Andersen, B., Cacioppo, J. & Roberts, D. (1995). Delay in seeking a cancer diagnosis: delay stages and psychophysiological comparison processes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 33–52.Google Scholar

Austoker, J., Bankhead, C., Forbes, L. J., et al. (2009). Interventions to promote cancer awareness and early presentation: systematic review. British Journal of Cancer, 101, S31–319.Google Scholar

Awojobi, O., Newton, J. T. & Scott, S. E. (2015). Why don’t dentists talk to patients about oral cancer? British Dental Journal, 218, 537–541.Google Scholar

Balasooriya-Smeekens, C., Walter, F. M. & Scott, S. E. (2015). The role of emotions in time to presentation for symptoms suggestive of cancer: a systematic literature review of quantitative studies. Psycho-Oncology, 24, 1594–1604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: Freeman.Google Scholar

Birt, L., Hall, N., Emery, J., et al. (2014). Responding to symptoms suggestive of lung cancer: a qualitative interview study. BMJ Open Respiratory Research, 1, e000067.Google Scholar

Black, G., Sheringham, J., Spencer-Hughes, V., et al. (2015). Patients’ experiences of cancer diagnosis as a result of an emergency presentation: a qualitative study. PLoS One, 10, e0135027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, H. W., Wise, M. E., Westenberg, D., et al. (2017). Validation of an instrument to assess barriers to care-seeking for accidental bowel leakage in women: the BCABL questionnaire. International Urogynecology Journal. [Epub ahead of print].CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cromme, S. K., Whitaker, K. L., Winstanley, K., et al. (2016). Worrying about wasting GP time as a barrier to help-seeking: a community-based, qualitative study. British Journal of General Practice, 66, e474–482.Google Scholar

Elliott, A. M., McAteer, A. & Hannaford, P. C. (2011). Revisiting the symptom iceberg in today’s primary care: results from a UK population survey. BMC Family Practice, 12, 16.Google Scholar

Emery, J. D., Walter, F. M., Gray, V. et al. (2013). Diagnosing cancer in the bush: a mixed-methods study of symptom appraisal and help-seeking behaviour in people with cancer from rural Western Australia. Family Practice, 30, 294–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Emery, J. D., Gray, V., Walter, F. M., et al. (2014). The Improving Rural Cancer Outcomes (IRCO) Trial: a factorial cluster-randomised controlled trial of a complex intervention to reduce time to diagnosis in rural patients with cancer in Western Australia: a study protocol. BMJ Open, 4, e006156.Google Scholar

Evans, R. E., Morris, M., Sekhon, M., et al. (2014a). Increasing awareness of gynaecological cancer symptoms: a GP perspective. British Journal of General Practice, 64, e372–380.Google Scholar

Evans, J., Chapple, A., Salisbury, H., et al. (2014b). ‘It can’t be very important because it comes and goes’: patients’ accounts of intermittent symptoms preceding a pancreatic cancer diagnosis – a qualitative study. BMJ Open, 4, e004215.Google Scholar

Facione, N. C. & Facione, P. A. (2006). The cognitive structuring of patient delay in breast cancer. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 3137–3149.Google Scholar

Farquharson, B., Johnston, M., Smith, K., et al. (2017). Reducing patient delay in Acute Coronary Syndrome (RAPiD): research protocol for a web-based randomized controlled trial examining the effect of a behaviour change intervention. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(5), 1220–1234.Google Scholar

Forbes, L. J., Simon, A. E., Warburton, F., et al. (2013). Differences in cancer awareness and beliefs between Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the UK (the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership): do they contribute to differences in cancer survival? British Journal of Cancer, 108, 292–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gijsbers van Wijk, C. M. T., Huisman, H. & Kolk, A. M. (1999). Gender differences in physical symptoms and illness behavior: a health diary study. Social Science & Medicine, 49, 1061–1074.Google Scholar

Hall, N., Birt, L., Banks, J., et al. (2015). Symptom appraisal and healthcare-seeking for symptoms suggestive of colorectal cancer: a qualitative study. BMJ Open, 5, e008448.Google Scholar

Hall, S. J., Peacock, J. D., Cochrane, L. A., et al. (2016). The bowel cancer awareness campaign ‘Be Clear on Cancer’: sustained increased pressure on resources and over-accessed by higher social grades with no increase in cancer detected. Colorectal Diseases, 18, 195–199.Google Scholar

