Introduction

Anthropogenic disturbance of forests leads to fragmentation and habitat loss, which strongly influence genetic diversity, extirpations, and extinction of many species (e.g., Fahrig and Merriam, 1994; Gibson et al., 2013; Radespiel and Bruford, 2014). One of the most significant consequences of fragmentation and habitat loss is an increase in the amount of edge effects and edge habitat (Chen et al., 1992). Edge effects represent the penetration, to varying depths and intensities, of biotic and abiotic conditions from the surrounding environment (matrix) into the forest interior (Malcolm, 1994). Murcia (1995) described three ecological consequences of edge effects: (1) abiotic effects, (2) direct biological effects, and (3) indirect biological effects. Abiotic effects occur as the result of the penetration of environmental factors, such as temperature and light levels, from the matrix into the forest interior. Direct biological effects are changes in the abundance and distribution of organisms due to physical conditions near the forest edge. For example, Laurance et al. (1997) documented that wind damage led to a drastic drop in tree biomass within 100 m of the forest edge in South America. Indirect biological effects involve changes in species interactions (e.g., herbivory, frugivory), such that species that avoid the edge may be doing so due to the scarcity of preferred food items in these stochastic habitats (Mills, 1995). The combination of these three ecological processes results in dynamic, multidimensional edge habitats that differ from the matrix and forest interior. Although edge effects have been shown to alter forest structure and animal communities (e.g., Lovejoy et al., 1986; Laurance and Yensen, 1991; Laurance et al., 1997), they have rarely been studied directly in regards to primate ecology and biogeography.

Edge effects are particularly relevant to ecological and biogeographic studies in Madagascar. Madagascar has an unrivaled level of plant endemicity and diversity: of the estimated 12,000 species of plants in Madagascar, 81% are endemic to this country (e.g., Phillipson, 1994, 1996; Du Puy et al., 1999). This plant diversity is remarkable given that much of the original forest cover has been lost to human perturbations, such as slash-and-burn agriculture, logging, mining, and associated erosion (Green and Sussman, 1990; Du Puy and Moat, 1998).