Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xfwgj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-24T13:06:57.287Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Sexual Fantasy

from Part II - Copulatory Adaptations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 June 2022

Todd K. Shackelford
Affiliation:
Oakland University, Michigan
Get access

Summary

The main purpose of this chapter is to review the recent literature on male sexual fantasies. Topics that are analysed include sexual fantasies’ definitions and functions; methodological issues related to the disparate measures used across studies; the distinction between fantasies, interests/desires, and experiences; how general and unusual fantasies are developed; prevalence rates and the multidimensional content of fantasies, with highlights on gender, sexual orientation, and personality differences; and, finally, fantasies’ role in sexual offending. Overall, sexual fantasies are pervasive across the general population and, for the most part, they reflect evolutionary perspectives on psychology. As sexual fantasies can be used to increase sexual arousal in people that suffer from dysfunctions and to foster more positive romantic feelings towards a partner, they are important in clinical treatment and marital therapy settings. Moreover, they constitute a central component in the treatment of people convicted of sexual offenses that are at a high risk of recidivism. Therefore, it is essential to understand fantasies’ role in human sexuality and behaviour.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abel, G. G., Coffey, L., & Osborn, C. A. (2008). Sexual arousal patterns: Normal and deviant. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(4), 643655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahlers, C. J., Schaefer, G. A., Mundt, I. A., Roll, S., Englert, H., Willich, S., & Beier, K. M. (2011). How unusual are the contents of paraphilias? Paraphilia-associated sexual arousal patterns in a community-based sample of men. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(5), 13621370.Google Scholar
Ariely, D., & Loewenstein, G. (2006). The heat of the moment: The effect of sexual arousal on sexual decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19(2), 8798.Google Scholar
Aylwin, A. S., Reddon, J. R., & Burke, A. R. (2005). Sexual fantasies of adolescent male sex offenders in residential treatment: A descriptive study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 231239.Google Scholar
Bach, A. K., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1999). The effects of false negative feedback on efficacy expectancies and sexual arousal in sexually functional males. Behavior Therapy, 30(1), 7995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bader, M. J. (2002). Arousal: The secret logic of sexual fantasies. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Bancroft, J. (1984). Hormones and sexual human behavior. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 10(1), 327.Google Scholar
Bartels, R. M., Harkins, L., Harrison, S. C., Beard, N., & Beech, A. R. (2018). The effect of bilateral eye-movements versus no eye-movements on sexual fantasies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 59, 107114.Google Scholar
Baughman, H. M., Jonason, P. K., Veselka, L., & Vernon, P. A. (2014). Four shades of sexual fantasies linked to the Dark Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 4751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumgartner, J. V., Scalora, M. J., & Huss, M. T. (2002). Assessment of the Wilson Sex Fantasy Questionnaire among child molesters and nonsexual forensic offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 14, 1930.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birnbaum, G. E. (2007). Beyond the borders of reality: Attachment orientations and sexual fantasies. Personal Relationships, 14(2), 321342.Google Scholar
Birnbaum, G. E., Kanat-Maymon, Y., Mizrahi, M., Recanati, M., & Orr, R. (2019). What fantasies can do to your relationship: The effects of sexual fantasies on couple interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(3), 461476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birnbaum, G., Mikulincer, M., & Gillath, O. (2011). In and out of a daydream: Attachment orientations, daily couple interactions, and sexual fantasies. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 13981410.Google Scholar
Bivona, J., & Critelli, J. (2009). The nature of women’s rape fantasies: An analysis of prevalence, frequency, and contents. Journal of Sex Research, 46(1), 3345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjorklund, D. F., & Pellegrini, A. D. (2000). Child development and evolutionary psychology. Child Development, 71(6), 16871708.Google Scholar
Borg, C., & de Jong, P. J. (2012). Feelings of disgust and disgust-induced avoidance weaken following induced sexual arousal in women. PLoS One, 7(9), e44111. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044111CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Both, S., Laan, E., & Everaerd, W., (2010). Focusing “hot” or focusing “cool”: Attentional mechanisms in sexual arousal in men and women. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(1), 167179.Google Scholar
Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 4959.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briere, J., Smiljanich, K., & Henschel, D. (1994). Sexual fantasies, gender and molestation history. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18(2), 131137.Google Scholar
Bullough, V. L. (2004). Children and adolescents as sexual beings: A historical overview. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 13(3), 447459. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.012Google Scholar
Busch, T. M. (2020). Perceived acceptability of sexual and romantic fantasizing. Sexuality & Culture, 24, 848862.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (2011). Evolutionary psychology and feminism. Sex Roles, 64(9–10), 768787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (2016). Sexual strategies theory. In Shackelford, T. & Weekes-Shackelford, V. (Eds), Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science. Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1861-1Google Scholar
Byrne, D., & Osland, J. A. (2000). Sexual fantasy and erotica/pornography: Internal and external imagery. In Szuchman, L. T. & Muscarella, F. (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on human sexuality (pp. 283305). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Carlstedt, M., Bood, S. A., & Norlander, T. (2011). The affective personality and its relation to sexual fantasies in regard to the Wilson Sex Fantasy Questionnaire. Psychology, 2(8), 792796.Google Scholar
Critelli, J. W., & Bivona, J. M. (2008). Women’s erotic rape fantasies: An evaluation of theory and research. Journal of Sex Research, 45(1), 5770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curnoe, S., & Langevin, R. (2002). Personality and deviant sexual fantasies: An examination of the MMPIs of sex offenders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(7), 803815.Google Scholar
Dombert, B., Schmidt, A. F., Banse, R., Briken, P., Hoyer, J., Neutze, J., & Osterheider, M. (2016). How common is men’s self-reported sexual interest in prepubescent children? Journal of Sex Research, 53(2), 214223.Google Scholar
Ellis, B. J., & Symons, D. (1990). Sex differences in sexual fantasy: An evolutionary psychological approach. Journal of Sex Research, 27(4), 527555.Google Scholar
Fenigstein, A., & Preston, M. (2007). The desired number of sexual partners as a function of gender, sexual risks, and the meaning of “ideal.” Journal of Sex Research, 44(1), 8995.Google Scholar
Fisher, T. D., Moore, Z. T., & Pittenger, M. J. (2012). Sex on the brain? An examination of frequency of sexual cognitions as a function of gender, erotophilia, and social desirability. Journal of Sex Research, 49(1), 6977.Google Scholar
Freund, K. (1963). A laboratory method for diagnosing predominance of homo- or hetero-erotic interest in the male. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1(1), 8593.Google Scholar
Friedman, R. C., & Downey, J. I. (2000). Psychoanalysis and sexual fantasies. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29(6), 567586.Google Scholar
Gee, D. G., Devilly, G. J., & Ward, T. (2004). The content of sexual fantasies for sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 16, 315331.Google Scholar
Goldey, K., Avery, L., & Anders, S. (2013). Sexual fantasies and gender/sex: A multimethod approach with quantitative content analysis and hormonal responses. Journal of Sex Research, 51(8), 917931.Google Scholar
Hawley, P. H., & HensleyIV, W. A. (2009). Social dominance and forceful submission fantasies: Feminine pathology or power? Journal of Sex Research, 46(6), 568585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbenick, D., Bowling, J., Fu, T-C, Dodge, B., Guerra-Reyes, L., & Sanders, S. (2017). Sexual diversity in the United States: Results from a nationally representative probability sample of adult women and men. PLoS One, 12(7), e0181198. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181198CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbenick, D., Reece, M., Schick, V., & Sanders, S. A. (2014). Erect penile length and circumference dimensions of 1,661 sexually active men in the United States. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11(1), 93101.Google Scholar
Herdt, G., & McClintock, M. (2000). The magical age of 10. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29, 587606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hicks, T. V., & Leitenberg, H. (2001). Sexual fantasies about one’s partner versus someone else: Gender differences in incidence and frequency. Journal of Sex Research, 38(1), 4351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howitt, D. (2004). What is the role of fantasy in sex offending? Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 14(3), 182188.Google Scholar
Janssen, E. (2011). Sexual arousal in men: A review and conceptual analysis. Hormones and Behavior, 59(5), 708716.Google Scholar
Jones, J. C., & Barlow, D. H. (1990). Self-reported frequency of sexual urges, fantasies, and masturbatory fantasies in heterosexual males and females. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19(3), 269279.Google Scholar
Joyal, C. C., & Carpentier, J. (2017). The prevalence of paraphilic interests and behaviors in the general population: A provincial survey. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(2), 161171.Google Scholar
Joyal, C. C., Cossette, A., & Lapierre, V. (2015). What exactly is an unusual sexual fantasy? The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12(2), 328340.Google Scholar
