References
Abby, E. (1968). Desert Solitaire, a Season in the Wilderness. New York, NY: Ballantine.
Agapow, P.-M., Bininda‐Emonds, O.R.P., Crandall, K.A., et al. (2004). The impact of species concept on biodiversity studies. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 79, 161–179.
Agar, N. (2001). Life’s Intrinsic Value: Science, Ethics, and Nature. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Aiken, W. (1984). Ethical issues in agriculture. In: Regan, T. (ed.) Earthbound: New Introductory Essays in Environmental Ethics. 1st edn. New York, NY: Random House.
Allen, R. (1980). World Conservation Strategy. Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
Andreoni, J. (1989). Giving with impure altruism: applications to charity and Ricardian equivalence. The Journal of Political Economy, 97, 1447–1458.
Appleton, J. (1988). Prospects and refuges revisited. Landscape Journal, 3, 91–103.
Appleton, J. (1996). The Experience of Landscape. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Aristotle, (1941 [4th century BCE]). Politics, translated by Jowett, Benjamin. The Basic Works of Aristotle. McKeon, R.. New York: Random House, 1113–1316.
Ayres, R.U. (1998). The price-value paradox. Ecological Economics, 25, 17–19.
Barnosky, A.D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., et al. (2011). Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived? Nature, 471, 51–57.
Belaoussoff, S. and Kevan, P.G. (2003). Are there ecological foundations for ecosystem health? The Environmentalist, 23, 255–263.
Bell, G. (2001). Neutral macroecology. Science, 293, 2413–2418.
Bell, T., Newman, J.A., Silverman, B.W., Turner, S.L., and Lilley, A.K. (2005). The contribution of species richness and composition to bacterial services. Nature, 436, 1157–1160.
Biddinger, G.R., Calow, P., Delorme, P., et al. (2008). Managing risks to ecological populations. In: Barnthouse, L.W., Munns, W.R. and Sorensen, M.T. (eds.) Population-Level Ecological Risk Assessment. 1st edn. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.
Black, H.C., Nolan, J.R., and Nolan-Haley, J.M. (1990). Black’s Law Dictionary. 6th edn. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.
Borris, R.P. (2017) Bioprospecting: an industrial perspective. In: Paterson, R. and Lima, N. (eds.) Bioprospecting: Success, Potential and Constraints. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Botkin, D.B. (1990). Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Bracken, M.E.S., Friberg, S.E., Gonzalez-Dorantes, C.A., and Williams, S.L. (2008). Functional consequences of realistic biodiversity changes in a marine ecosystem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 924–928.
Braithwaite, V. (2010). Do Fish Feel Pain? Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Brooks, A.C. (2000). Public subsidies and charitable giving: crowding out, crowding in, or both? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 19, 451–464.
Brown, T.C. and Daniel, T.C. (1986). Predicting scenic beauty of timber stands. Forest Science, 32, 471–487.
Caldeira, M.C., Hector, A., Loreau, M., and Pereira, J.S. (2005). Species richness, temporal variability and resistance of biomass production in a Mediterranean grassland. Oikos, 110, 115–123.
Callicott, J.B. (1980). Animal liberation: a triangular affair. Environmental Ethics, 2, 311–338.
Callicott, J.B. (1982). Hume’s is/ought dichtomy and the relation of ecology to Leopold’s land ethic. Environmental Ethics, 4, 163–174.
Callicott, J.B. (1987). Conceptual foundations of the land ethic. In: Callicott, J.B. (ed.) A Companion to a Sand County Almanac: Interpretive and Critical Essays. 1st edn. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Callicott, J.B. (1988). Animal liberation and environmental ethics: back together again. Between the Species, 4, 163–169.
Callicott, J.B. (1989). In Defense of the Land Ethic: Essays in Environmental Philosophy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Callicott, J.B. (1994). Moral monism in environmental ethics defended. Journal of Philosophical Research, 19, 51–60.
Callicott, J.B. (1995). Animal liberation: a triangular affair. In: Elliot, R. (ed.) Environmental Ethics. 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Callicott, J.B. (1999). Holistic environmental ethics and the problem of ecofascism. In: Callicott, J.B. (ed.) Beyond the Land Ethic: More Essays in Environmental Philosophy. 1st edn. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Callicott, J.B. (2008). Leopold’s land aesthetic. In: Carlson, A. and Lintott, S. (eds.) Nature, Aesthetics, and Environmentalism: From Beauty to Duty. 1st edn. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Canter, P.H., Thomas, H., and Ernst, E. (2005). Bringing medicinal plants into cultivation: opportunities and challenges for biotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology, 23, 180–185.
Cardinale, B.J., Duffy, E., Srivastava, D., et al. (2009). Towards a food-web perspective on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In: Naeem, S., Bunker, D.E., Loreau, M., Hector, A. and Perring, C. (eds.) Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Human Well-being: An Ecological and Economic Perspective. 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cardinale, B.J., Duffy, J.E., Gonzalez, A., et al. (2012). Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature, 486, 59–67.
