Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T17:24:38.322Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 9 - Parental Socialization of Children’s Emotion and Its Regulation

from Part III - Influence of Parenting on Child Emotion Regulation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2024

By
Tracy L. Spinrad  and
Nancy Eisenberg
Edited by
Isabelle Roskam ,
James J. Gross  and
Moïra Mikolajczak
Isabelle Roskam
Affiliation:
Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
James J. Gross
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
Moïra Mikolajczak
Affiliation:
Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
Get access

Summary

The development of children’s emotions and emotion-related self-regulation are involved in many important developmental outcomes. The purpose of this review is to examine the ways that parents socialize their children’s experience and regulation of emotionality. We begin by presenting our theoretical model of parental socialization of emotions. Next, we review literature on three aspects of emotion-related socialization practices including (1) socializers’ reactions to children’s emotions, (2) socializers’ own expressions of emotions and regulation, and (3) socializers’ discussion of emotions. Complexities in these relations, such as potential bidirectional relations and moderators, are considered. Specifically, we discuss the role played by contextual factors such as culture/race, child characteristics, and global parenting behavior in the relation between emotion-related socialization behaviors and children’s emotion-related outcomes. We conclude with a review of intervention studies that sought to improve children’s emotional competence through changes in parenting behaviors and future directions for research.

Keywords

emotionemotion regulationeffortful controlemotion-related socialization behaviorparentingparents’ expression of emotionparents’ discussion of emotionparents’ responses to emotion
Type
Chapter
Information
Emotion Regulation and Parenting , pp. 166 - 186
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Berona, J., Sroka, A. W., Gelardi, K. L., Guyer, A. E., Hipwell, A. E., & Keenan, K. (2022). Maternal socialization of emotion and the development of emotion regulation in early adolescent girls. Emotion. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001110Google Scholar
Blair, B. L., Perry, N. B., O’Brien, M., Calkins, S. D., Keane, S. P., & Shanahan, L. (2014). The indirect effects of maternal emotion socialization on friendship quality in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 50(2), 566–576. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033532Google Scholar
Boldt, L. J., Goffin, K. C., & Kochanska, G. (2020). The significance of early parent-child attachment for emerging regulation: A longitudinal investigation of processes and mechanisms from toddler age to preadolescence. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 431–443. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000862Google Scholar
Breaux, R. P., McQuade, J. D., Harvey, E. A., & Zakarian, R. J. (2018). Longitudinal associations of parental emotion socialization and children’s emotion regulation: The moderating role of ADHD symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(4), 671–683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0327-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bridgett, D. J., Burt, N. M., Edwards, E. S., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of self-regulation: A multidisciplinary review and integrative conceptual framework. Psychological Bulletin, 141(3), 602–654. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038662Google Scholar
Bridgett, D. J., Gartstein, M. A., Putnam, S. P., Lance, K. O., Iddins, E., Waits, R., VanVleet, J., & Lee, L. (2011). Emerging effortful control in toddlerhood: The role of infant orienting/regulation, maternal effortful control, and maternal time spent in caregiving activities. Infant Behavior & Development, 34(1), 189–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.12.008Google Scholar
Briscoe, C., Stack, D. M., Dickson, D. J., & Serbin, L. A. (2018). Maternal emotion socialization mediates the relationship between maternal and adolescent negative emotionality. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(3), 495–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0945-zGoogle Scholar
Buckholdt, K. E., Parra, G. R., & Jobe-Shields, L. (2014). Intergenerational transmission of emotion dysregulation through parental invalidation of emotions: Implications for adolescent internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9768-4Google Scholar
Cassano, M. Perry-Parrish, C., & Zeman, J. (2007). Influence of gender on parental socialization of children’s sadness regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 210–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00381.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 228–249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1166148Google Scholar
Chan, M. H., Feng, X., Inboden, K., Hooper, E. G., & Gerhardt, M. (2022). Dynamic, bidirectional influences of children’s emotions and maternal regulatory strategies. Emotion, 22(8), 1841–1855. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001005Google Scholar
Chaplin, T. M., Cole, P. M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2005). Parental socialization of emotion expression: Gender differences and relations to child adjustment. Emotion, 5(1), 80–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.80Google Scholar
Cho, S., Song, J. H., Trommsdorff, G., Cole, P. M., Niraula, S., & Park, S.-Y. (2022). Mothers’ reactions to children’s emotion expressions in different cultural contexts: Comparisons across Nepal, Korea, and Germany. Early Education and Development, 33(5), 858–876. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2022.2035178CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cui, L., Criss, M. M., Ratliff, E., Wu, Z., Houltberg, B. J., Silk, J. S., & Morris, A. S. (2020). Longitudinal links between maternal and peer emotion socialization and adolescent girls’ socioemotional adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 595–607. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000861Google Scholar
