Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Preface
- Part I Clinical syndromes: general
- Part II Clinical syndromes: head and neck
- Part III Clinical syndromes: eye
- Part IV Clinical syndromes: skin and lymph nodes
- Part V Clinical syndromes: respiratory tract
- Part VI Clinical syndromes: heart and blood vessels
- Part VII Clinical syndromes: gastrointestinal tract, liver, and abdomen
- Part VIII Clinical syndromes: genitourinary tract
- Part IX Clinical syndromes: musculoskeletal system
- Part X Clinical syndromes: neurologic system
- Part XI The susceptible host
- Part XII HIV
- Part XIII Nosocomial infection
- Part XIV Infections related to surgery and trauma
- Part XV Prevention of infection
- Part XVI Travel and recreation
- Part XVII Bioterrorism
- Part XVIII Specific organisms: bacteria
- 123 Actinomycosis
- 124 Anaerobic infections
- 125 Anthrax and other Bacillus species
- 126 Bartonella bacilliformis
- 127 Cat scratch disease and other Bartonella infections
- 128 Bordetella
- 129 Branhamella–Moraxella
- 130 Brucellosis
- 131 Campylobacter
- 132 Clostridium
- 133 Corynebacteria
- 134 Enterobacteriaceae
- 135 Enterococcus
- 136 Erysipelothrix
- 137 HACEK
- 138 Helicobacter pylori
- 139 Gonococcus: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- 140 Haemophilus
- 141 Legionellosis
- 142 Leprosy
- 143 Meningococcus and miscellaneous neisseriae
- 144 Listeria
- 145 Nocardia
- 146 Pasteurella multocida
- 147 Pneumococcus
- 148 Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Burkholderia
- 149 Rat-bite fevers
- 150 Salmonella
- 151 Staphylococcus
- 152 Streptococcus groups A, B, C, D, and G
- 153 Viridans streptococci
- 154 Poststreptococcal immunologic complications
- 155 Shigella
- 156 Tularemia
- 157 Tuberculosis
- 158 Nontuberculous mycobacteria
- 159 Vibrios
- 160 Yersinia
- 161 Miscellaneous gram-positive organisms
- 162 Miscellaneous gram-negative organisms
- Part XIX Specific organisms: spirochetes
- Part XX Specific organisms: Mycoplasma and Chlamydia
- Part XXI Specific organisms: Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma
- Part XXII Specific organisms: fungi
- Part XXIII Specific organisms: viruses
- Part XXIV Specific organisms: parasites
- Part XXV Antimicrobial therapy: general considerations
- Index
- References
129 - Branhamella–Moraxella
from Part XVIII - Specific organisms: bacteria
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 April 2015
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Preface
- Part I Clinical syndromes: general
- Part II Clinical syndromes: head and neck
- Part III Clinical syndromes: eye
- Part IV Clinical syndromes: skin and lymph nodes
- Part V Clinical syndromes: respiratory tract
- Part VI Clinical syndromes: heart and blood vessels
- Part VII Clinical syndromes: gastrointestinal tract, liver, and abdomen
- Part VIII Clinical syndromes: genitourinary tract
- Part IX Clinical syndromes: musculoskeletal system
- Part X Clinical syndromes: neurologic system
- Part XI The susceptible host
- Part XII HIV
- Part XIII Nosocomial infection
- Part XIV Infections related to surgery and trauma
- Part XV Prevention of infection
- Part XVI Travel and recreation
- Part XVII Bioterrorism
- Part XVIII Specific organisms: bacteria
- 123 Actinomycosis
- 124 Anaerobic infections
- 125 Anthrax and other Bacillus species
- 126 Bartonella bacilliformis
- 127 Cat scratch disease and other Bartonella infections
- 128 Bordetella
- 129 Branhamella–Moraxella
- 130 Brucellosis
- 131 Campylobacter
- 132 Clostridium
- 133 Corynebacteria
- 134 Enterobacteriaceae
- 135 Enterococcus
- 136 Erysipelothrix
- 137 HACEK
- 138 Helicobacter pylori
- 139 Gonococcus: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- 140 Haemophilus
- 141 Legionellosis
- 142 Leprosy
- 143 Meningococcus and miscellaneous neisseriae
- 144 Listeria
- 145 Nocardia
- 146 Pasteurella multocida
- 147 Pneumococcus
- 148 Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Burkholderia
- 149 Rat-bite fevers
- 150 Salmonella
- 151 Staphylococcus
- 152 Streptococcus groups A, B, C, D, and G
- 153 Viridans streptococci
- 154 Poststreptococcal immunologic complications
- 155 Shigella
- 156 Tularemia
- 157 Tuberculosis
- 158 Nontuberculous mycobacteria
- 159 Vibrios
- 160 Yersinia
- 161 Miscellaneous gram-positive organisms
- 162 Miscellaneous gram-negative organisms
- Part XIX Specific organisms: spirochetes
- Part XX Specific organisms: Mycoplasma and Chlamydia
- Part XXI Specific organisms: Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma
- Part XXII Specific organisms: fungi
- Part XXIII Specific organisms: viruses
- Part XXIV Specific organisms: parasites
- Part XXV Antimicrobial therapy: general considerations
- Index
- References
Summary
Moraxella catarrhalis is an important etiologic agent of otitis media in children, sinusitis in children and adults, and bronchopulmonary infection in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or impaired host defenses.
Moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative unencapsulated diplococcus similar in morphology to the Neisseria. The bacterium was first described by Ghon and Pfeiffer as Micrococcus catarrhalis in 1902 and has since undergone several reclassifications. In 1970 it was placed into the genus Branhamella based on fatty acid content and DNA homology. Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis is the most widely accepted nomenclature at this time.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Moraxella catarrhalis is a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract, but can be a pathogen in susceptible hosts. Colonization is seasonal, with an increase in prevalence during winter and spring months. Age and comorbidity are the major determinants of colonization. The mode of transmission is assumed to be direct contact with respiratory secretions or droplet spread. Approximately two-thirds of children become colonized during the first year of life. One prevalence study demonstrated that colonization with M. catarrhalis in infants occurs earlier than with Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae, and persists longer. Infants who become colonized with M. catarrhalis before 3 months of age are more likely to develop an episode of acute otitis media (AOM) or otitis media with effusion (OME) by the time they are 6 months old. Carriage rates in healthy adults are only 3% to 5%. In contrast, M. catarrhalis has been recovered in 5% to 32% of adults with COPD. Approximately half of adults with COPD who are newly colonized will develop an acute exacerbation of COPD.
The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has altered patterns of nasopharyngeal colonization, permitting replacement with nonvaccine pneu- mococcal serotypes, nontypeable H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis.
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- Information
- Clinical Infectious Disease , pp. 863 - 865Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2015