Acitelli, L. K. (1988). When spouses talk to each other about their relationship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5, 185–199. doi:10.1177=026540758800500204Google Scholar

Acitelli, L. K. (2001). Maintaining and enhancing a relationship by attending to it. In Harvey, J. H. & Wenzel, A. (eds.), Close romantic relationships: maintenance and enhancement (pp. 153–167). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Acitelli, L. K. (2008). Knowing when to shut up: Do relationship reflections help or hurt relationship satisfaction? In Forgas, J. P. & Fitness, J. (eds.), Social relationships: Cognitive, affective, and motivational processes (pp. 115–129). New York, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Afifi, T. D., Afifi, W. A., Merrill, A. F., & Nimah, N. (2016). “Fractured communities”: Uncertainty, stress, and (a lack of) communal coping in Palestinian refugee camps. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 44, 343–361. doi: 10.1080/00909882.2016.1225166CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Afifi, T. D., Caughlin, J. P., & Afifi, W. A. (2007). The dark side (and light side) of avoidance and secrets. In Spitzberg, B. H. & Cupach, W. R. (eds.), The dark side of interpersonal communication, 2nd edition (pp. 61–62). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Afifi, T. D., Davis, S., Merrill, A. F., Coveleski, S., Denes, A., & Afifi, W. A. (2015). In the wake of the great recession: Economic uncertainty, communication, and biological stress responses in families. Human Communication Research, 41, 268–302. doi: 10.1111/hcre.12048Google Scholar

Afifi, T. D., Hutchinson, S., & Krouse, S. (2006). Toward a theoretical model of communal coping in post-divorce families and other naturally occurring groups. Communication Theory, 16, 378–409. doi:10.1111/j.1468–2885.2006.00275.xGoogle Scholar

Afifi, T. D., & Schrodt, P. (2003). Uncertainty and the avoidance of the state of one’s family in stepfamilies, post-divorce single-parent families, and first-marriage families. Human Communication Research, 29, 516–532. doi:10.1111/j.1468–2958.2003.tb00854.xGoogle Scholar

Afifi, W. A. (2010). Uncertainty and information management in interpersonal contexts. In Smith, S. W. and Wilson, S. R. (eds.), New directions in interpersonal communication research (pp. 94–114). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi: 10.4135/9781483349619.n5Google Scholar

Afifi, W. A., & Afifi, T. D. (2009). Avoidance among adolescents in conversations about their parents’ relationship: Applying the theory of motivated information management. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 488–511. doi: 10.1177/0265407509350869Google Scholar

Afifi, W. A., Afifi, T. D., & Merrill, A. (2014). Uncertainty and control in the context of a category-five tornado. Research in Nursing and Health, 37, 358–366. doi: 10.1002/nur.21613CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Afifi, W. A., Afifi, T. D., Robbins, S., & Nimah, N. (2013). The relative impact of uncertainty and mothers’ communication on hopelessness among Palestinian refugee youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83, 495–504. doi: 10.1111/ajop.12051Google Scholar

Afifi, W. A., & Burgoon, J. K. (1998). “We never talk about that”: A comparison of cross-sex friendships and dating relationships on uncertainty and topic avoidance. Personal Relationships, 5, 255–272. doi: 10.1111/j.1475–6811.1998.tb00171.xGoogle Scholar

Afifi, W. A., Dillow, M. R., & Morse, C. (2004). Examining predictors and consequences of information seeking in close relationships. Personal Relationships, 11, 429–449. doi: 10.1111/j.1475–6811.2004.00091.xGoogle Scholar

Afifi, W. A., & Guerrero, L. K. (1998). Some things are better left unsaid II: Topic avoidance in friendships. Communication Quarterly, 46, 231–249. doi: 10.1080/01463379809370099Google Scholar

Afifi, W. A., & Guerrero, L. K. (2000). Motivations underlying topic avoidance in close relationships. In Petronio, S. (ed.), Balancing the secrets of private disclosures (pp. 165–179). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Afifi, W. A., Makhoul, J., El Hajj, T., & Nakkash, R. T. (2011). Developing a logic model for youth mental health: Participatory research with a refugee community in Beirut. Health Policy and Planning, 26, 508–517. doi:10.1093/heapol/czr001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Afifi, W. A., & Metts, S. (1998). Characteristics and consequences of expectation violations in close relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 365–393. doi: 10.1177/0265407598153004CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Afifi, W. A., Morgan, S. E., Stephenson, M. T., Morse, C., Harrison, T., Reichert, T., & Long, S. D. (2006). Examining the decision to talk with family about organ donation: Applying the theory of motivated information management. Communication Monographs, 73, 188–215. doi: 10.1080/03637750600690700CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Afifi, W. A., & Morse, C. R. (2009). Expanding the role of emotion in the theory of motivated information management. In Afifi, T. D. and Afifi, W. A. (eds.), Uncertainty, information management, and disclosure decisions: Theories and applications (pp. 87–105). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Afifi, W. A., & Reichert, T. (1996). Understanding the role of uncertainty in jealousy experience and expression. Communication Reports, 9, 93–103.Google Scholar

Afifi, W. A., & Weiner, J. L. (2004). Toward the theory of motivated information management. Communication Theory, 14, 167–190. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2885.2004.tb00310.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Afifi, W. A., & Weiner, J. L. (2006). Seeking information about sexual health: Applying the theory of motivated information management. Human Communication Research, 32, 35–57. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.2006.00002.xGoogle Scholar

Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.Google Scholar

Asendorpf, J. B., & Wilpers, S. (1998). Personality effects on social relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1531–1544. doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.74.6.1531Google Scholar

Aune, K. S., Aune, R. K., & Buller, D. B. (1994). The experience, expression, and perceived appropriateness of emotions across levels of relationship development Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 141–150. doi: 10.1080/00224545.1994.9711377Google Scholar

Babrow, A. S. (1992). Communication and problematic integration: Understanding diverging probability and value, ambiguity, ambivalence, and impossibility. Communication Theory, 2, 95–130. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2885.1992.tb00031.xGoogle Scholar

Babrow, A. S. (1995). Communication and problematic integration: Milan Kundera’s “lost letters” in The Book of Laughter and Forgetting. Communication Monographs, 62, 283–300. doi: 10.1080/03637759509376364Google Scholar

Babrow, A. S. (2001). Uncertainty, value, communication, and problematic integration. Journal of Communication, 51, 553–573. doi: 10.1111/j.1460–2466.2001.tb02896.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Babrow, A. S. (2007). Problematic integration theory. In Whaley, B. B. and Samter, W. (eds.), Explaining communication: Contemporary theories and exemplars (pp. 181–200). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Babrow, A. S., & Matthias, M. S. (2009). Generally unseen challenges in uncertainty management: An application of problematic integration theory. In Afifi, T. D. and Afifi, W. A. (eds.), Uncertainty and information regulation in interpersonal contexts: theories and applications (pp. 9–25). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Barbour, J. A., Rintamaki, L. S., Ramsey, J. A., & Brashers, D. E. (2012). Avoiding health information. Journal of Health Communication, 17, 212–229. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2011.585691Google Scholar

Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226–244. doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.61.2.226CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baxter, L. A. (1987). Symbols of relationship identity in relationship cultures. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4, 261–280. doi: 10.1177/026540758700400302CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baxter, L. A. (1988). A dialectical perspective of communication strategies in relationship development. In Duck, S. (ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 257–273). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Baxter, L. A., & Braithwaite, D. O. (2009). Reclaiming uncertainty: The formation of new meanings. In Afifi, T. D. & Afifi, W. A. (eds.), Uncertainty, information management, and disclosure decisions: Theories and applications (pp. 26–44). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Baxter, L. A., & Bullis, C. (1986). Turning points in developing romantic relationships. Human Communication Research, 12, 469–493. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.1986.tb00088.xGoogle Scholar

Baxter, L. A., & Montgomery, B. M. (1996). Relating: Dialogues and dialectics. New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar

Baxter, L. A., & Wilmot, W. W. (1984). “Secret tests”: Strategies for acquiring information about the state of the relationship. Human Communication Research, 11, 171–201. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.1984.tb00044.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baxter, L. A., & Wilmot, W. W. (1985). Taboo topics in close relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2, 253–269. doi: 10.1177/0265407585023002Google Scholar

Berger, C. R. (1975). Proactive and retroactive attribution processes in interpersonal communications. Human Communication Research, 2, 33–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.1975.tb00467.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berger, C. R. (1979). Beyond initial interaction: Uncertainty, understanding, and the development of interpersonal relationships. In Giles, H. & St. Clair, R. (eds.), Language and social psychology (pp. 122–144). Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.Google Scholar

Berger, C. R. (1987). Communicating under uncertainty. In Roloff, M. E. & Miller, G. R. (eds.), Interpersonal processes: New directions in communication research (pp. 39–62). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Berger, C. R. (1988). Uncertainty and information exchange in developing relationships. In Duck, S. (ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 239–256). Chichester, England: Wiley.Google Scholar

Berger, C. R. (1997). Producing messages under uncertainty. In Greene, J. O. (ed.), Message production: Advances in communication theory (pp. 221–244). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Berger, C. R. (2002). Strategic and nonstrategic information acquisition. Human Communication Research, 28, 287–297. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.2002.tb00809.xGoogle Scholar

Berger, C. R., & Bradac, J. J. (1982). Language and social knowledge: Uncertainty in interpersonal relationships. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar

Berger, C. R., & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some exploration in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99–112. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.1975.tb00258.xGoogle Scholar

Berger, C. R., & Gudykunst, W. B. (1991). Uncertainty and communication. In Dervin, B. and Voight, M. J. (eds.), Progress in communication sciences, volume 10 (pp. 21–66). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar

Berger, C. R., & Jordan, J. M. (1992). Planning sources, planning difficulty and verbal fluency. Communication Monographs, 59, 130–149. doi: 10.1080/03637759209376257Google Scholar

Berger, C. R., & Kellermann, K. A. (1983). To ask or not to ask: Is that a question? In Bostrom, R. (ed.), Communication yearbook 7 (pp. 342–368). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. doi: 10.1080/23808985.1983.11678542Google Scholar

Berger, C. R., & Kellermann, K. A. (1994). Acquiring social information. In Daly, J. A. and Wiemann, J. M. (eds.), Strategic interpersonal communication (pp. 1–31). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Bernieri, F. J., & Rosenthal, R. (1991). Interpersonal coordination: Behavior matching and interactional synchrony. In Feldman, R. S. & Rimé, R. (eds.), Fundamentals of nonverbal behavior (pp. 401–432). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Berscheid, E. (1983). Emotion. In Kelley, H. H., Berscheid, E., Christensen, A., Harvey, J. H., Huston, T. L., Levinger, G., McClintock, E., Peplau, L. A., & Peterson, D. R. (eds.), Close relationships (pp. 110–168). New York, NY: Freeman.Google Scholar

Bevan, J. L. (2004). General partner and relational uncertainty as consequences of another person’s jealousy expressions. Western Journal of Communication, 68, 195–218. doi: 10.1080/10570310409374796Google Scholar

Billingham, R. E., & Sack, A. R. (1987). Conflict tactics and the level of emotional commitment among unmarried. Human Relations, 40, 59–74. doi: 10.1177/001872678704000105Google Scholar

Boucher, E. M. (2015). Doubt begets doubt: Causal uncertainty as a predictor of relational uncertainty in romantic relationships. Communication Reports, 28, 12–23. doi: 10.1080/08934215.2014.902487Google Scholar

Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books (1st ed. published in 1969).Google Scholar

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: anxiety and anger. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Brashers, D. E. (2001). Communication and uncertainty management. Journal of Communication, 51, 477–497. doi: 10.1111/j.1460–2466.2001.tb02892.xGoogle Scholar

Brashers, D. E. (2007). A theory of communication and uncertainty management. In Whaley, B. B. and Samter, W. (eds.), Explaining communication: Contemporary theories and exemplars (pp. 201–218). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Brashers, D. E., Neidig, J. L., Cardillo, L. W., Dobbs, L. K., Russell, J. A., & Hass, S. M. (1999). “In an important way, I did die”: Uncertainty and revival in persons living with HIV or AIDS. AIDS Care, 11, 201–219. doi: 10.1080/09540129948090CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brashers, D. E., Neidig, J. L., Haas, S. M., Dobbs, L. K., Cardillo, L. W., & Russell, J. A. (2000). Communication in the management of uncertainty: The case of persons living with HIV and AIDS. Communication Monographs, 67, 63–84. doi: 10.1080/03637750009376495Google Scholar

Brashers, D. E., Neidig, J. L., Reynolds, N. R., & Haas, S. M. (1998). Uncertainty in illness across the HIV/AIDS trajectory. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 9, 66–77. doi: 10.1016/S1055-3290(98)80078–2Google Scholar

Brashers, D. E., Neidig, J. L., Russell, J. A., Cardillo, L. W., Haas, S. M., Dobbs, L. K., Garland, M., McCartney, B., & Nemeth, S. (2003). The medical, personal, and social causes of uncertainty in HIV illness. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 24, 497–522. doi: 10.1080/01612840305292Google Scholar

Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In Simpson, J. A. & Rholes, W. S. (eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar

Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bryan, L., Fitzpatrick, J., Crawford, D., & Fischer, J. (2001). The role of network support and interference in women’s perception of romantic, friend, and parental relationships. Sex Roles, 45, 481–499. doi: 10.1023/A:1014858613924Google Scholar

Bryant, C. H., & Conger, R. D. (1999). Marital success and domains of social support in longterm relationships: Does the influence of network members ever end? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 437–450. doi: 10.2307/353760Google Scholar

Budner, S. (1962). Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable. Journal of Personality, 30, 29−40. doi: 10.1111/j.1467–6494.1962.tb02303.xGoogle Scholar

Bullis, C., Clark, C., & Sline, R. (1993). From passion to commitment: Turning points in romantic relationships. In Kalbfleisch, P. (ed.), Interpersonal communication: Evolving interpersonal relationships (pp. 213–236). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Burleson, B. R. (2005). Some ethical considerations concerning the pragmatic application of relationships: Does the influence of network members ever end? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 437–450. doi: 10.2307/353760Google Scholar