Cunningham, J. N., Kliewer, W., & Garner, P. W. (2009). Emotion socialization, child emotion understanding and regulation, and adjustment in urban African American families: Differential associations across child gender. Development and Psychopathology, 21(1), 261–283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409000157Google Scholar
Curtis, K., Zhou, Q., & Tao, A. (2020). Emotion talk in Chinese American immigrant families and longitudinal links to children’s socioemotional competence. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000806Google Scholar
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487–496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487Google Scholar
Davidov, M., & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Untangling the links of parental responsiveness to distress and warmth to child outcomes. Child Development, 77(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00855.xGoogle Scholar
Doan, S. N., & Wang, Q. (2010). Maternal discussions of mental states and behaviors: Relations to emotion situation knowledge in European American and immigrant Chinese children. Child Development, 81(5), 1490–1503. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01487.x.Google Scholar
Dunbar, A. S., Leerkes, E. M., Coard, S. I., Supple, A. J., & Calkins, S. (2017). An integrative conceptual model of parental racial/ethnic and emotion socialization and links to children’s social‐emotional development among African American families. Child Development Perspectives, 11(1), 16–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12218Google Scholar
Dunbar, A. S., Zeytinoglu, S., & Leerkes, E. M. (2022). When is parental suppression of black children’s negative emotions adaptive? The role of preparation for racial bias and children’s resting cardiac vagal tone. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 50, 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00779-zGoogle Scholar
Dunsmore, J. C., Booker, J. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2013). Parental emotion coaching and child emotion regulation as protective factors for children with oppositional defiant disorder. Social Development, 22(3), 444–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00652.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N. (2020). Findings, issues, and new directions for research on emotion socialization. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 664–670. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000906CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, , Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998a). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241–273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parents’ reactions to children’s negative emotions: Relations to children’s social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development, 67(5), 2227–2247. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131620Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Gershoff, E. T., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A. J., Losoya, S. H., Guthrie, I. K., & Murphy, B. C. (2001). Mother’s emotional expressivity and children’s behavior problems and social competence: Mediation through children’s regulation. Developmental Psychology, 37(4), 475–490. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.4.475Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., Spinrad, T. L., Gershoff, E. T., Valiente, C., Losoya, S. H., Zhou, Q., Cumberland, A., Liew, J., Reiser, M., & Maxon, E. (2008). Understanding mother-adolescent conflict discussions: Concurrent and across-time prediction from youths’ dispositions and parenting. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 73(2), vii-viii. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2008.00470.xGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Liew, J., & Pidada, S. U. (2001). The relations of parental emotional expressivity with quality of Indonesian children’s social functioning. Emotion, 1(2), 116–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.1.2.116Google Scholar
Eisenberg, , Spinrad, T. L., & Cumberland, A. (1998b). The socialization of emotion: Reply to commentaries. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 317–333. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0904_17Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Eggum, N. D. (2010). Emotion-related self-regulation and its relation to children’s maladjustment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6(1), 495–525. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131208Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Eggum, N. D., Silva, K. M., Reiser, M., Hofer, C., Cynthia, L. Smith, C. L., Gaertner, B. M., Kupfer, A., Popp, P., & Michalik, N. (2010). Relations among maternal socialization, effortful control, and maladjustment in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 22(3), 507–525. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000246CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Vidmar, M., Spinrad, T. L., Eggum, N. D., Edwards, A., Gaertner, B., & Kupfer, A. (2010). Mothers’ teaching strategies and children’s effortful control: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1294–1308. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020236Google Scholar
Ellis, B. H., Alisic, E., Reiss, A., Dishion, T., Fisher, P.A. (2014). Emotion regulation among preschoolers on a continuum of risk: The role of maternal emotion coaching. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(6), 965–974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9752-zGoogle Scholar