Cardinale, B.J., Gross, K., Fritschie, K., et al. (2013). Biodiversity simultaneously enhances the production and stability of community biomass, but the effects are independent. Ecology, 94, 1697–1707.
Cardinale, B.J., Matulich, K.L., Hooper, D.U., et al. (2011). The functional role of producer diversity in ecosystems. American Journal of Botany, 98, 572–592.
Carlson, A. (1979). Appreciation and the natural environment. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 37, 267–275.
Carlson, A. and Lintott, S. (2008). Nature, Aesthetics, and Environmentalism: From Beauty to Duty. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Carroll, N. (1987). Can government funding of the arts be justified theoretically? Journal of Aesthetic Education, 21, 21–35.
Carter, A. (2000). Humean nature. Environmental Values, 9, 3–37.
Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P.R., Barnosky, A.D., et al. (2015). Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: entering the sixth mass extinction. Science Advances, 1, e1400253.
Cerda, C., Barkmann, J., and Marggraf, R. (2013). Application of choice experiments to quantify the existence value of an endemic moss: a case study in Chile. Environment and Development Economics, 18, 207–224.
Chase, J.M. and Myers, J.A. (2011). Disentangling the importance of ecological niches from stochastic processes across scales. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 366, 2351–2363.
Chomitz, K.M., Alger, K., Thomas, T.S., Orlando, H., and Nova, P.V. (2005). Opportunity costs of conservation in a biodiversity hotspot: the case of southern Bahia. Environment and Development Economics, 10, 293–312.
Costanza, R., dArge, R., deGroot, R., et al. (1997). The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387, 253–260.
Costanza, R., Norton, B., and Haskell, B. (eds.) (1992). Ecosystem Health: New Goals for Environmental Management. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Costello, C. and Ward, M. (2006). Search, bioprospecting and biodiversity conservation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 52, 615–626.
Costello, M.J., May, R.M., and Stork, N.E. (2013). Can we name Earth’s species before they go extinct? Science, 339, 413–416.
Craig, W.J. (2009). Health effects of vegan diets. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89, 1627S–1633S.
Culver, M., Johnson, W.E., Pecon-Slattery, J., and O’Brien, S.J. (2000). Genomic ancestry of the American puma (Puma concolor). Journal of Heredity, 91, 186–197.
Daily, G.C. (1997). Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Darwin, C. (1904 [1871]). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. New York, NY: J.A. Hill and Company.
Darwin, C. (2003 [1859]). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Toronto, ON: Broadview.
Davies, S. (2012). The Artful Species: Aesthetics, Art, and Evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Deacon, T.W. (1998). The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
deLaplante, K. and Picasso, V. (2011). The biodiversity-ecosystem function debate in ecology. In: Delaplante, K., Brown, B. and Peacock, K.A. (eds.) Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Volume 11: Philosophy of Ecology. 1st edn. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
Di Minin, E., Fraser, I., Slotow, R., and MacMillan, D.C. (2013). Understanding heterogeneous preference of tourists for big game species: implications for conservation and management. Animal Conservation, 16, 249–258.
Dias, D.A., Urban, S., and Roessner, U. (2012). A historical overview of natural products in drug discovery. Metabolites, 2, 303–336.
Diffey, T.J. (2000). Arguing about the environment. British Journal of Aesthetics, 40, 133–148.
Diggle, S.P., Griffin, A.S., Campbell, G.S., and West, S.A. (2007). Cooperation and conflict in quorum-sensing bacterial populations. Nature, 450, 411–414.
Druce, H.C., Mackey, R.L., and Slotow, R. (2011). How immunocontraception can contribute to elephant management in small, enclosed reserves: munyawana population as a case study. PLoS One, 6, e27952.
Duffy, J.E., Srivastava, D.S., McLaren, J., et al. (2009). Forecasting decline in ecosystem services under realistic scenarios of extinction. In: Naeem, S., Bunker, D.E., Hector, A., Loreau, M., and Perring, C. (eds.) Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, & Human Wellbeing: An Ecological and Economic Perspective. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Dutton, D. (2009). The Art Instinct: Beauty, Pleasure, and Human Evolution. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Ehrenfeld, D.W. (1972). Conserving Life on Earth. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Ehrenfeld, David. (1978). The Arrogance of Humanism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ehrlich, P.R. and Ehrlich, A.H. (1992). The value of biodiversity. Ambio, 21, 219–226.
Eijgelaar, E., Thaper, C., and Peeters, P. (2010). Antarctic cruise tourism: the paradoxes of ambassadorship,“last chance tourism” and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18, 337–354.
Elliott, R. (1982). Faking Nature. Inquiry, 25, 81–93.
Farnsworth, N.R., Akerele, O., Bingel, A.S., Soejarto, D.D., and Guo, Z. (1985). Medicinal plants in therapy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 63, 965.
Feinberg, J. (1994). Not with my tax money the problem of justifying government subsidies for the arts. Public Affairs Quarterly, 8, 101–123.
