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Figures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2024

Hanspeter Kriesi
Affiliation:
European University Institute, Florence
Argyrios Altiparmakis
Affiliation:
European University Institute, Florence
Ábel Bojár
Affiliation:
21 Research Center, Budapest
Ioana-Elena Oană
Affiliation:
European University Institute, Florence

Summary

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Figures

  1. 1.1The analytical building blocks of the theoretical framework

  2. 3.1Policy action arenas at the national and EU levels

  3. 3.2Policy action types at the national and EU levels

  4. 3.3Initiator actor types at the national and EU levels

  5. 3.4Issues at the national and EU levels

  6. 3.5Frames at the national and EU levels

  7. 4.1Refugee crises in Europe: number of asylum requests in the EU and in Germany, 1982–2020, in thousands

  8. 4.2Monthly submissions of asylum requests in 2010–2019 as a percentage of the population

  9. 4.3Asylum seekers and arrivals in Greece as a percentage of the population (arrivals are three-month rolling averages)

  10. 4.4Number of asylum seekers and arrivals in Italy as a percentage of the population

  11. 4.5Salience of immigration in national publics: Google trends and share of Eurobarometer respondents who consider immigration to be one of the most important issues

  12. 4.6Political pressure: radical right vote shares by country, monthly vote intentions

  13. 5.1Development of politicization of the policy response during the refugee crisis at the EU and national levels. (a) Sum of national politicization: smoothed curves; (b) average of national politicization: smoothed curves

  14. 5.2Starting dates of the episodes in relation to problem pressure (asylum requests) and political pressure (public salience). (a) Frontline states; (b) transit states; (c) open destination states; (d) closed destination states (smoothed curves).

  15. 5.3Thematic focus of policymaking at the EU level: development of issue-specific politicization over time

  16. 5.4Politicization by episode type and level of polity

  17. 5.5Share of border control actions by member state type and crisis period: percentages

  18. 6.1Average level of conflict intensity by country and broad actor types as instigators (a) and targets (b)

  19. 6.2Conflict scores for the four dominant conflict lines in the policy episodes

  20. 6.3Relative strength of conflict lines in policy episodes (by country type: frontline states, transit states, open destination states, closed destination states)

  21. 6.4Problem pressure, demand-side salience, and political pressure by conflict type

  22. 6.5Average levels of politicization and support behind government policies across the policy episodes

  23. 7.1Overall configuration of conflict structure at the EU level: MDS result

  24. 7.2Politicization and its components by actor types: standardized averages. (a) Actor types; (b) actor camps

  25. 7.3Politicization by broad actor camps and episodes: standardized averages

  26. 7.4Politicization by episode and phase, average index value

  27. 7.5The conflict structures at the EU level, by phase: MDS results

  28. 8.1The sources of intragovernment conflicts in the refugee crisis

  29. 8.2The sources of partisan conflicts in the refugee crisis

  30. 8.3Ideological position (a) and distance (b) of governing coalitions in the refugee crisis

  31. 8.4Government fragmentation and intragovernmental conflicts

  32. 8.5Government ideology and partisan conflicts

  33. 8.6Relationship between the content of the conflict and their partisan source

  34. 9.1Differences in percentage use of frames between mainstream right and radical right actors

  35. 9.2Frame type shares by country: percentages

  36. 9.3Differences in percentage usage of themes between mainstream right and radical right actors

  37. 9.4Theme type shares by country: percentages

  38. 9.5MDS configuration of parties’ relative proximity based on their use of frames

  39. 9.6MDS configuration of parties’ relative proximity based on their use of themes

  40. 10.1The evolution of average elite support over time

  41. 10.2The impact of problem pressure across country types, episode types, and crisis periods

  42. 10.3The impact of political pressure across country types, episode types, and crisis periods

  43. 11.1Politicization of Greek episodes

  44. 11.2Politicization of Italian episodes

  45. 11.3Politicization of the episodes in Hungary

  46. 11.4Politicization of German episodes and EU episodes concerning asylum rules

  47. 12.1Politicization of German episodes, phase 1

  48. 12.2Politicization of Greek episodes, phase 1

  49. 13.1Policy-specific distribution of support, by country type. (a) Relocation quota; (b) Dublin regulation; (c) EBCG; (d) externalization

  50. 13.2Transnational conflict configuration according to citizens’ policy positions in the refugee crisis: MDS solution

  51. 13.3Development of immigration attitudes over time, mean factor scores by country

  52. 13.4Policy support by immigration attitudes. (a) Relocation quota: support; (b) Dublin regulation; (c) external border control; (d) internal border control; (e) externalization

  53. 13.5Policy support by party family. (a) Relocation quota; (b) Dublin regulation

  54. 13.6Transnational and domestic conflict configurations according to citizens’ policy positions in the refugee crisis: OLS regression coefficients

  55. 13.7The effect of immigration attitudes on the six policy positions in frontline states and other states

  56. 13.8Transnational and domestic conflict configurations according to citizens’ policy positions (p = pro/c = contra immigration) in the refugee crisis and immigration attitudes: MDS solution

  57. 13.9Transnational and domestic conflict configurations according to citizens’ policy positions in the refugee crisis and party families: MDS solution

  58. 14.1The salience of immigration, measured as a share of immigration issues over total issues

  59. 14.2Average weighted position of each party-system across time

  60. 14.3Interparty salience for each party family on immigration issues per election, 2002–2020

  61. 14.4Share of core sentences of each party that refer to immigration, 2002–2019

  62. 14.5Average party family positions on immigration per election, 2002–2019

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