England-Mason, G., & Gonzalez, A. (2020). Intervening to shape children’s emotion regulation: A review of emotion socialization parenting programs for young children. Emotion, 20(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000638CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R., Dollberg, D., & Nadam, R. (2011). The expression and regulation of anger in toddlers: Relations to maternal behavior and mental representations. Infant Behavior & Development, 34, 310–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.02.001Google Scholar
Gentzler, A. L., Contreras‐Grau, J. M., Kerns, K. A., & Weimer, B. L. (2005). Parent–child emotional communication and children’s coping in middle childhood. Social Development, 14(4), 591–612. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2005.00319.xGoogle Scholar
Gilliom, , Shaw, D. S., Beck, J. E., Schonberg, M. A., & Lukon, J. L. (2002). Anger regulation in disadvantaged preschool boys: Strategies, antecedents, and the development of self-control. Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 222–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.222Google Scholar
Godleski, S. A., Eiden, R. D., Shisler, S., & Livingston, J. A. (2020). Parent socialization of emotion in a high-risk sample. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 489–502. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000793Google Scholar
Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243Google Scholar
Hajal, N. J., & Paley, B. (2020). Parental emotion and emotion regulation: A critical target of study for research and intervention to promote child emotion socialization. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000864Google Scholar
Havighurst, S. S., Wilson, K. R., Harley, A. E., Kehoe, C., Efron, D., & Prior, M. R. (2013). “Tuning in to Kids”: Reducing young children’s behavior problems using an emotion coaching parenting program. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 44(2), 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0322-1Google Scholar
Havighurst, S. S., Wilson, K. R., Harley, A. E., Prior, M. R., & Kehoe, C. (2010). Tuning in to Kids: Improving emotion socialization practices in parents of preschool children–findings from a community trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(12), 1342–1350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02303.xGoogle Scholar
Hurrell, K. E., Hudson, J. L., & Schniering, C. A. (2015). Parental reactions to children’s negative emotions: Relationships with emotion regulation in children with an anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 29, 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.10.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jin, Z., Zhang, X., & Han, Z. R. (2017). Parental emotion socialization and child psychological adjustment among Chinese urban families: Mediation through child emotion regulation and moderation through dyadic collaboration. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2198–2198. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02198CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaminski, J. W., Valle, L. A., Filene, J. H., & Boyle, C. L. (2008). A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 567–589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9201-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, K. L., Gurtovenko, K., Maliken, A., Stettler, N., Kawamura, J., & Fladeboe, K. (2020). An emotion coaching parenting intervention for families exposed to intimate partner violence. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 638–651. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000800Google Scholar
Kehoe, C. E., Havighurst, S. S., & Harley, A. E. (2014). Tuning in to Teens: Improving parent emotion socialization to reduce youth internalizing difficulties. Social Development, 23, 413–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sode.12060CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kehoe, C. E., Havighurst, S. S., & Harley, A. E. (2020). Tuning in to Teens: Investigating moderators of program effects and mechanisms of change of an emotion focused group parenting program. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 623–637. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000875Google Scholar
Kochanska, G., & Kim, S. (2014). A complex interplay among the parent–child relationship, effortful control, and internalized, rule-compatible conduct in young children: Evidence from two studies. Developmental Psychology, 50(1), 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032330CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kochanska, G., Aksan, N., Prisco, T. R., & Adams, E. E. (2008). Mother–child and father–child mutually responsive orientation in the first 2 years and children’s outcomes at preschool age: Mechanisms of influence. Child Development, 79(1), 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01109.xGoogle Scholar
Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T. (2000). Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development. Developmental Psychology, 36(2), 220–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220Google Scholar
Kopystynska, O., Spinrad, T. L., Seay, D. M., & Eisenberg, N. (2016). The interplay of maternal sensitivity and gentle control when predicting children’s subsequent academic functioning: Evidence of mediation by effortful control. Developmental Psychology, 52(6), 909–921. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000122Google Scholar
Leerkes, E. M., & Augustine, M. E. (2019). Parenting and emotions. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Being and becoming a parent (pp. 620–653). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429433214-18Google Scholar
Li, J. B., Willems, Y. E., Stok, F. M., Deković, M., Bartels, M., & Finkenauer, C. (2019). Parenting and self-control across early to late adolescence: A three-level meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(6), 967–1005. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619863046Google Scholar