Fennell, D.A. (2015). Ecotourism. 5th edn. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Ferré, F. (1996). Persons in nature: toward an applicable and unified environmental ethics. Ethics and the Environment, 1, 15–25.
Firn, R.D. (2003). Bioprospecting – why is it so unrewarding? Biodiversity & Conservation, 12, 207–216.
Flader, S.L. (1974). Thinking Like a Mountain: Aldo Leopold and the Evolution of an Ecological Attitude toward Deer, Wolves, and Forests. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013). FAO Statistical Yearbook 2013: World Food and Agriculure. Rome: FAO.
Frankham, R., Ballou, J.D., Dudash, M.R., et al. (2012). Implications of different species concepts for conserving biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 153, 25–31.
Garcia, R.K. and Newman, J.A. (2016). Is it possible to care for ecosystems? Policy paralysis and ecosystem management. Ethics, Policy & Environment, 19, 170–182.
Gardner, A. (2015a). The genetical theory of multilevel selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 28, 305–319.
Gardner, A. (2015b). More on the genetical theory of multilevel selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 28, 1747–1751.
Gaston, K.J. (2008). Bliodiversity and extinction: the importance of being common. Progress in Physical Geography, 32, 73–79.
Gertler, B. (2015). “Self-Knowledge.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Zalta, Edward N. ed. [Online]. Available: http://stanford.io/2eHShDV. Ginsburg, J. (2001). US Wild Horses: To Many Survivors on Too Little Land? National Geographic News [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2dzqvfs. Gleason, H.A. (1926). The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 53, 7–26.
Goodnight, C. (2015). Multilevel selection theory and evidence: a critique of Gardner, 2015. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 28, 1734–1746.
Goodpaster, K.E. (1978). On being morally considerable. The Journal of Philosophy, 75, 308–325.
Goodpaster, K.E. (1979). From egoism to environmentalism. In: Goodpaster, K.E. and Sayre, K.M. (eds.) Ethics and Problems of the 21st Century. 1st edn. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Gould, S.J. (1980). The Panda’s Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History. New York, NY: WW Norton & Company.
Grantham, T.A. (1995). Hierarchical approaches to macroevolution: recent work on species and selection and the “effect hypothesis.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 26, 301–321.
Green, J.L., Harte, J., and Ostling, A. (2003). Species richness, endemism, and abundance patterns: tests of two fractal models in a serpentine grassland. Ecology Letters, 6, 919–928.
Grey, W. (1993). Anthropocentrism and deep ecology. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 71, 463–475.
Griffin, J.N., O’Gorman, E.J., Emmerson, M., et al. (2009). Biodiversity and the stability of ecosystem functioning. In: Naeem, S., Bunker, D.E., Hector, A., Loreau, M., and Perring, C. (eds.) Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, & Human Wellbeing: An Ecological and Economic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Griffith, G.W. (2012). Do we need a global strategy for microbial conservation? Nature, 469, 275.
Grifo, F., Newman, D., Fairfield, A., Bhattacharya, B., and Grupenhoff, J. (1997). The origins of prescription drugs. In: Grifo, F. and Rosenthal, J. (eds.) Biodiversity and Human Health. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Groom, M.J., Meffe, G.K. and Carroll, C.R. (2006). Principles of Conservation Biology. 3rd edn. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Gunn, A.S. (1980). Why should we care about rare species? Environmental Ethics, 2, 17–37.
Gunn, A.S. (1984). Preserving rare species. In: Regan, T. (ed.) Earthbound: Introductory Essays in Environmental Ethics. 1st edn. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.
Hardin, G. (1969). The economics of wilderness. Natural History, 78, 20–27.
Hare, R. (1981). Moral Thinking: Its Levels, Method, and Point. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Hare, R.M. (1973a). Review: Rawls’ Theory of Justice – I. The Philosophical Quarterly, 23, 144–155.
Hare, R.M. (1973b). Review: Rawls’ Theory of Justice – II. The Philosophical Quarterly, 23, 241–252.
Hargrove, E.C. (1992). Foundations of Environmental Ethics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Harvey, A.L. (2008). Natural products in drug discovery. Drug Discovery Today, 13, 894–901.
Hector, A., Bell, T., Connolly, J., Finn, J., Fox, J., Kirwan, L., Loreau, M., McLaren, J., Schmid, B., and Weigelt, A. (2009). The analysis of biodiversity experiments: from pattern toward mechanism. In: Naeem, S., Bunker, D.E., Hector, A., Loreau, M., and Perrings, C. (eds.), Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Human Wellbeing: An Ecological and Economic Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 94–104.
Hendriks, I.E. and Duarte, C.M. (2008). Allocation of effort and imbalances in biodiversity research. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 360, 15–20.
Hepburn, R.W. (1966). Contemporary aesthetics and the neglect of natural beauty. In: Williams, B. and Montefiore, A. (eds.) British Analytical Philosophy. London: Routeledge and Keegan Paul.
