Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T15:59:45.489Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An integrative evolutionary framework for psychopathology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2021

Marco Del Giudice  and
John D. Haltigan Open the ORCID record for John D. Haltigan [Opens in a new window]
Marco Del Giudice*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
John D. Haltigan
Affiliation:
Cundill Centre for Child and Youth Depression, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
*
Author for Correspondence: Marco Del Giudice, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico. Logan Hall, 2001 Redondo Dr. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; E-mail: marcodg@unm.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The field of psychopathology is in a transformative phase, and is witnessing a renewed surge of interest in theoretical models of mental disorders. While many interesting proposals are competing for attention in the literature, they tend to focus narrowly on the proximate level of analysis and lack a broader understanding of biological function. In this paper, we present an integrative framework for mental disorders built on concepts from life history theory, and describe a taxonomy of mental disorders based on its principles, the fast–slow–defense model (FSD). The FSD integrates psychopathology with normative individual differences in personality and behavior, and allows researchers to draw principled distinctions between broad clusters of disorders, as well as identify functional subtypes within current diagnostic categories. Simulation work demonstrates that the model can explain the large-scale structure of comorbidity, including the apparent emergence of a general “p factor” of psychopathology. A life history approach also provides novel integrative insights into the role of environmental risk/protective factors and the developmental trajectories of various disorders.

Keywords

comorbidityevolutionary psychiatryevolutionary psychopathologyheterogeneitylife history strategiesp factortransdiagnostic models
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 35 , Issue 1 , February 2023 , pp. 1 - 11
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allegrini, A. G., Cheesman, R., Rimfeld, K., Selzam, S., Pingault, J. B., Eley, T. C., & Plomin, R. (2020). The p factor: Genetic analyses support a general dimension of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61, 30–39. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: APA.Google Scholar
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2008). The HEXACO model of personality structure and the importance of the H factor. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1952–1962. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00134.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2016). Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology (3rd ed.), Vol. 2: Developmental neuroscience (pp. 59–106). Hoboken NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62, 647–670. doi:10.2307/1131166CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 91–121. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borsboom, D., Cramer, A. O., & Kalis, A. (2019). Brain disorders? Not really: Why network structures block reductionism in psychopathology research. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42, e2. doi:10.1017/S0140525X17002266CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braendle, C., Heyland, F., & Flatt, T. (2011). Integrating mechanistic and evolutionary analysis of life history variation. In Flatt, T. & Heyland, F. (Eds.), Mechanisms of life history evolution. The genetics and physiology of life history traits and trade-offs (pp. 3–10). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brüne, M. (2015). Textbook of evolutionary psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine: The origins of psychopathology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brüne, M., Belsky, J., Fabrega, H., Feierman, H. R., Gilbert, P., Glantz, K., … Troisi, A. (2012). The crisis of psychiatry–insights and prospects from evolutionary theory. World Psychiatry, 11, 55–57. doi:10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.01.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brüne, M., Ghiassi, V., & Ribbert, H. (2010). Does borderline personality reflect the pathological extreme of an adaptive reproductive strategy? Insights and hypotheses from evolutionary life-history theory. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 7, 3–9.Google Scholar
Brüne, M., & Schiefenhovel, W. (Eds.) (2019). Oxford handbook of evolutionary medicine. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buss, D. M. (Ed.). (2015). The handbook of evolutionary psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., Houts, R. M., Ambler, A., Danese, A., Elliott, M. L., Ariri, A., … Moffitt, T. E. (2020). Longitudinal assessment of mental health disorders and comorbidities across 4 decades among participants in the Dunedin Birth Cohort Study. JAMA Network Open, 3, e203221. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3221CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, A., Houts, R. M., Belsky, D. W., Goldman-Mellor, S. J., Harrington, H., Israel, S., … Moffitt, T. E. (2014). The p factor: One general psychopathology factor in the structure of psychiatric disorders? Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 119–137. doi:10.1177/2167702613497473CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2018). All for one and one for all: Mental disorders in one dimension. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 831–844. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17121383CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coghill, D., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2012). Categories versus dimensions in the classification and conceptualisation of child and adolescent mental disorder: Implications of recent empirical study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 469–489. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02511.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conway, C. C., Forbes, M. K., Forbush, K. T., Fried, E. I., Hallquist, M. N., Kotov, R., … Sunderland, M. (2019). A hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology can transform mental health research. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14, 419–436. doi:10.1177/1745691618810696CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1999). Toward an evolutionary taxonomy of treatable conditions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 453–464. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.108.3.453CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crespi, B. J. (2010). The origins and evolution of genetic disease risk in modern humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1206, 80–109. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05707.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crespi, B. J. (2011). One hundred years of insanity: Genomic, psychological, and evolutionary models of autism in relation to schizophrenia. In Ritsner, M. S. (Ed.), Handbook of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (Vol. I., pp. 163–185). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crespi, B. J. (2019). Autism, psychosis, and genomic imprinting: Recent discoveries and conundrums. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 25, 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.05.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crespi, B. J. (2020). Evolutionary and genetic insights for clinical psychology. Clinical Psychology Review, 78, 101857. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101857CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crespi, B., & Badcock, C. (2008). Psychosis and autism as diametrical disorders of the social brain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 241–261. doi:10.1017/S0140525X08004214CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuthbert, B. N., & Insel, T. R. (2013). Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: The seven pillars of RDoc. BMC Medicine, 11, 126. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-126CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalgleish, T., Black, M., Johnston, D., & Bevan, A. (2020). Transdiagnostic approaches to mental health problems: Current status and future directions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88, 179–195. doi:10.1037/ccp0000482CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Giudice, M. (2012). Sex ratio dynamics and fluctuating selection on personality. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 297, 48–60. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.12.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Giudice, M. (2014). An evolutionary life history framework for psychopathology. Psychological Inquiry, 25, 261–300. doi:10.1080/1047840X.2014.884918CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Giudice, M. (2016a). The evolutionary future of psychopathology. Current Opinion in Psychology, 7, 44–50. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.07.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Giudice, M. (2016b). Differential susceptibility to the environment: Are developmental models compatible with the evidence from twin studies? Developmental Psychology, 52, 1330–1339. doi:10.1037/dev0000153CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Giudice, M. (2016c). The life history model of psychopathology explains the structure of psychiatric disorders and the emergence of the p factor: A simulation study. Clinical Psychological Science, 4, 299–311. doi:10.1177/2167702615583628CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Giudice, M. (2017). Mating, sexual selection, and the evolution of schizophrenia. World Psychiatry, 16, 141–142. doi:10.1002/wps.20409CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Giudice, M. (2018). Evolutionary psychopathology: A unified approach. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Giudice, M. (2020). Rethinking the fast-slow continuum of individual differences. Evolution and Human Behavior, 41, 536–549. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.05.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Giudice, M. (2021). Are we comparing apples or squared apples? The proportion of explained variance exaggerates differences between effects. OpenPsych. doi:10.26775/OP.2021.06.15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Giudice, M., Angeleri, R., Brizio, A., & Elena, M. R. (2010). The evolution of autistic-like and schizotypal traits: A sexual selection hypothesis. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 41. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00041CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Giudice, M., Gangestad, S. W., & Kaplan, H. S. (2015). Life history theory and evolutionary psychology. In Buss, D. M. (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology (2nd ed., pp. 88–114). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Del Giudice, M., Klimczuk, A. C. E., Traficonte, D. M., & Maestripieri, D. (2014). Autistic-like and schizotypal traits in a life history perspective: Diametrical associations with impulsivity, sensation seeking, and sociosexual behavior. Evolution & Human Behavior, 35, 415–424. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.05.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeYoung, C. G., & Krueger, R. F. (2018). A cybernetic theory of psychopathology. Psychological Inquiry, 29, 117–138. doi:10.1080/1047840X.2018.1513680CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durisko, Z., Mulsant, B. H., McKenzie, K., & Andrews, P. W. (2016). Using evolutionary theory to guide mental health research. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61, 159–165. doi:10.1177/0706743716632517CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, B. J., & Del Giudice, M. (2019). Developmental adaptation to stress: An evolutionary perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 111–139. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011732CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, B. J., Figueredo, A. J., Brumbach, B. H., & Schlomer, G. L. (2009). The impact of harsh versus unpredictable environments on the evolution and development of life history strategies. Human Nature, 20, 204–268. doi:10.1007/s12110-009-9063-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraley, R. C., Roisman, G. I., & Haltigan, J. D. (2013). The legacy of early experiences in development: Formalizing alternative models of how early experiences are carried forward over time. Developmental Psychology, 49, 109–126. doi:10.1037/a0027852CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galipaud, M., & Kokko, H. (2020). Adaptation and plasticity in life-history theory: How to derive predictions. Evolution and Human Behavior, 41, 493–501. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.06.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grove, J., Ripke, S., Als, T. D., Mattheisen, M., Walters, R. K., Won, H., … Awashti, S. (2019). Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder. Nature Genetics, 51, 431–444. doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0344-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haeffel, G. J., Jeronimus, B. F., Kaiser, B. N., Weaver, L. J., Soyster, P. D., Fisher, A. J., … Lu, W. (2021). Folk classification and factor rotations: Whales, sharks, and the problems with the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). Clinical Psychological Science. doi:10.1177/21677026211002500Google ScholarPubMed
Haltigan, J. D., Aitken, M. A., Skilling, T., Henderson, J., Hawke, L., Battaglia, M., … Andrade, B. F. (2018). “P” and “DP:” examining symptom-level bifactor models of psychopathology and dysregulation in clinically referred children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 57, 384–396. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.03.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haslam, N., Holland, E., & Kuppens, P. (2012). Categories versus dimensions in personality and psychopathology: A quantitative review of taxometric research. Psychological Medicine, 42, 903–920. doi:10.1017/S0033291711001966CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haslam, N., McGrath, M. J., Viechtbauer, W., & Kuppens, P. (2020). Dimensions over categories: A meta-analysis of taxometric research. Psychological Medicine, 50, 1418–1432. doi:10.1017/S003329172000183XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Healy, K., Ezard, T. H., Jones, O. R., Salguero-Gómez, R., & Buckley, Y. M. (2019). Animal life history is shaped by the pace of life and the distribution of age-specific mortality and reproduction. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3, 1217–1224. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0938-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hilbert, A., Pike, K. M., Wilfley, D. E., Fairburn, C. G., Dohm, F. A., & Striegel-Moore, R. H. (2011). Clarifying boundaries of binge eating disorder and psychiatric comorbidity: A latent structure analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 202–211. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, J., & Hodgson, D. (2010). What is fitness, and how do we measure it? In Westneat, D. F. & Fox, C. W. (Eds.), Evolutionary behavioral ecology (pp. 46–70). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Huys, Q. J., Guitart-Masip, M., Dolan, R. J., & Dayan, P. (2015). Decision-theoretic psychiatry. Clinical Psychological Science, 3, 400–421. doi:10.1177/2167702614562040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, M. C. (2018). Evolutionary perspectives on genetic and environmental risk factors for psychiatric disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 14, 471–493. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084854CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, K. S. (2018). Classification of psychopathology: Conceptual and historical background. World Psychiatry, 17, 241–242. doi:10.1002/wps.20549CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, K. S., Ohlsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2019). The nature of the shared environment. Behavior Genetics, 49, 1–10. doi:10.1007/s10519-018-9940-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knopik, V. S., Neiderhiser, J. M., DeFries, J. C., & Plomin, R. (2017). Behavioral genetics (7th ed.). New York: Worth.Google Scholar