Buzzanell, P. A., & Turner, L. H. (2003). Emotion work revealed by job loss discourse: Backgrounding-foregrounding of feelings, construction of normalcy, and (re)instituting of traditional masculinities. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 31, 27–57. doi: 10.1080/00909880305375Google Scholar

Canary, D. J., & Stafford, L. (1992). Relational maintenance strategies and equity in marriage. Communication Monographs, 59, 243–267. doi: 10.1080/03637759209376268CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carlton, R. N. (2016). Into the unknown: a review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 30–43. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007Google Scholar

Caughlin, J. P., & Golish, T. D. (2002). An analysis of the association between topic avoidance and dissatisfaction: Comparing perceptual and interpersonal explanations. Communication Monographs, 69, 275–295. doi: 10.1080/03637750216546Google Scholar

Christopher, F. S., & Cate, R. M. (1985). Premarital sexual pathways and relationship development. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2, 271–288. doi: 10.1177/0265407585023003Google Scholar

Chumakova, M. A., & Kornilov, S. A. (2013). Individual differences in attitudes toward uncertainty: Evidence for multiple latent profiles. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 6(4), 94–108.Google Scholar

Clark, C. L., Shaver, P. R., & Abrahams, M. F. (1999). Strategic behaviors in romantic relationship initiation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 707–720. doi: 10.1177/0146167299025006006Google Scholar

Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1993). The difference between communal and exchange relationships: What it is and is not. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 684–691. doi: 10.1177/0146167293196003Google Scholar

Cloven, D. H., & Roloff, M. E. (1991). Sense-making activities and interpersonal conflict: Communicative cures for the mulling blues. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 55, 134–158. doi:10.1080/10570319109374376Google Scholar

Cloven, D. H., & Roloff, M. E. (1994). A developmental model of decisions to withhold relational irritations in romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 1, 143–164. doi: 10.1111/j.1475–6811.1994.tb00059.xGoogle Scholar

Colaner, C. W., & Kranstuber, H. (2010). “Forever kind of wondering”: Communicatively managing uncertainty in adoptive families. Journal of Family Communication, 10, 236–255. doi: 10.1080/15267431003682435Google Scholar

Costa, P.T. Jr., & McCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar

Coyne, J. C. (1976). Toward an interactional description of depression. Psychiatry, 39, 28–40. doi: 10.1080/00332747.1976.11023874Google Scholar

Crowley, J. P. (2012). Support marshaling for romantic relationships: Towards the development of a typology. Qualitative Communication Research, 1, 315–346.Google Scholar

Crowley, J. P., & Faw, M. H. (2014). Support marshaling for romantic relationships: Empirical validation of a support marshaling typology. Personal Relationships, 21, 242–257. doi: 10.1111/pere.12029Google Scholar

Cutrona, C. E. (1996). Social support in couples: Marriage as a resource in times of stress. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi: 10.4135/9781483327563Google Scholar

Derlega, V. J., Metts, S., Petronio, S., & Margulis, S. T. (1993). Self-disclosure. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417–440. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221Google Scholar

Dillard, J. P. (1990). A goal-driven model of interpersonal influence. In Dillard, J. P. (ed.), Seeking compliance: The production of interpersonal influence messages (pp. 41–56). Scottsdale, AZ: Gorsuch Scarisbrick.Google Scholar

Dillard, J. P., Solomon, D. H., & Samp, J. A. (1996). Framing social reality: The relevance of relational judgments. Communication Research, 23, 703–723. doi: 10.1177/009365096023006004CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Douglas, W. (1991). Expectations about initial interaction: An examination of the effects of global uncertainty. Human Communication Research, 17, 355–384. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.1991.tb00237.xGoogle Scholar

Duck, S., & Miell, D. (1986). Charting the development of personal relationships. In Gilmour, R. & Duck, S. (eds.), The emerging field of personal relationships (pp. 133–143). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Feeney, J. A. (2005). Hurt feelings in couple relationships: Exploring the role of attachment and perceptions of personal injury. Personal Relationships, 12, 253–271. doi: 10.1111/j.1350–4126.2005.00114.xGoogle Scholar

Feeney, J. A., Hohaus, L, Noller, P., & Alexander, R. P. (2001). Becoming parents: Exploring the bonds between mothers, fathers, and their infants. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139164511CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Felmlee, D. H. (2001). No couple is an island: A social network perspective on dyadic stability. Social Forces, 79, 1259–1287. doi: 10.1353/sof.2001.0039Google Scholar

Fowler, C., & Afifi, W. A. (2011). Applying the theory of motivated information management to adult children’s discussions of caregiving with aging parents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28, 507–535. doi: 10.1177/0265407510384896CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fox, J., & Warber, K. M. (2014). Social networking sites in romantic relationships: Attachment, uncertainty, and partner surveillance on Facebook. Cyberpsycho-logy, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17, 3–7. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0667CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2000). Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 4, 132–154. doi: 10.1037/1089–2680.4.2.132CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frenkel-Brunswick, E. (1949). Intolerance of ambiguity as an emotional and perceptual personality variable. Journal of Personality, 11, 108−143. doi: 10.1111/j.1467–6494.1949.tb01236.xGoogle Scholar

Frijda, N. H. (1987). Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 115–144. doi:10.1080/02699938708408043Google Scholar

Giles, H., Coupland, N., & Coupland, J. (1991). Accommodation theory: Communication, context, and consequence. In Giles, H., Coupland, J., & Coupland, N. (eds), Contexts of accommodation (pp. 1–68). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511663673CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26–34. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.1.26Google Scholar

Goldsmith, D. J. (2009). Uncertainty and communication in couples coping with serious illness. In Afifi, T. D. & Afifi, W. A. (eds.), Uncertainty, information management, and disclosure decisions: Theories and applications (pp. 203–225). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Greene, J. O., & Lindsey, A. E. (1989). Encoding processes in the production of multiple-goal messages. Human Communication Research, 16, 120–140. doi: 10.1111/j.14682958.1989.tb00207.xGoogle Scholar

Greene, J. O., & Ravizza, S. M. (1995). Complexity effects on temporal characteristics of speech. Human Communication Research, 21, 390–421. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.1995.tb00352.xGoogle Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B. (1985). The influence of cultural similarity, type of relationship, and self-monitoring on uncertainty reduction processes. Communication Monographs, 52, 203–217. doi: 10.1080/03637758509376106Google Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B., & Hammer, M. R. (1988). The influence of social identity and intimacy of interethnic relationships on uncertainty reduction processes. Human Communication Research, 14, 569–601. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.1988.tb00168.xGoogle Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, T. (2001). Anxiety, uncertainty, and perceived effectiveness of communication across relationships and cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, 55–71. doi: 10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00042–0Google Scholar

Guerrero, L. K., & Afifi, W. A. (1998). Communicative responses to jealousy as a function of self-esteem and relationship maintenance goals: A test of Bryson’s dual motivation model. Communication Reports, 11, 111–122. doi: 10.1080/08934219809367693Google Scholar