Hettinger, N. (2005). Allen Carlson’s environmental aesthetics and the protection of the environment. Environmental Ethics, 27, 57–76.
Hillebrand, H., Bennett, D.M., and Cadotte, M.W. (2008). Consequences of dominance: a review of evenness effects on local and regional ecosystem processes. Ecology, 89, 1510–1520.
Hooper, D.U., Adair, E.C., Cardinale, B.J., et al. (2012). A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change. Nature, 486, 105–108.
Hooper, D.U., Chapin, F.S., Ewel, J.J., et al. (2005). Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs, 75, 3–35.
Hooper, D.U. and Vitousek, P.M. (1998). Effects of plant composition and diversity on nutrient cycling. Ecological Monographs, 68, 121–149.
Howard-Snyder, F. (2011). “Doing vs. Allowing Harm.” In: Zalta, Edward N. (ed.) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy [Online]. Available: http://stanford.io/2eWW5Vj. Hubbell, S.P. (2001). The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hume, D. (1978 [1739–40]). A Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Hume, D. and Beauchamp, T.L. (1957 [1751]). An Inquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.
Hursthouse, R. (2011). Virtue ethics and the treatment of animals. In: Beauchamp, T.L. and Frey, R.G. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics. 1st edn. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Huth, H. (1948). Yosemite: the story of an idea. Sierra Club Bulletin, 33, 47–78.
Isbell, F.I., Losure, D.A., Yurkonis, K.A., and Wilsey, B.J. (2008). Diversity-productivity relationships in two ecologically realistic rarity-extinction scenarios. Oikos, 117, 996–1005.
Jamieson, D. (1999). Singer and His Critics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Jamieson, D. (2007). The transformative power of biodiversity. Bioscience, 57, 709–710.
Jamieson, D. (ed.) (2008). A Companion to Environmental Philosophy. Oxford, UK, Blackwell.
Jax, K. (2006). Ecological units: definitions and application. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 81, 237–258.
Jax, K. (2007). Can we define ecosystems? On the confusion between definition and description of ecological concepts. Acta Biotheoretica, 55, 341–355.
Johnson, E. (1981). Animal liberation versus the land ethic. Environmental Ethics, 3, 265–273.
Johnson, W.E., Onorato, D.P., Roelke, M.E., et al. (2010). Genetic restoration of the Florida panther. Science, 329, 1641–1645.
Jonsson, M., Dangles, O., Malmqvist, B., and Gueérold, F. (2002). Simulating species loss following perturbation: assessing the effects on process rates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 269, 1047–1052.
Justus, J., Colyvan, M., Regan, H., and Maguire, L. (2009). Buying into conservation: intrinsic versus instrumental value. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24, 187–191.
Kant, I. (1948 [1785]). The Moral Law: Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated with commentary by H.J. Paton. New York, NY: Hutchinson’s University Library (Reissued by Harper Torchbooks, 1964).
Kareiva, P. and Levin, S.A. (eds.) (2003). The Importance of Species: Perspectives on Expendability and Triage. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Katz, E. (1991). Defending the use of animals by business: animal liberation and environmental ethics. In: Hoffman, M., Frederick, R., and Petry, E.S. Jr (eds.) Business, Ethics, and the Environment: The Public Policy Debate. 1st edn. New York, NY: Quorum Books.
Kearns, C. (2010). Conservation of biodiversity. Nature Education Knowledge, 3, 7.
Kheel, M. (1985). The liberation of nature: a circular affair. Environmental Ethics, 7, 135–149.
Kirkby, C.A., Giudice-Granados, R., Day, B., et al. (2010). The market triumph of ecotourism: an economic investigation of the private and social benefits of competing land uses in the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS One, 5, e13015.
Kiss, A. (2004). Is community-based ecotourism a good use of biodiversity conservation funds? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19, 232–237.
Knegtering, E., van der Windt, H.J., and Uiterkamp, A.J.S. (2011). Public decisions on animal species: does body size matter? Environmental Conservation, 38, 28–36.
Kneitel, J.M. and Chase, J.M. (2004). Trade-offs in community ecology: linking spatial scales and species coexistence. Ecology Letters, 7, 69–80.
Kricher, J. (1998). Nothing endures but change: ecology’s newly emerging paradigm. Northeastern Naturalist, 5, 165–174.
Krüger, O. (2005). The role of ecotourism in conservation: panacea or Pandora’s box? Biodiversity & Conservation, 14, 579–600.
Larson, B. (2011). Metaphors for Environmental Sustainability: Redefining our Relationship with Nature. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Lawler, S.P., Armesto, J.J., and Kareiva, P. (2002). How relevant to conservation are studies linking biodiversity and ecosystem functioning? In: Kinzig, A.P., Pacala, S.W., and Tillman, D. (eds.) The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity: Empirical Progress and Theoretical Extensions. 1st edn. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Lawrence, E.A. (1986). Neoteny in American perceptions of animals. In: Hoetage, R.J. (ed.) Perceptions of Animals in American Culture. 1st edn. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
Lazari-Radek, K.d. and Singer, P. (2014). The Point of View of the Universe. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Lehman, H. (2000). Ecosystem health as a moral requirement. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 12, 305–317.
