study of depression
- 28 Research alliance and the limit of compliance: Experience Sampling with the depressed elderly
- 29 The importance of assessing base rates for clinical studies: an example of stimulus control of smoking
- 30 Infrequently occurring activities and contexts in time-use data
- 31 Technical note: devices and time-sampling procedures
- CLOSING Looking to the future
- References
- List of contributors
- Index
Summary
Cigarette smoking poses serious health risks, including cancer (US DHHS, 1982), cardiovascular disease (US DHHS, 1983) and chronic obstructive lung disease (USD DHHS, 1984); it is the leading cause of premature death and disease in the Western World. Despite these dangers, one quarter to one half of adults smoke in North America and Europe. Several theoretical models have attempted to explain – with limited success – why people continue to smoke in the face of such severe consequences.
Most current theories emphasize the role of nicotine and nicotine dependence in smoking. These models assert that, once smokers become addicted, their smoking is driven by the need to avoid the nicotine withdrawal symptoms they experience when they go without tobacco (e.g. Jarvik, 1979; Schachter, 1978). This implies that smokers smoke in order to keep nicotine from dropping below a certain level in their bloodstreams. Additionally, it has been suggested that smokers may also strive to achieve acute peaks or surges of blood nicotine that produce direct and immediate pharmacological effects (Russell & Feyerabend, 1978). Some of these effects seem to include: enhancement of pleasure, stimulation, improvement of learning and performance on cognitive tasks, and anxiety reduction (see Pomerleau & Pomerleau, 1984, and Russell, 1976, for reviews).
A simple pharmacological dependence model predicts that smoking will occur at regular intervals, as nicotine is depleted from the bloodstream. However, studies indicate that smoking is cued by a variety of environmental and proprioceptive stimuli.
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- Information
- The Experience of PsychopathologyInvestigating Mental Disorders in their Natural Settings, pp. 347 - 352Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1992
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