Guerrero, L. K., & Afifi, W. A. (1999). Toward a goal-oriented approach for understanding communicative responses to jealousy. Western Journal of Communication, 63, 216–248. doi: 10.1080/10570319909374637Google Scholar

Guerrero, L. K., & Andersen, P. A. (1998). Jealousy experience and expression in romantic relationships. In Andersen, P. A. & Guerrero, L. K. (eds.), Handbook of communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications, and contexts (pp.155–188). New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Guerrero, L. K., Eloy, S. V., Jorgensen, P. F., & Andersen, P. A. (1993). Hers or his? Sex differences in the experience and communication of jealousy in close relationships. In Kalbfleisch, P. J. (ed.), Interpersonal communication: Evolving interpersonal relationships (pp. 109–131). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Harrist, A. W., & Waugh, R. M. (2002). Dyadic synchrony: Its structure and function in children’s development. Developmental Review, 22, 555–592. doi:10.1016/S0273-2297(02)00500–2Google Scholar

Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511–524. doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.52.3.511Google Scholar

Henderson, M. D., Wakslak, C. J., Fujita, K., & Rohrbach, J. (2011). Construal level theory and spatial distance: Implications for mental representation, judgment, and behavior. Social Psychology, 42, 165–173. doi:10.1027/1864–9335/a000060Google Scholar

Hendrick, S. S. (1988). The relationship assessment scale. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 93–98. doi: 10.2307/352430Google Scholar

Hogan, T. P., & Brashers, D. E. (2009). The theory of communication and uncertainty management: Implications for the wider realm of information behavior. In Afifi, T. D. and Afifi, W. A. (eds.), Uncertainty, information management, and disclosure decisions: Theories and applications (pp. 45–66). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Honeycutt, J. M., Cantrill, J. G., Kelly, P., & Lambkin, D. (1998). How do I love thee? Let me consider my options: Cognition, verbal strategies, and the escalation of intimacy. Human Communication Research, 25, 39–63. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.1998.tb00436.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoskins, C. N., Baker, S., Budin, W., Ekstrom, D., Maislin, G., Sherman, D., Steelman-Bohlander, J., Bookbinder, M., & Knauer, C. (1996). Adjustment among husbands of women with breast cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 14, 41–69. doi: 10.1300/J077v14n01_03Google Scholar

Huston, T. L., Surra, C. A., Fitzgerald, N. M., & Cate, R. M. (1981). From courtship to marriage: Mate selection as an interpersonal process. In Duck, S. & Gilmour, R. (eds.), Personal relationships, 2: Developing personal relationships (pp. 53–88). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Jacobson, J. A. (2007). The relationship among causal uncertainty, reassurance seeking, and dysphoria. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 922–939. doi: 10.1521/jscp. 2007.26.8.922CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jang, S. (2008). The effects of attachment styles and efficacy of communication on avoidance following a relational partner’s deceptive communication. Communication Research Reports, 25, 1–12. doi: 10.1080=08824090802440220CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jang, S., Smith, S., & Levine, T. (2002). To stay or to leave? The role of attachment styles in communication patterns and potential termination of romantic relationships following discovery of deception. Communication Monographs, 69, 236–252. doi: 10.1080=03637750216543Google Scholar

Jang, S., & Tian, Y. (2012). The effects of communication efficacy on information-seeking following events that increase uncertainty: A cross-lagged panel analysis. Communication Quarterly, 60, 234–254. doi: 10.1080/01463373.2012.669325Google Scholar

Jeronimus, B. F., Ormel, J., Aleman, A., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Riese, H. (2013). Negative and positive life events are associated with small but lasting change in neuroticism. Psychological Medicine, 43, 2403–2415. doi:10.1017/s0033291713000159Google Scholar

Jeronimus, B. F., Riese, H., Sanderman, R., & Ormel, J. (2014). Mutual reinforcement between neuroticism and life experiences: A five-wave, 16-year study to test reciprocal causation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 751–64. doi:10.1037/a0037009Google Scholar

Johnson, M. P. (1999). Personal, moral, and structural commitment in relationships. In Adams, J. M. & Jones, W. H. (eds.), Handbook of interpersonal commitment and relationship stability (pp. 73–87). New York, NY: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978–1-4615–4773-0_4Google Scholar

Joiner, T. E. Jr. (1995). The price of soliciting and receiving negative feedback: Self-verification theory as a vulnerability to depression theory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 364–372. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.104.2.364Google Scholar

Joiner, T. E. Jr., Metalsky, G. I., Katz, J., & Beach, S. R. H. (1999). Depression and excessive reassurance-seeking. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 269–278. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1004_1Google Scholar

Joiner, T. E. Jr., & Timmons, K. A. (2009). Depression in its interpersonal context. In Gotlib, I. H. & Hammen, C. L. (eds.), Handbook of depression (2nd. ed., pp. 322–339). New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar

Kamp Dush, C., & Amato, P. (2005). Consequences of relationship status and quality for subjective well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 607–627. doi: 10.1177/0265407505056438Google Scholar

Katz, J., & Beach, S. R. H. (1997). Romance in the crossfire: When do women’s depressive symptoms predict partner relationship dissatisfaction? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 16, 243–258. doi: 10.1521/jscp.1997.16.3.243Google Scholar

Keck, K. L., & Samp, J. A. (2007). The dynamic nature of goals and message production as revealed in sequential analysis of conflict interactions. Human Communication Research, 33, 27–47. doi:10.1111/j.1468–2958.2007.00287.xGoogle Scholar

Kelley, H. H., Berscheid, E., Christensen, A., Harvey, J. H., Huston, T. L., Levinger, G., et al. (1983). Analyzing close relationships. In Kelley, H. H., Berscheid, E., Christensen, A., Harvey, J., Huston, T. L., Levinger, G., McClintock, E., Peplau, L. A., & Peterson, D. R. (eds.), Close relationships (pp. 20–67). San Francisco: Freeman.Google Scholar

King, M. E., & Theiss, J. A. (2016). Applying the relational turbulence model to predict conflict behavior and cortisol reactivity among empty-nest couples. Communication Quarterly, 64, 495–517. doi: 10.1080/01463373.2015.1129353Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K. (2006). Relational uncertainty and message production within courtship: Features of date request messages. Human Communication Research, 32, 244–273. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.2006.00275.xGoogle Scholar