Leopold, A. (1949). A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Leopold, A. (1966). The round river. In: Leopold, A. (ed.) A Sand County Almanac with Essays on Conservation from Round River. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Leopold, A. (1979). Some fundamentals of conservation in the Southwest. Environmental Ethics, 1, 131–141.
Leopold, A.S., Cain, S.A., Cottam, C.M., Gabrielson, I.N., and Kimball, T.L. (1963). Wildlife Management in the National Parks and Monuments of Arizona. Washington, DC: US Department of the Interior, National Park Service.
Leopold, L. (1987). Foreword. In: McCabe, R.A. (ed.) Aldo Leopold: The Professor. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Lewontin, R.C. (1970). The units of selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1, 1–18.
Li, J.W.-H. and Vederas, J.C. (2009). Drug discovery and natural products: end of an era or an endless frontier? Science, 325, 161–165.
Linquist, S. (2018). Today’s awe-inspiring design, tomorrow’s plexiglas dinosaur: how public aquariums contradict their conservation mandate in pursuit of immersive underwater displays. In: Minteer, B.A., Collins, J.P., and Maienschein, J. (eds.) The Ark and Beyond: The Evolution of Zoo and Aquarium Conservation. 1st edn. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Linquist, S., Gregory, T.R., Elliott, T.A., et al. (2016). Yes! There are resilient generalizations (or “laws”) in ecology. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 91, 119–131.
Linzey, A. (1998). Sentientism. In: Bekoff, M. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare. 1st edn. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Lo, Y.S. (2001a). The land ethic and Callicott’s ethical system (1980–2001): An overview and critique. Inquiry, 44, 331–358.
Lo, Y.S. (2001b). Non-Humean holism, un-Humean holism. Environmental Values, 10, 113–123.
Lo, Y.S. (2006). Making and finding values in nature: from a Humean point of view 1. Inquiry, 49, 123–147.
Loftis, J.R. (2003). Three problems for the aesthetic foundations of environmental ethics. Philosophy in the Contemporary World, 10, 41–50.
Maclaurin, J. and Sterelny, K. (2008). What Is Biodiversity? Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Magnusson, W. and Shaw, K. (2002). A Political Space: Reading the Global through Clayoquot Sound. Kingston, ON: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Maguire, L.A. and Justus, J. (2008). Why intrinsic value is a poor basis for conservation decisions. Bioscience, 58, 910–911.
Maier, D.S. (2012). What’s So Good about Biodiversity?: A Call for Better Reasoning about Nature’s Value. London, UK: Springer Science & Business Media.
Manning, R.N. (1994). Intrinsic value and overcoming Feinberg’s benefit principle. Public Affairs Quarterly, 8, 125–140.
Manson, N. (2002). Formulating the precautionary principle. Environmental Ethics, 4, 263–274.
Marino, L., Lilienfeld, S.O., Malamud, R., Nobis, N., and Broglio, R. (2010). Do zoos and aquariums promote attitude change in visitors? A critical evaluation of the American zoo and aquarium study. Society & Animals, 18, 126–138.
Maslin, M. (2004). Global Warming: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
May, R.M. (1973). Time‐delay versus stability in population models with two and three trophic levels. Ecology, 54, 315–325.
May, R.M., Lawton, J.H., and Stork, N.E. (1995). Assessing extinction rates. In: May, R.M. and Lawton, J.H. (eds.) Extinction Rates. 1st edn. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
McCann, K.S. (2000) The diversity–stability debate. Nature 405: 228–233.
McCabe, R.A. (1987). Aldo Leopold, the Professor. Madison, WI: Rusty Rock Press.
McCarthy, E.M. (2006). Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
McCauley, D.J. (2006). Selling out on nature. Nature, 443, 27–28.
McChesney, J.D., Venkataraman, S.K., and Henri, J.T. (2007). Plant natural products: back to the future or into extinction? Phytochemistry, 68, 2015–2022.
McGill, B.J., Dornelas, M., Gotelli, N.J., and Magurran, A.E. (2015). Fifteen forms of biodiversity trend in the Anthropocene. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 30, 104–113.
Meine, C. (1988). Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Midgley, M. (1983). Animals and Why They Matter. Athens, GA: University of Georgia press.
Moss, A., Jensen, E., and Gusset, M. (2015). Evaluating the contribution of zoos and aquariums to Aichi Biodiversity Target 1. Conservation Biology, 29, 537–544.
Moyel, B. (2005). Making the precautionary principle work for biodiversity: avoiding perverse outcomes in decision-making under uncertainty. In: Cooney, R. and Dickson, B. (eds.) Biodiversity and the Precautionary Principle: Risk and Uncertainty in Conservation and Sustainable Use. 1st edn. London, UK: Earthscan.
Myers, N. (1993). Biodiversity and the Precautionary Principle. Ambio, 22, 74–79.