Lunkenheimer, E. S., Shields, A. M., & Cortina, K. S. (2007). Parental emotion coaching and dismissing in family interaction. Social Development, 16(2), 232–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00382.xGoogle Scholar
Lunkenheimer, E., Hamby, C. M., Lobo, F. M., Cole, P. M., & Olson, S. L. (2020). The role of dynamic, dyadic parent-child processes in parental socialization of emotion. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 566–577. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000808Google Scholar
McCord, B. L., & Raval, V. V. (2016). Asian Indian immigrant and White American maternal emotion socialization and child socio-emotional functioning. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 464–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0227-2Google Scholar
Mintz, T. M., Hamre, B. K., & Hatfield, B. E. (2011). The role of effortful control in mediating the association between maternal sensitivity and children’s social and relational competence and problems in first grade. Early Education and Development, 22(3), 360–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2011.569317Google Scholar
Mirabile, S. P., Oertwig, D., & Halberstadt, A. G. (2018). Parent emotion socialization and children’s socioemotional adjustment: when is supportiveness no longer supportive? Social Development, 27(3), 466–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12226Google Scholar
Morelen, D., Shaffer, A., & Suveg, C. (2016). Maternal emotion regulation: Links to emotion parenting and child emotion regulation. Journal of Family Issues, 37(13), 1891–1916. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14546720Google Scholar
Nelson, J. A., Leerkes, E. M., O’Brien, M., Calkins, S. D., & Marcovitch, S. (2012). African American and European American mothers’ beliefs about negative emotions and emotion socialization practices. Emotional development within the family context. Parenting: Science and Practice, 12(1), 22–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.638871Google Scholar
Oddo, L., Miller, N. V., Felton, J. W., Cassidy, J., Lejuez, C. W., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. (2022). Maternal emotion dysregulation predicts emotion socialization practices and adolescent emotion lability: Conditional effects of youth ADHD symptoms. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 50(2), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00686-9Google Scholar
Ogbaselase, F. A., Mancini, K. J., & Luebbe, A. M. (2022). Indirect effect of family climate on adolescent depression through emotion regulatory processes. Emotion, 22(5), 1017–1029. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000899Google Scholar
Otterpohl, N., & Wild, E. (2015). Cross-lagged relations among parenting, children’s emotion regulation, and psychosocial adjustment in early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(1), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.862802Google Scholar
Pallini, , Chirumbolo, A., Morelli, M., Baiocco, R., Laghi, F., & Eisenberg, N. (2018). The relation of attachment security status to effortful self-regulation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 144(5), 501–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000134Google Scholar
Ramsden, S. R., & Hubbard, J. A. (2002). Family expressiveness and parental Emotion coaching: Their role in children’s emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(6), 657–667. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020819915881Google Scholar
Raval, V. V., Li, X., Deo, N., & Hu, J. (2018). Reports of maternal socialization goals, emotion socialization behaviors, and child functioning in China and India. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000336Google Scholar
Shipman, K. L., Schneider, R., Fitzgerald, M. M., Sims, C., Swisher, L., & Edwards, A. (2007). Maternal emotion socialization in maltreating and non‐maltreating families: Implications for children’s emotion regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 268–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00384.xGoogle Scholar
Shortt, J. W., Stoolmiller, M., Smith‐Shine, J. N., Mark Eddy, J., & Sheeber, L. (2010). Maternal emotion coaching, adolescent anger regulation, and siblings’ externalizing symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(7), 799–808. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02207.xGoogle Scholar
Speidel, R., Wang, L., Cummings, E. M., & Valentino, K. (2020). Longitudinal pathways of family influence on child self-regulation: The roles of parenting, family expressiveness, and maternal sensitive guidance in the context of child maltreatment. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 608–622. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000782Google Scholar
Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Gaertner, B., Popp, T., Smith, C. L., Kupfer, A., Greving, K., Liew, J., & Hofer, C. (2007). Relations of maternal socialization and toddlers’ effortful control to children’s adjustment and social competence. Developmental Psychology, 43(5), 1170–1186. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1170Google Scholar
Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Silva, K. M., Eggum, N. D., Reiser, M., Edwards, A., Iyer, R., Kupfer, A. S., Hofer, C., Smith, C. L., Hayashi, A., & Gaertner, B. M. (2012). Longitudinal relations among maternal behaviors, effortful control and young children’s committed compliance. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 552–566. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025898CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spinrad, T. L., Stifter, C. A., Donelan-McCall, N., & Turner, L. (2004). Mothers’ regulation strategies in response to toddlers’ affect: Links to later emotion self-regulation. Social Development, 13(1), 40–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.00256.xGoogle Scholar
Tan, P. Z., Oppenheimer, C. W., Ladouceur, C. D., Butterfield, R. D., & Silk, J. S. (2020). A review of associations between parental emotion socialization behaviors and the neural substrates of emotional reactivity and regulation in youth. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 516–527. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000893Google Scholar
