Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T20:41:24.848Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

V - Interpreting Statutes and Other Posited Rules

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

Larry Alexander
Affiliation:
University of San Diego School of Law
Emily Sherwin
Affiliation:
Cornell University Law School, New York
Get access

Summary

What kind of “reasoning” or methodology is employed when judges, lawyers, administrators, and ordinary citizens interpret statutes or other humanly authored and promulgated (posited) laws? Is the interpretation of laws a special form of reasoning, a methodology learned only in law schools?

The reader will not be surprised that we do not regard legal interpretation as some special technique that imbues the notion of legal reasoning with a mystique. Our view is the commonsense, person-on-the-street view: posited laws are nothing more or less than communications from lawmakers to others regarding what the lawmakers have determined the others should do. If, for example, the legislature passes a statute that states, “No property owner shall keep a bear within one thousand feet of a private residence,” the statute represents the legislature's determination of what property owners should do regarding any bears they might possess and probably what sheriffs, judges, and others should or may do if property owners do not act accordingly.

Our starting point, therefore, is that, aside from the irrelevancy that it makes a demand rather than a request, such a statute is fundamentally no different from a letter written by Mom requesting that you put out the dog the next time she comes to visit, or a note signed by your two kids asking you to rent a movie on your way home. The statute, Mom's letter, and the kids' note all refer to some behavior that is either demanded or requested.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Fish, Stanley, There Is No Textualist Position, 42 San Diego L. Review 629 (2005)Google Scholar
Knapp, Steven and Michaels, Walter Benn, Not a Matter of Interpretation, 42 San Diego L. Rev. 651 (2005)Google Scholar
Alexander, Larry and Prakash, Saikrishna, “Is That English You're Speaking?” Why Intention Free Interpretation Is an Impossibility, 41 San Diego L. Rev. 967 (2004)Google Scholar
Alexander, Larry, All or Nothing at All? The Intentions of Authorities and the Authority of Intentions, in Law and Interpretation: Essays in Legal Interpretation 357–404 (Marmor, A., ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press 1995)Google Scholar
Alexander, Larry and Sherwin, Emily, The Rule of Rules: Morality, Rules, and the Dilemmas of Law Ch. 5 (Durham: Duke University Press 2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grice, Paul, Studies in the Way of Words 86–137 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1991).Google Scholar
Moore, Michael S., A Natural Law Theory of Interpretation, 58 So. Cal. L. Rev. 277 (1985).Google Scholar
Whittington, Keith E., Constitutional Interpretation: Textual Meaning, Original Intent, and Judicial Review 94–99 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas 1999)Google Scholar
Tribe, Laurence H., Comment, in Scalia, Antonin, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law 65, 76–77 (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1997)Google Scholar
Endicott, Timothy A. O., Linguistic Indeterminacy, 16 Oxford J. Legal Stud. 667, 682–85 (1996)Google Scholar
Knapp, Steven and Michaels, Walter Benn, Intention, Identity, and the Constitution: A Response to David Hoy, in Legal Hermeneutics: History, Theory, and Practice 187, 190 (Leyh, G., ed., Berkeley: University of California Press 1992)Google Scholar
Kay, Richard S., Original Intentions, Standard Meanings, and the Legal Character of the Constitution, 6 Const. Commentary 39, 40–45 (1989)Google Scholar
Hirsch, E. D., Counterfactuals in Interpretation, in Interpreting Law and Literature: A Hermeneutic Reader 57 (Levinson, Sanford and Mailloux, Steven, eds., Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press 1988)Google Scholar
Knapp, Steven and Michaels, Walter Benn, Against Theory 2: Hermeneutics and Deconstruction, 14 Critical Theory 49, 54, 60 (1987)Google Scholar
Knapp, Steven and Michaels, Walter Benn, Against Theory, 8 Critical Theory 723, 725–30 (1982)Google Scholar
Campos, Paul, Against Constitutional Theory, 4 Yale J. L. & Human. 270, 301–2 (1992)Google Scholar