Myers, N. (1996). Environmental services of biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93, 2764–2769.
Naeem, S., Chapin, F. III, Costanza, R., et al. (1999). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: maintaining natural life support processes. Issues in Ecology, 4, 1–11.
Naeem, S., Loreau, M., and Inchausti, P. (2002). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: the emergence of a synthetic ecological framework. In: Loreau, M., Naeem, S., and Inchausti, P. (eds.) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Synthesis and Perspectives. 1st edn. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Naess, A. (1973). The shallow and the deep, long‐range ecology movement. A summary. Inquiry, 16(1–4), 95–100.
Naidoo, R. and Adamowicz, W.L. (2005). Biodiversity and nature-based tourism at forest reserves in Uganda. Environment and Development Economics, 10, 159–178.
Newman, D.J. and Cragg, G.M. (2012). Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. Journal of Natural Products, 75, 311–335.
Newman, D.J., Kilama, J., Bernstein, A., and Chivian, E. (2008). Medicines from nature. In: Chivian, E. and Bernstein, A. (eds.) Sustaining Life: How Human Health Depends on Biodiversity, 1st edn. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Newman, J.A., Anand, M., Henry, H.A.L., Hunt, S., and Gedalof, Z. (2011). Climate Change Biology. Wallingford, UK: CABI.
Norton, B.G. (1986). Conservation and preservation. Environmental Ethics, 8, 195–220.
Norton, B.G. (1987). Why Preserve Natural Variety? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Norton, B.G. (1994). Toward Unity among Environmentalists. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Nussbaum, M.C. (2004). Beyond ‘compassion and humanity’: justice for nonhuman animals. In: Sunstein, C.R. and Nussbaum, M.C. (eds.) Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Odenbaugh, J. (2015). Nothing in ethics makes sense except in the light of evolution? Natural goodness, normativity, and naturalism. Synthese, doi: 10.1007/s11229–015–0675–7.
Passmore, J. (1974). Man’s Responsibility for Nature. New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Pearce, D. (1998). Valuing the environment. In: Pearce, D. (ed.) Economics and Environment: Essays on Ecological Economics and Sustainable Development. 1st edn. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Pearce, D. (2005). Paradoxes in biodiversity conservation. World Economics, 6, 57–69.
Pearce, D. and Puroshothaman, S. (1995). The economic value of plant-based pharmaceuticals. In: Swanson, T.M. (ed.) Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity Conservation: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Values of Medicinal Plants. 1st edn. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Pereira Di Salvo, C.J. and Raymond, L. (2010). Defining the precautionary principle: an empirical analysist of elite discourse. Environmental Politics, 19, 86–106.
Petchey, O. L., Hector, A. and Gaston, K. J. (2004). How do different measures of functional diversity perform? Ecology 85(3): 847–857.
Pollan, M. (2001). The Year in Ideas: A to Z; Precautionary Principle. New York Times, p. 92. http://nyti.ms/2eHtYV6. Ponte, L. (1976). The Cooling: Has the Next Ice Age Already Begun? Can We Survive It? New York, NY: Prentice-Hall.
Primack, R.B. (2002). Essentials of Conservation Biology, 3rd edn. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Principe, P.P. (1996). Monetizing the pharmacological benefits of plants. In: Balick, M.J., Elisabetsky, E., and Laird, S.A. (eds.) Medicinal Resources of the Tropical Forest: Biodiversity and Its Importance to Human Health. 1st edn. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Raiffa, Howard (1968). Decision Analysis: Introductory Lectures on Choices under Uncertainty. New York: Random House.
Raup, D.M. (1991). A kill curve for Phanerozoic marine species. Paleobiology, 37–48.
Rausser, G.C. and Small, A.A. (2000). Valuing research leads: bioprospecting and the conservation of genetic resources. Journal of Political Economy, 108, 173–206.
Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Regan, T. (1976). Feinberg on what sorts of beings can have rights. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 14, 485–498.
Regan, T. (1981). The nature and possibility of an environmental ethic. Environmental Ethics, 3, 19–34.
Regan, T. (1983). The Case for Animal Rights. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Regan, T. (2004). How to justify violence. In: Best, S. and Nocella Ii, A. (eds.) Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?: Reflections on the Liberation of Animals. 1st edn. New York, NY: Lantern Books.
Ribe, R.G. (1989). The aesthetics of forestry: what has empirical preference research taught us? Environmental Management, 13, 55–74.
Ricklefs, R.E. (2008). Disintegration of the ecological community. The American Naturalist, 172, 741–750.
Ripple, W.J. and Beschta, R.L. (2012). Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: The first 15 years after wolf reintroduction. Biological Conservation, 145, 205–213.
Ritter, L., Totman, C., Krishnan, K., et al. (2007). Deriving uncertainty factors for threshold chemical contaminants in drinking water. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 10, 527–557.
Rodman, J. (1977). I. The liberation of nature? Inquiry, 20, 83–131.
Rollin, B.E. (1981). Animal Rights and Human Morality. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.