Katehakis, A. (2017). Sexual fantasy and adult attunement: Differentiating preying from playing. American Journal of Play, 9(2), 252270.Google Scholar
Keating, J., & Over, R. (1990). Sexual fantasies of heterosexual and homosexual men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19(5), 461475.Google Scholar
Khar, B. (2007). Sex and the psyche. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Khar, B. (2008). Who’s been sleeping in your head? The secret world of sexual fantasies. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Knight, R. A., & Sims-Knight, J. E. (2003). The developmental antecedents of sexual coercion against women: Testing alternative hypotheses with structural equation modeling. Annals of New York Academy of Science, 989, 7285.Google Scholar
Langevin, R., Lang, R. A., & Curnoe, S. (1998). The prevalence of sex offenders with deviant fantasies. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13(3), 315327.Google Scholar
Lehmiller, J. J. (2018). Tell me what you want: The science of sexual desire and how it can help you improve your sex life. Boston, MA: Da Capo Lifelong Books.Google Scholar
Leitenberg, H., & Henning, K. (1995). Sexual fantasy. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 469496.Google Scholar
Looman, J. (1995). Sexual fantasies of child molesters. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 27(3), 321332.Google Scholar
Martínez-Catena, A., Redondo, S., Frerich, N., & Beech, A. R. (2017). A dynamic risk factors–based typology of sexual offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61(14), 16231647.Google Scholar
McCollaum, B., & Lester, D. (1994). Violent sexual fantasies and sexual behavior. Psychological Reports, 75(2), 742.Google Scholar
Moyano, N., & Sierra, J. C. (2013). Relationships between personality traits and positive/negative sexual cognitions. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 13(3), 189196.Google Scholar
Newbury, R., Hayter, M., Wylie, K. R., & Riddell, J. (2012). Sexual fantasy as a clinical intervention. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 27(4), 358371.Google Scholar
Noorishad, P. G., Levaque, E., Byers, E. S., & Shaughnessy, K. (2019). More than one flavour: University students’ specific sexual fantasies, interests, and experiences. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 28(2), 143158.Google Scholar
O’Donohue, W., Letourneau, E., & Dowling, H. (1997). Development and preliminary validation of a paraphilic sexual fantasy questionnaire. Sexual Abuse, 9(3), 167178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver, M. B., & Hyde, J. S. (1993). Gender differences in sexuality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114(1), 2951.Google Scholar
Parada, M., & Germé, K. (2015). Physiological assessment of male sexual function. Sexologies, 24(1), e1e6.Google Scholar
Perkins, D., Hammond, S., Coles, D., & Bishopp, D. (1998). Review of sex offender treatment programmes. Prepared for the High Security Psychiatric Services Commissioning Board (HSPSCB). Retrieved from www.researchgate.net/publication/255616055_Review_of_Sex_Offender_Treatment_ProgrammesGoogle Scholar
Petersen, J., & Hyde, J. S. (2010). Gender differences in sexuality. In Chrisler, J. C & McCreary, D. R (Eds.), Handbook of gender research in psychology, Vol. 1: Gender research in general and experimental psychology (pp. 471491). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Peterson, Z., & Janssen, E., (2007). Ambivalent affect and sexual response: The impact of co-occurring positive and negative emotions on subjective and physiological sexual responses to erotic stimuli. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 793807.Google Scholar
Plaud, J. J., & Bigwood, S. J. (1997). A multivariate analysis of the sexual fantasy themes of college men. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 23(3), 221230.Google Scholar
Renaud, C. A., & Byers, E. S. (1999). Exploring the frequency, diversity, and content of university students’ positive and negative sexual fantasies. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 8(1), 1730.Google Scholar
Rieger, G., Chivers, M., & Bailey, J. (2005). Sexual arousal patterns of bisexual men. Psychological Science, 16(8), 579584.Google Scholar
Rosen, R. C., Cappelleri, J. C., Smith, M. D., Lipsky, J., & Peña, B. M. (1999). Development and evaluation of an abridged, 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) as a diagnostic tool for erectile dysfunction. International Journal of Impotence Research, 11(6), 319326.Google Scholar
Rosen, R. C., Riley, A., Wagner, G., Osterloh, I. H., Kirkpatrick, J., & Mishra, A. (1997). The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF): A multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. Urology, 49(6), 822830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, K. M. (2004). Further evidence for a cognitive component of rape. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9(6), 579604.Google Scholar
Salter, A. C. (1988). Treating child sex offenders and victims: A practical guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Saramago, M. A., Cardoso, J., & Leal, I. (2019). Pornography use by sex offenders at the time of the index offense: Characterization and predictors. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 45(6), 473487.Google Scholar