Knobloch, L. K. (2007). Perceptions of turmoil within courtship: Associations with intimacy, relational uncertainty, and interference from partners. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24, 363–384. doi: 10.1177/0265407507077227Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K. (2008). The content of relational uncertainty within marriage. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25, 467–495. doi: 10.1177/0265407508090869Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K. (2010). Relational uncertainty and interpersonal communication. In Smith, S. W. & Wilson, S. R. (eds.), New directions in interpersonal communication research (pp. 69–93). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi: 10.4135/9781483349619.n4Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & Carpenter-Theune, K. E. (2004). Topic avoidance in developing romantic relationships: Associations with intimacy and relational uncertainty. Communication Research, 31, 173–205. doi: 10.1177/0093650203261516Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & Delaney, A. L. (2012). Themes of relational uncertainty and interference from partners in depression. Health Communication, 27, 750–765. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2011.639293Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & Donovan-Kicken, E. (2006). Perceived involvement of network members in courtships: A test of the relational turbulence model. Personal Relationships, 13, 281–302. doi: 10.1111/j.1475–6811.2006.00118.xGoogle Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., Ebata, A. T., McGlaughlin, P. C., & Theiss, J. A. (2013). Generalized anxiety and relational uncertainty as predictors of topic avoidance during reintegration following deployment. Communication Monographs, 80, 452–477. doi: 10.1080/03637751.2013.828159Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & Knobloch-Fedders, L. M. (2010). The role of relational uncertainty in depressive symptoms and relationship quality: An actor-partner interdependence model. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27, 137–159. doi: 10.1177/0265407509348809Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., Knobloch-Fedders, L. M., & Durbin, C. E. (2011). Depressive symptoms and relational uncertainty as predictors of reassurance seeking and negative feedback seeking in conversation. Communication Monographs, 78, 437–462. doi: 10.1080/03637751.2011.618137CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & McAninch, K. G. (2014). Uncertainty management. In Schultz, P. J. & Cobley, P. (Series eds.) & Berger, C. R. (Vol. ed.), Handbook of communication science: Vol. 6. Interpersonal communication (pp. 297–319). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., Miller, L. E., Bond, B. J., & Mannone, S. E. (2007). Relational uncertainty and message processing in marriage. Communication Monographs, 74, 154–180. doi: 10.1080/03637750701390069Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., Miller, L. E., & Carpenter, K. E. (2007). Using the relational turbulence model to understand negative emotion within courtship. Personal Relationships, 14, 91–112. doi: 10.1111/j.1475–6811.2006.00143.xGoogle Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & Satterlee, K. L. (2009). Relational uncertainty: Theory and application. In Afifi, T. D. & Afifi, W. A. (eds.), Uncertainty, information management, and disclosure decisions: Theories and applications (pp. 106–127). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., Satterlee, K. L., & DiDomenico, S. M. (2010). Relational uncertainty predicting appraisals of face threat in courtship: Integrating uncertainty reduction theory and politeness theory. Communication Research, 37, 303–334. doi: 10.1177/0093650210362527Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & Solomon, D. H. (1999). Measuring the sources and content of relational uncertainty. Communication Studies, 50, 261–278. doi:10.1080/10510979909388499Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & Solomon, D. H. (2002). Intimacy and the magnitude and experience of episodic relational uncertainty within romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 9, 457–478. doi: 10.1111/1475–6811.09406Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & Solomon, D. H. (2003). Manifestations of relationship conceptualizations in conversation. Human Communication Research, 29, 482–515. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.2003.tb00853.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & Solomon, D. H. (2004). Interference and facilitation from partners in the development of interdependence within romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 11, 115–130. doi:10.1111/j.1475–6811.2004.00074.xGoogle Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & Solomon, D. H. (2005). Relational uncertainty and relational information processing. Questions without answers? Communication Research, 32, 349–388. doi: 10.1177/0093650205275384Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., Solomon, D. H., & Cruz, M. G. (2001). The role of relationship development and attachment in the experience of romantic jealousy. Personal Relationships, 8, 205–224. doi: 10.1111/j.1475–6811.2001.tb00036.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., Solomon, D. H., & Theiss, J. A. (2006). The role of intimacy in the production and perception of relationship talk within courtship. Communication Research 33, 211–244. doi: 10.1177/0093650206289148Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & Theiss, J. A. (in press). Topic avoidance about deployment upon reunion: Applying the relational turbulence model. Military Behavioral Health.Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & Theiss, J. A. (2010). An actor-partner interdependence model of relational turbulence: Cognitions and emotions. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27, 595–619. doi: 10.1177/0265407510368967Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & Theiss, J. A. (2011). Relational uncertainty and relationship talk within courtship: A longitudinal actor-partner interdependence model. Communication Monographs, 78, 3–26. doi:10.1080/03637751.2010.542471Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., & Theiss, J. A. (2012). Experiences of U.S. military couples during the postdeployment transition: Applying the relational turbulence model. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 29, 423–450. doi: 10.1177/0265407511431186Google Scholar

Knobloch, L. K., Theiss, J. A., & Wehrman, E. C. (2015). Communication of military couples during deployment: Topics discussed, topics avoided, and uncertainty experienced. In Sahlstein, E. & Webb, L. (eds.), A communicative perspective on the military: Interactions, messages, and discourses (pp. 39–58). New York, NY: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Kruger, J., & Gilovich, T. (2004). Actions, intentions, and self-assessment: The road to self-assessment is paved with good intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 328–339. doi:10.1177/0146167203259932Google Scholar

Kunkel, A. D., Wilson, S. R., Olufowote, J., & Robson, S. (2003). Identity implications of influence goals: Initiating, intensifying, and ending romantic relationships. Western Journal of Communication, 67, 382–412. doi: 10.1080/10570310309374780Google Scholar

Laurenceau, J. P., & Kleinman, B. M. (2006). Intimacy in personal relationships. In Vangelisti, A. L. & Perlman, D. (eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 637–653). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511606632.035Google Scholar

Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 819–834. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.46.8.819Google Scholar

Leary, M. R., Springer, C. A., Negel, L., Ansell, E., & Evans, K. (1998). The causes, phenomenology, and consequences of hurt feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1225–1237. doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.74.5.1225CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leustek, J., & Theiss, J. A. (in press). Factors that shape cognitive and behavioral coping among individuals with type 2 diabetes: Features of illness versus features of romantic relationships. Health Communication.Google Scholar

Leustek, J., Theiss, J. A., & Stein, J. (2014, November). Adult children’s experiences of their parents’ late-life divorce: Perceptions of family changes and family uncertainty. A paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar

Lewis, M. A., McBride, C. M., Pollak, K. L., Puleo, E., Butterfield, R. M., & Emmons, K. M. (2006). Understanding health behavior change among couples: An interdependence and communal coping approach. Social Science and Medicine, 62, 1369–1380. doi: 10.1016/ j.socscimed.2005.08.006Google Scholar

Liberman, N., Sagristano, M., & Trope, Y. (2002). The effect of temporal distance on level of construal. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 523–535. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00535–8Google Scholar

Lyons, R. F., Mickelson, K., Sullivan, J. L., & Coyne, J. C. (1998). Coping as a communal process. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 579–605. doi: 10.1177/0265407598155001Google Scholar

Martin, S. C., Stone, A. M., Scott, A. M., & Brashers, D. E. (2010). Medical, personal, and social forms of uncertainty across the transplantation trajectory. Qualitative Health Research, 20, 182–196. doi: 10.1177/1049732309356284CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McCurry, A. L., Schrodt, P., & Ledbetter, A. M. (2012). Relational uncertainty and communication efficacy as predictors of religious conversations in romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29, 1085–1108. doi: 10.1177/0265407512449402Google Scholar

McKinney, D. H., & Donaghy, W. C. (1993). Dyad gender structure, uncertainty reduction, and self-disclosure during initial interaction. In Kalbfleisch, P. J. (ed.), Interpersonal communication: Evolving interpersonal relationships (pp. 33–50). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