Rollin, B.E. (1995). The new social ethic for animals. In: Rollin, B.E. (ed.) Farm Animal Welfare: Social, Bioethical, and Research Issues. 1st edn. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
Rollin, B.E. (1999). An Introduction to Veterinary Medical Ethics: Theory and Cases. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
RolstonIII, H. (1975). Is there an ecological ethic? Ethics, 85(2), 93–109.
Rolston III, H. (1979). Can and ought we to follow nature. Environmental Ethics, 1, 7–30.
Root, R.B. (2003). The expendability of species: a test case based on the caterpillars on goldenrods. In: Kareiva, P. and Levin, S.A. (eds.) The Importance of Species: Perspectives on Expendability and Triage. 1st edn. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rosindell, J., Hubbell, S.P. and Etienne, R.S. (2011). The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography at age ten. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 26, 340–348.
Ross, W.D. (1930). The Right and the Good. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Rosser, A.M., Tareen, N., and Leader-Williams, N. (2005). The precautionary principle, uncertainty and trophy-hunting: a review of the Torghar population of Central Asian Markhor Capra falconeri. In: Cooney, R. and Dickson, B. (eds.) Biodiversity and the Preuationary Principle: Risk and Uncertainty in Conservation and Sustainable Use. London: Earthscan.
Routley, R. (1973). Is there a need for a new, an environmental, ethic. Proceedings of the XVth World Congress of Philosophy, 1973, 205–210.
Russow, L.-M. (1981). Why do species matter? Environmental Ethics, 3, 101–112.
Rutberg, A.T. (2013). Managing wildlife with contraception: why is it taking so long? Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 44, S38–S46.
Sagoff, M. (1984). Animal liberation and environmental ethics: bad marriage, quick divorce. Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 22, 297.
Sagoff, M. (1998). The Economy of the Earth: Philosophy, Law, and the Environment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sagoff, M. (2008). On the economic value of ecosystem services. Environmental Values, 17, 239–257.
Saito, Y. (1998). The aesthetics of unscenic nature. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 56, 101–111.
Sandin, P. (1999). Dimensions of the Precautionary Principle. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 5, 889–907.
Sapontzis, S. (1987). Morals, Reason, and Animals. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Sarkar, S. and Margules, C. (2002). Operationalizing biodiversity for conservation planning. Journal of Biosciences, 27, 299–308.
Sax, D.F. and Gaines, S.D. (2003). Species diversity: from global decreases to local increases. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18, 561–566.
Sax, D.F., Gaines, S.D., and Brown, J.H. (2002). Species invasions exceed extinctions on islands worldwide: a comparative study of plants and birds. American Naturalist, 160, 766–783.
Schaler, J.A. (2009). Peter Singer under Fire: The Moral Iconoclast Faces His Critics. New York, NY: Open Court Publishing.
Schläpfer, F., Pfisterer, A.B., and Schmid, B. (2005). Non-random species extinction and plant production: implications for ecosystem functioning. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42, 13–24.
Schläpfer, F. and Schmid, B. (1999). Ecosystem effects of biodiversity: a classification of hypotheses and exploration of empirical results. Ecological Applications, 9, 893–912.
Schläpfer, F., Schmid, B., and Seidl, L. (1999). Expert estimates about effects of biodiversity on ecosystem processes and services. Oikos, 84, 346–352.
Schmidtz, D. and Willott, E. (2002). Environmental Ethics: What Really Matters, What Really Works. 2nd edn. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Schoener, T.W. (1983). Simple models of optimal feeding-territory size: a reconciliation. American Naturalist, 121, 608–629.
Schwartz, M.W., Brigham, C.A., Hoeksema, J.D., et al. (2000). Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: implications for conservation ecology. Oecologia, 122, 297–305.
Schweitzer, A. (1955). The Philosophy of Civilization. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Schwitzgebel, E. and Cushman, F. (2012). Expertise in moral reasoning? Order effects on moral judgment in professional philosophers and non-philosophers. Mind & Language, 27, 135–153.
Shrader-Frechette, K. (1996). Individualism, holism, and environmental ethics. Ethics and the Environment, 1, 55–69.
Simpson, R.D., Sedjo, R.A., and Reid, J.W. (1996). Valuing biodiversity for use in pharmaceutical research. Journal of Political Economy, 163–185.
Singer, M.G. (1961). Generalization in Ethics: An Essay an the Logic of Ethics, with the Rudiments of a System of Moral Philosophy. New York, NY: Knopf.
Singer, P. (1975). Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals. New York, NY: Random House.
Singer, P. (1990). Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals. New revised edition. New York, NY: Avon Books.
Singer, P. (2009). Reply to David Schmidtz. In: Schaler, J.A. (ed.) Singer under Fire: The Moral Iconoclast Faces His Critics. 1st edn. Chicago, IL: Open Court.
Singer, P. (2011). Practical ethics. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2008). Framing moral intuitions. In: Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (ed.) Moral Psychology, Vol 2: The Cognitive Science of Morality: Intuition and Diversity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Slovic, P. (2000). The Perception of Risk. London: Earth Scan Publications Ltd.