Taylor, Z. E., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Widaman, K. F. (2013). Longitudinal relations of intrusive parenting and effortful control to ego-resiliency during early childhood. Child Development, 84(4), 1145–1151. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12054Google Scholar
Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A., & Losoya, S. H. (2004). Prediction of children’s empathy-related responding from their effortful control and parents’ expressivity. Developmental Psychology, 40(6), 911–926. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.911Google Scholar
Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Reiser, M., Cumberland, A., Losoya, S. H., & Liew, J. (2006). Relations among mothers’ expressivity, children’s effortful control, and their problem behaviors: A four-year longitudinal study. Emotion, 6(3), 459–472. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.459Google Scholar
Valiente, C., Lemery-Chalfant, K., & Reiser, M. (2007). Pathways to problem behaviors: Chaotic homes, parent and child effortful control, and parenting. Social Development 16(2), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00383.xGoogle Scholar
Valiente, C., Lemery‐Chalfant, K., & Swanson, J. (2009). Children’s responses to daily social stressors: Relations with parenting, children’s effortful control, and adjustment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(6), 707–717. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02019.xGoogle Scholar
Valiente, C., Swanson, J., DeLay, D., Fraser, A. M., & Parker, J. H. (2020). Emotion-related socialization in the classroom: Considering the roles of teachers, peers, and the classroom context. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 578–594. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000863Google Scholar
Van Lissa, C. J., Keizer, R., Van Lier, P. A. C., Meeus, W. H. J., & Branje, S. (2019). The role of fathers’ versus mothers’ parenting in emotion-regulation development from mid–late adolescence: Disentangling between-family differences from within-family effects. Developmental Psychology, 55(2), 377–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000612Google Scholar
Xu, X. (2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis of bidirectional relations between parenting and children’s effortful control [Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University]. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/systematic-review-meta-analysis-bidirectional/docview/2669613116/se-2Google Scholar
Xu, X., Spinrad, T. L., Cookston, J. T., & Matsumoto, D. (2019). The relations of parental emotion dysregulation and emotion socialization to young adults’ emotion dysregulation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(3), 725–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01619-xGoogle Scholar
Yang, Y., Song, Q., Doan, S. N., & Wang, Q. (2020). Maternal reactions to children’s negative emotions: Relations to children’s socio-emotional development among European American and Chinese immigrant children. Transcultural Psychiatry, 57(3), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461520905997Google Scholar
Yap, M. B., Allen, N. B., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2008). Maternal socialization of positive affect: The impact of invalidation on adolescent emotion regulation and depressive symptomatology. Child Development, 79(5), 1415–1431. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01196.xGoogle Scholar
Yap, M. B., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. (2007). Using an emotion regulation framework to understand the role of temperament and family processes in risk for adolescent depressive disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10(2), 180–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-006-0014-0Google Scholar
Yap, M. B., Schwartz, O. S., Byrne, M. L., Simmons, J. G., & Allen, N. B. (2010). Maternal positive and negative interaction behaviors and early adolescents’ depressive symptoms: Adolescent emotion regulation as a mediator. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(4), 1014–1043. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00665.xGoogle Scholar
Zhang, N., Lee, S., Zhang, J., Piehler, T., & Gewirtz, A. (2020). Growth trajectories of parental emotion socialization and child adjustment following a military parenting intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 652–663. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000837Google Scholar
Zhang, X., Gatzke‐Kopp, L. M., Cole, P. M., & Ram, N. (2022). A dynamic systems account of parental self‐regulation processes in the context of challenging child behavior. Child Development, 93(5), e501–e514. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13808Google Scholar
Zhang, X., Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Fosco, G. M., & Bierman, K. L. (2020). Parental support of self-regulation among children at risk for externalizing symptoms: Developmental trajectories of physiological regulation and behavioral adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 528–540. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000794Google Scholar
Zimmer-Gembeck, M.J., Rudolph, J., Kerin, J., & Bohadana-Brown, G. (2022). Parent emotional regulation: A meta-analytic review of its association with parenting and child adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 46(1), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650254211051086Google Scholar
Zinsser, K. M., Gordon, R. A., & Jiang, X. (2021). Parents’ socialization of preschool-aged children’s emotion skills: A meta-analysis using an emotion-focused parenting practices framework. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 55, 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.02.001Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×