McLaren, R. M., & Solomon, D. H. (2014). Victim and perpetrator accounts of hurtful communication: An actor-partner interdependence model. Human Communication Research, 40, 291–308. doi:10.1111/hcre.12031Google Scholar

McLaren, R. M., Solomon, D. H., & Priem, J. S. (2011). Explaining variation in contemporaneous responses to hurt in premarital romantic relationships: A relational turbulence model perspective. Communication Research, 38, 543–564. doi: 10.1177/0093650210377896CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McLaren, R. M., Solomon, D. H., & Priem, J. S. (2012). The effect of relationship characteristics and relational communication on experiences of hurt from romantic partners. Journal of Communication, 62, 950–971. doi: 10.1111/j.1460–2466.2012.01678.xGoogle Scholar

McLaren, R. M., & Steuber, K. R. (2013). Emotions, communicative responses, and relational consequences of boundary turbulence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30, 606–626. doi:10.1177/0265407512463997CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Metts, S., & Spitzberg, B. H. (1996). Sexual communication in interpersonal contexts: A script-based approach. In Burleson, B. R. (ed.), Communication yearbook 19 (pp. 49–91). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi: 10.1080/23808985.1996.11678928Google Scholar

Meyer, J. R. (1992). Fluency in the production of requests: Effects of degree of imposition, schematicity and instruction onset. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 11, 233–251. doi: 10.1177/0261927X92114003Google Scholar

Mikucki-Enyart, S. L. (2011). Parent-in-law privacy management: an examination of the links among relational uncertainty, topic avoidance, in-group status, and in-group satisfaction. Journal of Family Communication, 11, 237–263. doi: 10.1080/15267431.2010.544633Google Scholar

Mikucki-Enyart, S. L., Wilder, S. E., & Barber, H. (2017). “Was it all smoke and mirrors?”: Applying the relational turbulence model to adult children’s experience of late-life parental divorce. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34, 209–234. doi: 10.1177/0265407516629226Google Scholar

Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes. In Zanna, M. P. (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 35). San Diego: Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2601(03)01002–5Google Scholar

Miller, G. E., & Bradbury, T. N. (1995). Refining the association between attributions and behavior in marital interaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 9, 196–208. doi: 10.1037/0893–3200.9.2.196CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Miller, G. R., & Steinberg, M. (1975). Between people: A new analysis of interpersonal communication. Chicago: Science Research Associates.Google Scholar

Miller, L. E. (2012). Sources of uncertainty in cancer survivorship. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 6, 431–440. doi: 10.1007/s11764-012–0229-7Google Scholar

Mishel, M. H. (1990). Reconceptualization of uncertainty in illness theory. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 22, 256–262. doi: 10.1111/j.1547–5069.1990.tb00225.xGoogle Scholar

Murray, S. L., Bellavia, G. M., Rose, P., & Griffin, D. W. (2003). Once hurt, twice hurtful: How perceived regard regulates daily marital interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 126–147. doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.84.1.126Google Scholar

Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Griffin, D. W. (2000). Self-esteem and the quest for felt security: How perceived regard regulates attachment processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 478–498. doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.78.3.478Google Scholar

Myers, S. M. (1997). Marital uncertainty and childbearing. Social Forces, 75, 1271–1289. doi: 10.1093/sf/75.4.1271Google Scholar

Nagy, M. E., & Theiss, J. A. (2013). Applying the relational turbulence model to the empty-nest transition: Sources of relationship change, relational uncertainty, and interference from partners. Journal of Family Communication, 13, 280–300. doi:10.1080/15267431.2013.823430Google Scholar

Nelson, B. W., Laurent, S. M., Bernstein, R., & Laurent, H. K. (2017). Perspective-taking influences autonomic attunement between partners during discussion of conflict. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34, 139–165. doi: 10.1177/0265407515626595Google Scholar

Owen, J. (2013). Early career perspectives on psychotherapy research and practice: Psychotherapist effects, multicultural orientation, and couple interventions. Psychotherapy, 50, 496–502. doi: 10.1037/a0034617Google Scholar

Owen, J., Rhoades, G., Shuck, B., Fincham, F. D., Stanley, S., Markman, H., & Knopp, K. (2014). Commitment uncertainty: A theoretical overview. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 3, 207–219. doi: 10.1037/cfp0000028Google Scholar

Parks, M. R., & Adelman, M. B. (1983). Communication networks and the development of romantic relationships: An expansion of uncertainty reduction theory. Human Communication Research, 10, 55–79. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.1983.tb00004.xGoogle Scholar

Petronio, S. (2000). The boundaries of privacy: Praxis of everyday life. In Petronio, S. (ed.), Balancing the secrets of private disclosures (pp. 37–49). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Petronio, S. (2002). Communication boundary management: Dialectics of disclosure. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pfeiffer, S. M., & Wong, P. T. P. (1989). Multidimensional jealousy. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 6, 181–196. doi: 10.1177/026540758900600203Google Scholar

Pinsof, W. (1994). An integrative systems perspective on the therapeutic alliance: Theoretical, clinical, and research implications. In Horvath, A. & Greenberg, L. S. (eds.), The working alliance: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 173–195). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Pinsof, W. M., Zinbarg, R., & Knobloch-Fedders, L. M. (2008). Factorial and construct validity of the revised short form integrative psychotherapy alliance scales for family, couple, and individual therapy. Family Process, 47, 281–301. doi: 10.1111/j.1545–5300.2008.00254.xGoogle Scholar

Planalp, S., & Rivers, M. (1996). Changes in knowledge of personal relationships. In Fletcher, G. J. O. & Fitness, J. (eds.), Knowledge structures in close relationships: A social psychological approach (pp. 299–324). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Planalp, S., Rutherford, D. K., & Honeycutt, J. M. (1988). Events that increase uncertainty in personal relationships II: Replication and extension. Human Communication Research, 14, 516–547. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.1988.tb00166.xGoogle Scholar

Powell, K. A. & Afifi, T. D. (2005). Uncertainty management and adoptees’ ambiguous loss of their birth parents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 129–151. doi: 10.1177/0265407505049325CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Priem, J. S., & Solomon, D. H. (2011). Relational uncertainty and cortisol responses to hurtful and supportive messages from a dating partner. Personal Relationships, 18, 198–223. doi: 10.1111/j.1475–6811.2011.01353.xGoogle Scholar

Pronin, E., Gilovich, T., & Ross, L. (2004). Objectivity in the eye of the beholder: Divergent perceptions of bias in self versus others. Psychological Review, 111, 781–799. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.111.3.781Google Scholar

Ramirez, A., Sunnafrank, M., & Goei, R. (2010). Predicted outcome value theory in ongoing relationships. Communication Monographs, 77, 27–50. doi: 10.1080/03637750903514276Google Scholar

Rawlins, W. A. (1988). A dialectical analysis of the tensions, functions, and strategic challenges of communication in young adult friendships. Communication Yearbook, 12, 157–189.Google Scholar

Rawlins, W. A. (1992). Friendship matters: Communication, dialectics, and the life course. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Reis, H. T. (2007). Steps toward the ripening of relationship science. Personal Relationships, 14, 1–23. doi:10.1111=j.1475–6811.2006.00139.xGoogle Scholar