Saramago, M. A., Cardoso, J., Pimenta, F., & Leal, I. (2017). Wilson’s Sex Fantasy Questionnaire: Portuguese validation and gender differences. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 18(3), 870879.Google Scholar
Seehuus, M., Stanton, A. M., & Handy, A. B. (2019). On the content of “real-world” sexual fantasy: Results from an analysis of 250,000+ anonymous text-based erotic fantasies. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48, 725737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seifert, K., Boulas, J., Huss, M. T., & Scalora, M. J. (2015). Response bias on self-report measures of sexual fantasies among sexual offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61(3), 269281.Google Scholar
Seifert, Z., Friedl, L., Chaumoitre, K., & Brůžek, J. (2017). Applicability and limitations of sex assessment based on foramen magnum. Forensic Science International, 271, 126.e1126.e9.Google Scholar
Sherwin, B. B., Gelfand, M. M., & Brender, W. (1985). Androgen enhances sexual motivation in females: A prospective, crossover study of sex steroid administration in the surgical menopause. Psychosomatic Medicine, 47(4), 339351.Google Scholar
Shingler, J. (2009). Managing intrusive risky thoughts: What works? Journal of Sexual Aggression, 15(1), 3953.Google Scholar
Sierra, J. C., Ortega, V., & Zubeidat, I. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis of a Spanish version of the Sex Fantasy Questionnaire: Assessing gender differences. Journal of Marital and Sexual Therapy, 32(2), 137159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, D., & Over, R. (1991). Male sexual fantasy: Multidimensionality in content. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29(3), 267275.Google Scholar
Toledano, R., & Pfaus, J. (2006). The Sexual Arousal and Desire Inventory (SADI): A multidimensional scale to assess subjective sexual arousal and desire. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 3(5), 853877.Google Scholar
Tortora, C., D’Urso, G., Nimbi, F. M., Pace, U., Marchetti, D., & Fontanesi, L. (2020). Sexual fantasies and stereotypical gender roles: The influence of sexual orientation, gender and social pressure in a sample of Italian young-adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Udry, J. R., Billy, J. O. G., Morris, N. M., Groff, T. R., & Raj, M. H. (1985). Serum androgenic hormones motivate sexual behaviour in adolescent boys. Fertility and Sterility, 43(1), 9094. PMID: 4038388.Google Scholar
Udry, R. J., Talbert, L. M., & Morris, N. M. (1986). Biosocial foundations for adolescent female sexuality. Demography, 23, 217227.Google Scholar
van Bommel, R., Uzieblo, K., Bogaerts, S., & Garofalo, C. (2018). Psychopathic traits and deviant sexual interests: The moderating role of gender. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 17(3), 256271.Google Scholar
van Lankveld, J., & van den Hout, M. A., (2004). Increasing neutral distraction inhibits genital but not subjective sexual arousal of sexually functional and dysfunctional men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33, 549558.Google Scholar
Vanhoeck, K., Van Daele, E., & Gykiere, K. (2011). Fantasy management in sex offender treatment. Sexual Offender Treatment, 6(1), 115.Google Scholar
Vilar, G. C., Concepción, E., Galynker, I., Tanis, T., Ardalan, F., Yaseen, Z., & Cohen, L. J. (2016). Assessment of sexual fantasies in psychiatric inpatients with mood and psychotic disorders and comorbid personality disorder traits. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 13(2), 262269.Google Scholar
Visser, B. A., DeBow, V., Pozzebon, J. A., Bogaert, A. F., & Book, A. (2015). Psychopathic sexuality: The thin line between fantasy and reality. Journal of Personality, 83(4), 376388.Google Scholar
Weeks, G. R., & Gambescia, N. (2002). Hypoactive sexual desire: Integrating sex and couple therapy. New York, NY: Norton.Google Scholar
Williams, K. M., Cooper, B. S., Howell, T. M., Yuille, J. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2009). Inferring sexually deviant behavior from corresponding fantasies: The role of personality and pornography consumption. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(2), 198222.Google Scholar
Wilson, G. D. (1988). Measurement of sex fantasy. Sexual and Marital Therapy, 3(1), 4555.Google Scholar
Wilson, G. D. (1997). Gender differences in sexual fantasy: An evolutionary analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(1), 2731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, G. D. (2010). The Sex Fantasy Questionnaire: An update. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 25(1), 15.Google Scholar
Woodworth, M., Freimuth, T., Hutton, E. L., Carpenter, T., Agar, A. D., & Logan, M. (2013). High-risk sexual offenders: An examination of sexual fantasy, sexual paraphilia, psychopathy, and offence characteristics. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 36(2), 144156.Google Scholar
Ziegler, A., & Conley, T. D. (2016). The importance and meaning of sexual fantasies in intimate relationships. In Aumer, K. (Ed.), The psychology of love and hate in intimate relationships (pp. 2945). Basel: Springer.Google Scholar
Zurbriggen, E. L., & Yost, M. R. (2004). Power, desire, and pleasure in sexual fantasies. Journal of Sex Research, 41(3), 288300.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×