Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Series Preface
- Preface: Overview of Benefits and Risks of Biological Control Introductions
- Part I Biological Invasions
- Part II Classical Biocontrol
- Part III Augmentative Biocontrol
- 9 The Use of Exotic Organisms as Biopesticides: Some Issues
- 10 Use of Trichogramma in Maize – Estimating Environmental Risks
- 11 Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control: Feasibility, Perspectives and Possible Risks
- 12 Pseudomonads as Biocontrol Agents of Diseases Caused by Soil-borne Pathogens
- 13 Biological Control of Soil-borne Pathogens of Wheat: Benefits, Risks and Current Challenges
- 14 Genetically Engineered Fluorescent Pseudomonads for Improved Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens
- 15 Biological Control of Foliar Fungal Diseases
- 16 The Use of Fungi, Particularly Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp., to Control Root Rot and Damping-off Diseases
- 17 Bacillus thuringiensis in Pest Control
- 18 Opportunities with Baculoviruses
- Part IV Use of Genetically Modified Organisms
- Part V Economics and Registration
- Index
9 - The Use of Exotic Organisms as Biopesticides: Some Issues
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 May 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Series Preface
- Preface: Overview of Benefits and Risks of Biological Control Introductions
- Part I Biological Invasions
- Part II Classical Biocontrol
- Part III Augmentative Biocontrol
- 9 The Use of Exotic Organisms as Biopesticides: Some Issues
- 10 Use of Trichogramma in Maize – Estimating Environmental Risks
- 11 Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control: Feasibility, Perspectives and Possible Risks
- 12 Pseudomonads as Biocontrol Agents of Diseases Caused by Soil-borne Pathogens
- 13 Biological Control of Soil-borne Pathogens of Wheat: Benefits, Risks and Current Challenges
- 14 Genetically Engineered Fluorescent Pseudomonads for Improved Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens
- 15 Biological Control of Foliar Fungal Diseases
- 16 The Use of Fungi, Particularly Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp., to Control Root Rot and Damping-off Diseases
- 17 Bacillus thuringiensis in Pest Control
- 18 Opportunities with Baculoviruses
- Part IV Use of Genetically Modified Organisms
- Part V Economics and Registration
- Index
Summary
Introduction
There are currently two ways in which an exotic pathogen may be introduced into a country for biological control of a pest. It may enter as a ‘classical’ introduction, to be released and established for continuing control of a (usually exotic) pest, or it may enter as a formulated pesticide, either registered or in an experimental form. Either way, when released in the field, there is a likelihood of its establishment. There is a need, therefore, in both cases, to ensure that such introductions are safe to the environment, and pose acceptable risks to non-target organisms.
Introducing exotic pathogens – the classical precedent
Over the past century, the classical biological control of insect pests and weeds has been dominated by the introduction of insect control agents (see Hopper, Chapter 6; and Blossey, Chapter 8). The use of pathogens in classical biological control has been limited, but it is increasing as we come to understand more about the biology of pathogens and see the positive results from a handful of successful programmes.
Against insects pests, the success of the baculovirus of Oryctes rhinoceros on Pacific and Indian Ocean islands is well-known (Bedford, 1986). More recently, a number of exotic introductions have been made against other insect pests, including some cnew associations’. For instance, the fungus Entomophaga praxibuli has recently been introduced into the US from Australia for grasshopper control (Anon, 1989) and an isolate of Entomophaga grylli has been introduced from Australia to the US against the indigenous grasshopper, Phaulacridium vittatum (Milner, 1985).
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- Biological ControlBenefits and Risks, pp. 93 - 100Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1995
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