Reis, H. T., Clark, M. S., & Holmes, J. G. (2004). Perceived partner responsiveness as an organizing construct in the study of intimacy and closeness. In Mashek, D. & Aron, A. (eds.), The handbook of closeness and intimacy (pp. 201–225). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In Duck, S. & Hay, D. F. (eds.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research, and interventions (pp. 367–389). Chichester, England: Wiley.Google Scholar

Roloff, M. E., & Ifert, D. E. (2000). Conflict management through avoidance: Withholding complaints, suppressing arguments, and declaring topics taboo. In Petronio, S. (ed.), Balancing the secrets of private disclosures (pp. 151–163). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Rose, S., & Frieze, I. H. (1993). Young singles’ contemporary dating scripts. Sex Roles, 28, 499–509. doi: 10.1007/BF00289677Google Scholar

Rusbult, C. E. (1980). Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations: A test of the investment model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 172–186. doi: 10.1016/0022–1031(80)90007–4Google Scholar

Rusbult, C. E., & Buunk, B. P. (1993). Commitment processes in close relationships: An interdependence analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 175–204. doi: 10.1177/026540759301000202Google Scholar

Samp, J. A., & Solomon, D. H. (1998). Communicative responses to problematic events in close relationships I: The variety and facets of goals. Communication Research, 25, 66–95. doi: 10.1177/009365098025001003Google Scholar

Sharpsteen, D. J. (1993). Romantic jealousy as an emotion concept: A prototype analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 69–82. doi: 10.1177/0265407593101005Google Scholar

Sharpsteen, D. J., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1997). Romantic jealousy and adult romantic attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 627–640. doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.72.3.627CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Shaver, P. R., & Hazan, C. (1993). Adult romantic attachment: Theory and evidence. In Perlman, D. & Jones, W. (eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 4), (pp. 29–70). London: Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar

Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2002). Attachment related psychodynamics. Attachment and Human Development, 4, 133–161. doi: 10.1080/14616730210154171CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Shaver, P. R., Schachner, D. A., & Mikulincer, M. (2005). Attachment style, excessive reassurance seeking, relationship processes, and depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 343–359. doi: 10.1177/0146167204271709Google Scholar

Sherblom, J., & Van Rheenen, D. D. (1984). Spoken language indices of uncertainty. Human Communication Research, 11, 221–230. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.1984.tb00046.xGoogle Scholar

Siegert, J. R., & Stamp, G. H. (1994). “Our first big fight” as a milestone in the development of close relationships. Communication Monographs, 61, 345–360. doi: 10.1080/03637759409376342Google Scholar

Smith, C. A., & Kirby, L. D. (2009). Putting appraisal in context: Toward a relational model of appraisal and emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 1352–1372. doi: 10.1080/02699930902860386Google Scholar

Solomon, D. H. (1997). A developmental model of intimacy and date request explicitness. Communication Monographs, 64, 99–118. doi: 10.1080/03637759709376409Google Scholar

Solomon, D. H., & Brisini, K. S. (in press). Operationalizing relational turbulence theory: Measurement and construct validation. Personal Relationships.Google Scholar

Solomon, D. H., & Knobloch, L. K. (2001). Relationship uncertainty, partner interference, and intimacy within dating relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 18, 804–820. doi:10.1177/0265407501186004CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Solomon, D. H., & Knobloch, L. K. (2004). A model of relational turbulence: The role of intimacy, relational uncertainty, and interference from partners in appraisals of irritations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21, 795–816. doi:10.1177/0265407504047838Google Scholar

Solomon, D. H., Knobloch, L. K., Theiss, J. A., & McLaren, R. M. (2016). Relational turbulence theory: Explaining variation in subjective experiences and communication within romantic relationships. Human Communication Research, 42, 507–532. doi: 10.1111/hcre.12091Google Scholar

Solomon, D. H., & Priem, J. S. (2016). Outcomes of emotional support in dating relationships: Relational turbulence or sentiment override? Personal Relationships, 23, 698–722. doi: 10.1111/pere.12155Google Scholar

Solomon, D. H., & Samp, J. A. (1998). Power and problem appraisal: Perceptual foundations of the chilling effect in dating relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 191–209. doi: 10.1177/0265407598152004Google Scholar

Solomon, D. H., & Theiss, J. A. (2008). A longitudinal test of the relational turbulence model of romantic relationship development. Personal Relationships, 15, 339–357. doi:10.1111/j.1475–6811.2008.00202.xGoogle Scholar

Solomon, D. H., & Theiss, J. A. (2011). Relational turbulence: What doesn’t kill us makes us stronger. In Cupach, W. R. & Spitzberg, B. H. (eds.), The dark side of close relationships II (pp. 197–216). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Solomon, D. H., Weber, K. M., & Steuber, K. R. (2010). Turbulence in relationship transitions. In Smith, S. W. & Wilson, S. R. (eds.), New directions in interpersonal communication research (pp. 115–134). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi: 10.4135/9781483349619.n6Google Scholar

Sprecher, S., & Felmlee, D. (1992). The influence of parents and friends on the quality and stability of romantic relationships: A three-wave longitudinal investigation. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 888–900. doi: 10.2307/353170Google Scholar

Sprecher, S., & Felmlee, D. (2000). Romantic partners’ perceptions of social network attributes with the passage of time and relationship transitions. Personal Relationships, 7, 325–340. doi: 10.1111/j.1475–6811.2000.tb00020.xGoogle Scholar

Stafford, L., & Canary, D. J. (1991). Maintenance strategies and romantic relationship type, gender, and relational characteristics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 217–242. doi: 10.1177/0265407591082004Google Scholar

Stafford, L., Dainton, M., & Hass, S. (2000). Measuring routine and strategic relational maintenance: Scale revision, sex versus gender roles, and the prediction of relational characteristics. Communication Monographs, 67, 306–323. doi: 10.1080/03637750009376512Google Scholar

Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (1992). Assessing commitment in personal relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 54, 595–608. doi: 10.2307/353245Google Scholar

Starr, L. R., & Davila, J. (2008). Excessive reassurance seeking, depression, and interpersonal rejection: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 762–775. doi: 10.1037/a0013866Google Scholar

Steuber, K. R., Priem, J. S., Scharp, K. M., & Thomas, L. (2014). The content of relational uncertainty non-engaged cohabiting relationships. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 42, 107–123. doi: 10.1080/00909882.2013.874569Google Scholar

Steuber, K. R., & Solomon, D. H. (2008). Relational uncertainty, partner interference, and infertility: A qualitative study of discourse within online forums. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25, 831–855. doi:10.1177/0265407508096698Google Scholar

Steuber, K. R., & Solomon, D. H. (2011). Factors that predict married partners’ disclosures about infertility to social network members. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 39, 250–270. doi:10.1080/00909882.2011.585401CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stone, A. M., & Jones, C. L. (2009). Sources of uncertainty: Experiences of Alzheimer’s disease. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30, 677–686. doi: 10.1080/01612840903046354Google Scholar

Sunnafrank, M. (1986). Predicted outcome value during initial interactions: A reformulation of uncertainty reduction theory. Human Communication Research, 13, 3–33. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.1986.tb00092.xGoogle Scholar