Komaroff, A. L. (2001). Symptoms: in the head or in the brain? Annals of Internal Medicine, 134, 783–785.Google Scholar

Leventhal, H., Meyer, D. & Nerenz, D. R. (1980). The common-sense model of illness danger. In Rachman, S. (ed.) Medical Psychology (Vol. II). New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Luger, T. M., Houston, T. K. & Suls, J. (2014). Older adult experience of online diagnosis: results from a scenario-based think-aloud protocol. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16, e16.Google Scholar

Marcu, A., Lyratzopoulos, G., Black, G., et al. (2016). Educational differences in likelihood of attributing breast symptoms to cancer: a vignette-based study. Psycho-Oncology. [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar

Mechanic, D. (1978). Medical Sociology (2nd edn). New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Mills, K., Emery, J., Cheung, C., et al. (2014). A qualitative exploration of the use of calendar landmarking instruments in cancer symptom research. BMC Family Practice, 15, 167.Google Scholar

Mooney, M., McKee, G., Fealy, G., et al. (2014). A randomized controlled trial to reduce prehospital delay time in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Journal of Emergency Medicine, 46, 495–506.Google Scholar

Neal, R. D., Nafees, S., Pasterfield, D., et al. (2014). Patient-reported measurement of time to diagnosis in cancer: development of the Cancer Symptom Interval Measure (C-SIM) and randomised controlled trial of method of delivery. BMC Health Services Research, 14, 3.Google Scholar

Niksic, M., Rachet, B., Warburton, F. G., et al. (2016). Ethnic differences in cancer symptom awareness and barriers to seeking medical help in England. British Journal of Cancer, 115, 136–144.Google Scholar

O’Brien, F., McKee, G., Mooney, M., et al. (2014). Improving knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about acute coronary syndrome through an individualized educational intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Patient Education & Counselling, 96, 179–187.Google Scholar

Omar, L., Burgess, C., Tucker, L., et al. (2010). Can radiographers be trained to deliver an intervention to raise breast cancer awareness, and thereby promote early presentation of breast cancer, in older women? Radiography, 16, 101–107.Google Scholar

Power, E. & Wardle, J. (2015). Change in public awareness of symptoms and perceived barriers to seeing a doctor following Be Clear on Cancer campaigns in England. British Journal of Cancer, 112, S22–S26.Google Scholar

Renzi, C., Whitaker, K. L., Winstanley, K., et al. (2016). Unintended consequences of an ‘all-clear’ diagnosis for potential cancer symptoms: a nested qualitative interview study with primary care patients. British Journal of General Practice, 66, e158–170.Google Scholar

Safer, M. A., Tharps, Q. J., Jackson, T. C., et al. (1979). Determinants of three stages of delay in seeking care at a medical clinic. Medical Care, 17, 11–29.Google Scholar

Scott, S. E., Walter, F. M., Webster, A., et al. (2013). The model of pathways to treatment: conceptualization and integration with existing theory. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18, 45–65.Google Scholar

Smith, S., Fielding, S., Murchie, P., et al. (2013). Reducing the time before consulting with symptoms of lung cancer: a randomised controlled trial in primary care. British Journal of General Practice, 63, e47–54.Google Scholar

Smits, S., McCutchan, G., Wood, F., et al. (2016). Development of a behavior change intervention to encourage timely cancer symptom presentation among people living in deprived communities using the behavior change wheel. Annals of Behavioual Medicine. [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar

Taber, J. M., Leyva, B. & Persoskie, A. (2015). Why do people avoid medical care? A qualitative study using national data. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 30, 290–297.Google Scholar

Usher-Smith, J. A., Thompson, M. J., Zhu, H., et al. (2015). The pathway to diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children: a questionnaire study. BMJ Open, 5, e006470.Google Scholar

Verbrugge, L. M. (1986). From sneezes to adieux: stages of health for American men and women. Social Science & Medicine, 22, 1195–1212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Weller, D., Vedsted, P., Rubin, G., et al. (2012). The Aarhus statement: improving design and reporting of studies on early cancer diagnosis. British Journal of Cancer, 106, 1262–1267Google Scholar

Whitaker, K.L, Friedemann Smith, C., Winstanley, K., et al. (2016). What prompts help-seeking for cancer ‘alarm’ symptoms? A primary care based survey. British Journal of Cancer, 114, 334–339.Google Scholar