Ethical Choices in Contemporary Medicine examines the epistemological foundations of medicine to show that many of today’s bioethical problems have their roots in how medical knowledge is established, evaluated and transmitted. These epistemological concerns frame the medical choices and claims we make, from how medical responsibility is sanctioned to how medical care is allocated. The present predicaments of medicine are examined within a broad cultural context that exposes the expectations individuals have of their health-care providers and of themselves. The authors explore some of the historical roots of these concerns and suggest that rational discourse and parochial ethical dialogue may be futile in the face of competing and incommensurable frameworks, attitudes and wishes. The authors show that, in the postmodern age, two interrelated issues surface when it comes to medicine. On the one hand, there is a strong critique of science and the privileges associated with the scientific discourse and, on the other, there is still a deep-seated quest for certainty in all medical matters. Ethical Choices in Contemporary Medicine investigates the fundamental nature of medicine and medical knowledge in health-care provision today and offers a radical and practical rethinking of medical ethics. It will be required reading for philosophers of medicine and will be of interest to those working in bioethics, sociology of medicine and philosophy of science more generally, as well as to health-care practitioners interested in the foundational issues of their discipline.