Smith, K.K. (2000). Mere taste: democracy and the politics of beauty. Wisconsin Environmental Law Journal, 7, 151.
Sober, E. (1986). Philosophical problems for environmentlism. In: Norton, B. (ed.) The Preservation of Species. 1st edn. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sober, E. and Wilson, D.S. (1998). Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Soulé, M.E. (1985). What is conservation biology? Bioscience, 35, 727–734.
Soulé, M.E. (1996). Are ecosystem processes enough? Wild Earth, 6, 59–60.
Srivastava, D.S. and Vellend, M. (2005). Biodiversity-ecosystem function research: is it relevant to conservation? Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 36, 267–294.
Stokes, D.L. (2007). Things we like: human preferences among similar organisms and implications for conservation. Human Ecology, 35, 361–369.
Stone, C.D. (1972). Should trees have standing – toward legal rights for natural objects. Southern California Law Review, 45, 450–501.
Swanson, T. (1998). Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity Conservation: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Values of Medicinal Plants. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, P.W. (1986). Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Thomson, J.J. (1976). A defense of abortion. In: Humber, J.M. and Almeder, R.F. (eds.) Biomedical Ethics and the Law. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Turner, D. and Hartzell, L. (2004). The lack of clarity in the precautionary principle. Environmental Values, 13, 449–460.
Turner, R.K., Pearce, D. and Bateman, I. (1993). Environmental Economics: An Elementary Introduction. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
van Wyk, B.-E. and Wink, M. (2004). Medicinal Plants of the World: An Illustrated Guide to Important Medicinal Plants and Their Uses. Portland, OR: Timber Press.
Varner, G.E. (1991). No holism without pluralism. Environmental Ethics, 13, 175–179.
Varner, G.E. (1998). In Nature’s Interests?: Interests, Animal Rights, and Environmental Ethics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Varner, G. (2003). Book review: Life’s Intrinsic Value. Environmental Ethics, 25, 413–416.
Varner, G. (2011). Environmental ethics, hunting, and the place of animals. In: Beauchamp, T.L. and Frey, R.G. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics. 1st edn. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Varner, G.E. (2012). Personhood, Ethics, and Animal Cognition: Situating Animals in Hare’s Two Level Utilitarianism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Vellend, M., Baeten, L., Myers-Smith, I.H., et al. (2013). Global meta-analysis reveals no net change in local-scale plant biodiversity over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 19456–19459.
Vellend, M. et al. (2011). Measuring phylogenetic biodiversity. In: Magurran, Anne E. and McGill, Brian J. (eds.), Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 194–207.
Vucetich, J.A., Bruskotter, J.T., and Nelson, M.P. (2015). Evaluating whether nature’s intrinsic value is an axiom of or anathema to conservation. Conservation Biology, 29, 321–332.
Wardle, D.A., Zackrisson, O., Hornberg, G., and Gallet, C. (1997). The influence of island area on ecosystem properties. Science, 277, 1296–1299.
Welchman, J. (2009). Hume, Callicott, and the land ethic: prospects and problems. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 43, 201–220.
Wentsel, R., Beyer, N., Forbes, V., Maund, S., and Pastorok, R. (2008). A framework for population-level ecological risk assessment. In: Barnthouse, L.W., Munns, W.R., and Sorensen, M.T. (eds.) Population-Level Ecological Risk Assessment. 1st edn. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.
White, Lynn Jnr.. (1967). The historical roots of our ecologic crisis. Science, 155 (3767), 1203–1207.
Whyte, I.J. (2002). The elephant management dilemma. In: Schmidtz, D. and Willott, E. (eds.) Environmental Ethics: What Really Matters, What Really Works. 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilkins, J.S. (2009). Species: A History of the Idea. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Williams, G.C. (1966). Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Wilson, E.O. (1984). Biophilia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wilson, E.O. (1987). The little things that run the world (the importance and conservation of invertebrates). Conservation Biology, 1, 344–346.
Wilson, E.O. (ed.) (1988). Biodiversity. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Wilson, E.O. (1999). The Diversity of Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wilson, E.O. (2006). The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth. New York, NY: Norton.
World Tourism Organization (2002). Tourism Market Trends: World Overview & Tourism Topics 2002 Edition. Madrid, Spain: UNWTO.
World Tourism Organization (2010). Tourism and Biodiversity – Achieving Common Goals towards Sustainability. Madrid, Spain: UNWTO.
Zavaleta, E.S. and Hulvey, K.B. (2004). Realistic species losses disproportionately reduce grassland resistance to biological invaders. Science, 306, 1175–1177.
Zhu, F., Qin, C., Tao, L., et al. (2011). Clustered patterns of species origins of nature-derived drugs and clues for future bioprospecting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 12943–12948.
Zotchev, S.B., Sekurova, O.N., and Katz, L. (2012). Genome-based bioprospecting of microbes for new therapeutics. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 23, 941–947.