Garcia, Jorge J. E., Can There Be Texts without Historical Authors?, 31 Amer. Phil. Q. 245, 251–52 (1994) (same).Google Scholar
Goldsworthy, Jeffrey, Marmor on Meaning, Interpretation, and Legislative Intention, 1 Legal Theory 439, 454–56, 460–63 (1995)Google Scholar
Searle, John R., The Construction of Social Reality 129–37 (New York: Free Press 1995) (same)Google Scholar
Searle, John R., Literal Meaning, in Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts 117, 127 (Searle, J., ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press 1979) (same)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenawalt, Kent, Legislation: Statutory Interpretation: 20 Questions 38–39 (New York: Foundation Press 1999)Google Scholar
Greene, Abner S., The Work of Knowledge, 72 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1479, 1486–89 (1997)Google Scholar
Alexander, Larry and Sherwin, Emily, Interpreting Rules: The Nature and Limits of Inchoate Intentions, in Legal Interpretation in Democratic States 1, 18–21 (Goldsworthy, Jeffrey and Campbell, Tom, eds., Aldershot: Ashgate 2002)Google Scholar
Alexander, Larry and Prakash, Saikrishna, Mother, May I? Imposing Mandatory Prospective Rules of Statutory Interpretation, 20 Const. Comm. 97, 103–6 (2003).Google Scholar
Prakash, Saikrishna B., Unoriginalism's Law without Meaning, 15 Const. Comment. 529, 541–46 (1998)Google Scholar
Lawson, Gary, On Reading Recipes … and Constitutions, 85 Geo. L.J. 1823 (1997)Google Scholar
Goldsworthy, Jeffrey, Marmor on Meaning, Interpretation, and Legislative Intention, 1 Legal Theory 439, 448 (1995).Google Scholar
Smith, Peter Jeremy, Commas, Constitutional Grammar, and the Straight-Face Test: What If Conan the Grammarian Were a Strict Textualist?, 16 Const. Comment. 7 (1999)Google Scholar
Greenawalt, Kent, The Nature of Rules and the Meaning of Meaning, 72 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1449, 1462–68 (1997)Google Scholar
Schauer, Frederick, Formalism, 97 Yale L.J. 509, 526–28 (1988)Google Scholar
Sunstein, Cass R., One Case at a Time 219–21 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1999)Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Philosophical Investigations § 203 (Oxford: Blackwell 1997)Google Scholar
Bell, Bernard W., “No Motor Vehicles in the Park”: Reviving the Hart-Fuller Debate to Introduce Statutory Construction, 48 J. Legal Educ. 88, 97 (1998)Google Scholar
Eskridge, William N., Textualism, The Unknown Ideal?, 96 Mich. L. Rev. 1509, 1553 (1998)Google Scholar
Greenawalt, Kent, From the Bottom Up, 82 Corn. L. Rev. 994 (1997)Google Scholar
Sunstein, Cass R., Justice Scalia's Formalism, 107 Yale L.J. 529, 544 (1997)Google Scholar
Hart, H. L. A., The Concept of Law 125 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1961).Google Scholar
Bassham, Gregory, Original Intent and the Constitution 28–34, 69–71 (Savage, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield 1992).Google Scholar
Shain, Ralph, Mill, Quine, and Natural Kinds, 24 Metaphilosophy 275–92 (1993)Google Scholar
Marmor, Andrei, Interpretation and Legal Theory 144–45 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1992)Google Scholar
Green, Michael Steven, Dworkin's Fallacy, or What the Philosophy of Language Can't Teach Us about the Law, 89 Va. L. Rev. 1897, 1907–8 n. 29 (2003)Google Scholar
Whittington, Keith E., Dworkin's “Originalism”: The Role of Intentions in Constitutional Interpretation, 62 Rev. of Pol. 197, 215–25 (2000)Google Scholar
Sinclair, M. B. W., Legislative Intent: Fact or Fabrication?, 41 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 1329, 1363–64, 1370 (1997) (same)Google Scholar
McConnell, Michael W., The Importance of Humility in Judicial Review: A Comment on Ronald Dworkin's “Moral Reading” of the Constitution, 65 Fordham L. Rev. 1269, 1280–84 (1997)Google Scholar
Booher, Troy L., Putting Meaning in Its Place: Originalism and Philosophy of Language, 25 Law and Phil. 387 (2006).Google Scholar
Munzer, Stephen R., Realistic Limits on Realist Interpretation, 58 S. Cal. L. Rev. 459 (1985)Google Scholar
Dardis, Anthony, How the Radically Interpreted Make Mistakes, 33 Dialogue 415, 423–25 (1994)Google Scholar
Stoljar, Natalie, Vagueness, Counterfactual Intentions, and Legal Interpretation, 7 Legal Theory 447 (2001).Google Scholar
Lessig, Lawrence, Fidelity in Translation, 71 Tex. L. Rev. 1165 (1993).Google Scholar
Brink, David O., Legal Theory, Legal Interpretation, and Judicial Review, 17 Phil. and Pub. Aff. 105, 126–29 (1988)Google Scholar