Sunnafrank, M. (1990). Predicted outcome value and uncertainty reduction theories: A test of competing perspectives. Human Communication Research, 17, 76–103. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.1990.tb00227.xGoogle Scholar

Sunnafrank, M., & Ramirez, A. (2004). At first sight: Persistent relational effects of get acquainted conversations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21, 361–379. doi: 10.1177/0265407504042837Google Scholar

Taylor, R. S. (1991). Information use environments. Progress in Communication Sciences, 10, 217–255.Google Scholar

Theiss, J. A. (2011). Modeling dyadic effects in the associations between relational uncertainty, sexual communication, and sexual satisfaction for husbands and wives. Communication Research, 38, 565–584. doi: 10.1177/0093650211402186Google Scholar

Theiss, J. A. (2016). Frequency of sexual relations in marriage. In Shehan, C. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of family studies (pp. 1–5). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781119085621.wbefs395Google Scholar

Theiss, J. A., & Estlein, R. (2014). Antecedents and consequences of the perceived threat of sexual communication: A test of the relational turbulence model. Western Journal of Communication, 78, 404–425. doi:10.1080/10570314.2013.845794Google Scholar

Theiss, J. A., Estlein, R., & Weber, K. M. (2013). A longitudinal assessment of relationship characteristics that predict new parents’ relationship satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 20, 216–235. doi:10.1111/j.1475–6811.2012.01406.xGoogle Scholar

Theiss, J. A., & Knobloch, L. K. (2009). An actor-partner interdependence model of irritations in romantic relationships. Communication Research, 36, 510–536. doi: 10.1177/0093650209333033Google Scholar

Theiss, J. A., & Knobloch, L. K. (2013). A relational turbulence model of military service members’ relational communication during reintegration. Journal of Communication, 63, 1109–1129. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12059Google Scholar

Theiss, J. A., & Knobloch, L. K. (2014). Relational turbulence during the post-deployment transition: Self, partner, and relationship focused turbulence. Communication Research, 41, 27–51. doi: 10.1177/0093650211429285Google Scholar

Theiss, J. A., Knobloch, L. K., Checton, M. G., & Magsaman-Conrad, K. (2009). Relationship characteristics associated with the experience of hurt in romantic relationships: A test of the relational turbulence model. Human Communication Research, 35, 588–615. doi:10.1111/j.1468–2958.2009.01364.xGoogle Scholar

Theiss, J. A., Leustek, J., Estlein, R., & Weber, K. M. (2015, November). Post-partum depression and relational turbulence during the transition to parenthood: Implications for perceived partner responsiveness, support, and relationship satisfaction. A paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Las Vegas, NV.Google Scholar

Theiss, J. A., & Nagy, M. E. (2010). Actor-partner effects in the associations between relationship characteristics and reactions to marital sexual intimacy. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27, 1089–1109. doi: 10.1177/0265407510381254Google Scholar

Theiss, J. A., & Nagy, M. E. (2012). A cross-cultural test of the relational turbulence model: Relationship characteristics that predict turmoil and topic avoidance for Koreans and Americans. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29, 545–565. doi: 10.1177/0265407512443450Google Scholar

Theiss, J. A., & Nagy, M. E. (2013). A relational turbulence model of partner responsiveness and relationship talk across cultures. Western Journal of Communication, 77, 186–209. doi: 10.1080/10570314.2012.720746Google Scholar

Theiss, J. A., & Solomon, D. H. (2006a). Coupling longitudinal data and multilevel modeling to examine the antecedents and consequences of jealousy experiences in romantic relationships: A test of the relational turbulence model. Human Communication Research, 32, 469–503. doi:10.1111/j.1468–2958.2006.00284.xGoogle Scholar

Theiss, J. A., & Solomon, D. H. (2006b). A relational turbulence model of communication about irritations in romantic relationships. Communication Research, 33, 391–418. doi: 10.1177/0093650206291482Google Scholar

Theiss, J. A., & Solomon, D. H. (2008). Parsing the mechanisms that increase relational intimacy: The effects of uncertainty amount, open communication about uncertainty, and the reduction of uncertainty. Human Communication Research, 34, 625–654. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.2008.00335.xGoogle Scholar

Theiss, J. A., & Weber, K. M. (2016, November). Antecedents and outcomes of relationship maintenance behaviors during the transition to parenthood. A paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar

Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2003). Temporal construal. Psychological Review, 110, 403–421. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.403Google Scholar

Trope, Y., Liberman, N., & Wakslak, C. (2007). Construal levels and psychological distance: Effects on representation, prediction, evaluation, and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17, 84–95. doi:10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70013-XGoogle Scholar

Turner, L. H. (1990). The relationship between communication and marital uncertainty: Is “her” marriage different from “his” marriage? Women’s Studies in Communication, 13, 57–83. doi: 10.1080/07491409.1990.11089746Google Scholar

Vangelisti, A. L. (2001). Making sense of hurtful interactions in close relationships: When hurt feelings create distance. In Manusov, V. & Harvey, J. H. (eds.), Attributions, communication behavior, and close relationships: Advances in personal relations (pp. 38–58). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Vangelisti, A. L., Caughlin, J. P., & Timmerman, L. (2001). Criteria for revealing family secrets. Communication Monographs, 68, 1–27. doi: 10.1080/03637750128052Google Scholar

Vevea, N. N., & Miller, A. N. (2010). Patient narratives: Exploring the fit of uncertainty management models of health care. The Review of Communication, 10, 276–289. doi: 10.1080/15358593.2010.501907Google Scholar

Vittengl, J. R., & Holt, C. S. (2000). Getting acquainted: The relationship of self-disclosure and social attraction to positive affect. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 53–66. doi: 10.1177/0265407500171003Google Scholar

Waller, W. (1938). The family: A dynamic interpretation. New York, NY: Gordon.Google Scholar

Weber, K. M., & Solomon, D. H. (2007, November). A relational turbulence model of distress and communication associated with breast cancer. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar

Weber, K. M., & Solomon, D. H. (2008). Locating relationship and communication issues among stressors associated with breast cancer. Health Communication, 23, 548–559. doi: 10.1080/10410230802465233Google Scholar

White, G. L., & Mullen, P. E. (1989). Jealousy: Theory, research, and clinical strategies. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Wilder, S. E. (2012). A comparative examination of reasons for and uses of uncertainty and topic avoidance in first and remarriage relationships. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53, 292–310. doi: 10.1080/10502556.2012.671660Google Scholar

Wilson, S. R., Aleman, C. G., & Leatham, G. B. (1998). Identity implications of influence goals: A revised analysis of face-threatening acts and application to seeking compliance to same-sex friends. Human Communication Research, 26, 64–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.1998.tb00437.xGoogle Scholar

Wood, J. T. (1982). Human communication: A symbolic interactionist perspective. Austin, TX: Holt McDougal.Google Scholar

Wu, Z., & Hart, R. (2002). The effects of marital and nonmarital union transition on health. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 420–432. doi: 10.1111/j.1741–3737.2002.00420.xGoogle Scholar