Klarman, Michael J., Antifidelity, 70 S. Cal. L. Rev. 381 (1997)Google Scholar
Dworkin, Ronald, Life's Dominion: An Argument about Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom 136–37 (New York: Knopf 1993)Google Scholar
Lee, Win-Chiat, Statutory Interpretation and the Counterfactual Test for Legislative Intention, 8 Law and Phil. 383, 397–401, 403–4 (1989)Google Scholar
Coleman, Jules L. and Leiter, Brian, Determinacy, Objectivity, and Authority, 142 U. Pa. L. Rev. 549, 568–72 (1992)Google Scholar
Kripke, A., Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language: An Elementary Exposition 55–113 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1982)Google Scholar
Hershovitz, Scott, Wittgenstein on Rules: The Phantom Menace, 22 Oxford J. Legal Stud. 619, 620–23 (2002).Google Scholar
Humphrey, John A., Quine, Kripke's Wittgenstein, and Sceptical Solutions, 37 S.J. Phil. 43, 46 (1999)Google Scholar
Byrne, Alex, On Misinterpreting Kripke's Wittgenstein, 56 Phil. and Phenomenological Res. 339 (1996)Google Scholar
Yablon, Charles M., Law and Metaphysics, 96 Yale L.J. 613, 627 (1987) (same)Google Scholar
Nagel, Thomas, The Last Word 45–46 (New York: Oxford University Press 1997) (same).Google Scholar
Marmor, Andrei, The Separation Thesis and the Limits of Interpretation, 12 Canadian J.L. and Jurisprudence 135, 136–41 (1999)Google Scholar
Zapf, Christian and Moglen, Eben, Linguistic Indeterminacy and the Rule of Law: On the Perils of Misunderstanding Wittgenstein, 84 Geo. L.J. 485, 500–6 (1996)Google Scholar
Ripstein, Arthur, Law, Language, and Interpretation, 46 U. Toronto L.J. 335, 338–39 (1996)Google Scholar
Solum, Lawrence B., On the Indeterminacy Crisis: Critiquing Critical Dogma, 54 U. Chi. L. Rev. 462, 477–80 (1987) (same)Google Scholar
Robertson, Michael, Picking Positivism Apart: Stanley Fish on Epistemology and Law, 8 S. Cal. Interdisc. L.J. 401, 437–41 (1999)Google Scholar
O'Neill, Onora, Toward Justice and Virtue: A Constructive Account of Practical Reasoning 83–84 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1996) (same)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sebok, Anthony J., Finding Wittgenstein at the Core of the Rule of Recognition, 52 S.M.U. L. Rev. 75, 92 et seq. (1999) (same)Google Scholar
Willigenburg, Theo, Shareability and Actual Sharing: Korsgaard's Position on the Publicity of Reasons, 25 Phil. Invest. 176–77 (2002)Google Scholar
Pettit, Philip, Rules, Reasons, and NormsCh. 1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertea, Stefano, Remarks on a Legal Positivist Misuse of Wittgenstein's Later Philosophy, 22 Law and Phil. 513, 530–35 (2003)Google Scholar
Boghossian, Paul A., Rules, Meaning and Intention, 124 Phil. Stud. 185 (2005)Google Scholar
Haukioja, Jussi, Is Solitary Rule-Following Possible?, 32 Philosophia 131 (2005)Google Scholar
Knorpp, William Max, How to Talk to Yourself, or Kripke's Wittgenstein's Solitary Language Argument and Why It Fails, 84 Pac. Phil. Q. 215 (2003)Google Scholar
Verheggen, Claudine, Wittgenstein's Rule-Following Paradox and the Objectivity of Meaning, 26 Phil. Investigations 285, 304–7 (2003).Google Scholar
Schauer, Frederick, Playing by the Rules: A Philosophical Examination of Rule-Based Decision-Making in Law and Life 207–8 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1991)Google Scholar
Shogenji, Tomogi, The Problem of the Criterion in Rule-Following, 60 Phil. & Phenom. Res. 501 (2000)Google Scholar
Kay, Richard S., American Constitutionalism, in Constitutionalism: Philosophy Foundations 28–29 (Alexander, Larry, ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1998)Google Scholar
Hirsch, E. D., Counterfactuals in Interpretation, in Interpreting Law and Literature: A Hermeneutic Reader 55, 66–68 (Levinson, Sanford and Mailloux, Steven, eds., Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press 1988)Google Scholar
Marmor, Andre, Interpretation and Legal Theory 120 (2d ed., Oxford: Hart Pub. 2005)Google Scholar
Fish, Stanley, Wrong Again, in Doing What Comes Naturally 99 (Durham: Duke University Press 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bratman, Michael E., Intentions, Plans, and Practical Reason (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1987).Google Scholar
Kuhn, Thomas S., Commensurability, Comparability, Communicability, 2 Phil. of Science Assoc. 669 (1982)Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×