Kotov, R., Jonas, K. G., Carpenter, W. T., Dretsch, M. N., Eaton, N. R, Forbes, M. K., … HiTOP Utility Workgroup. (2020). Validity and utility of hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP): I. Psychosis superspectrum. World Psychiatry, 19, 151–172. doi:10.1002/wps.20730CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., … Eaton, N. R. (2017). The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126, 454. doi:10.1037/abn0000258CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krueger, R. F., Hobbs, K. A., Conway, C. C., Dick, D. M., Dretsch, M. N., Eaton, N. R., … Workgroup, H. U. (2021). Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): II. Externalizing superspectrum. World Psychiatry, 20, 171–193. doi:10.1002/wps.20844CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krueger, R. F., Kotov, R., Watson, D., Forbes, M. K., Eaton, N. R., Ruggero, C. J., … Bagby, R. M. (2018). Progress in achieving quantitative classification of psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 17, 282–293. doi:10.1002/wps.20566CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lahey, B. B., Krueger, R. F., Rathouz, P. J., Waldman, I. D., & Zald, D. H. (2017a). Validity and utility of the general factor of psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 16, 142–144. doi:10.1002/wps.20410CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lahey, B. B., Krueger, R. F., Rathouz, P. J., Waldman, I. D., & Zald, D. H. (2017b). A hierarchical causal taxonomy of psychopathology across the life span. Psychological Bulletin, 143, 142–186. doi:10.1037/bul0000069CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsson, H., Ryden, E., Boman, M., Långström, N., Lichtenstein, P., & Landen, M. (2013). Risk of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in relatives of people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 203, 103–106. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.120808CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawn, R. B., Sallis, H. M., Taylor, A. E., Wootton, R. E., Smith, G. D., Davies, N. M., … Munafo, M. R. (2019). Schizophrenia risk and reproductive success: A Mendelian randomization study. Royal Society Open Science, 6, 181049. doi:10.1098/rsos.181049CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, P. H., Anttila, V., Won, H., Feng, Y. C. A., Rosenthal, J., Zhu, Z., … Wang, M. M. J. (2019). Genomic relationships, novel loci, and pleiotropic mechanisms across eight psychiatric disorders. Cell, 179, 1469–1482. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linnér, R. K., Mallard, T. T., Barr, P. B., Sanchez-Roige, S., Madole, J. W., Driver, M. N., … Dick, D. M. (2020). Multivariate genomic analysis of 1.5 million people identifies genes related to addiction, antisocial behavior, and health. BioRxiv, 342501.Google Scholar
Linnér, R. K., Biroli, P., Kong, E., Meddens, S. F. W., Wedow, R., Fontana, M. A., … Okbay, A. (2018). Genome-wide study identifies 611 loci associated with risk tolerance and risky behaviors. BioRxiv, 261081.Google Scholar
McGuire, M. T., & Troisi, A. (1998). Darwinian psychiatry. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mealey, L. (1995). The sociobiology of sociopathy: An integrated evolutionary model. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18, 523–541. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00039595CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meehl, P. E. (1993). Four queries about factor reality. History and Philosophy of Psychology Bulletin, 5, 4–5.Google Scholar
Musser, E. D., Hawkey, E., Kachan-Liu, S. S., Lees, P., Roullet, J. B., Goddard, K., … Nigg, J. T. (2014). Shared familial transmission of autism spectrum and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 819–827. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12201CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nesse, R. M. (2005). Maladaptation and natural selection. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 80, 62–70. doi:10.1086/431026CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nesse, R. M. (2019). Good reasons for bad feelings: Insights from the frontier of evolutionary psychiatry. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Nesse, R. M., & Jackson, E. D. (2006). Evolution: Psychiatric nosology's missing biological foundation. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 3, 121–131.Google Scholar
Nettle, D. (2001). Strong imagination: Madness, creativity and human nature. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nettle, D., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2019). The evolution of life-history theory: A bibliometric analysis of an interdisciplinary research area. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 286, 20190040.Google ScholarPubMed
Nettle, D., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2020). Life history theory in psychology and evolutionary biology: One research programme or two? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 375, 20190490. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0490CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ni, G., Amare, A. T., Zhou, X., Mills, N., Gratten, J., & Lee, S. H. (2019). The genetic relationship between female reproductive traits and six psychiatric disorders. Scientific Reports, 9, 12041. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48403-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhee, S. H., & Waldman, I. D. (2002). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 490–529. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.3.490CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez-Seijas, C., Gadow, K. D., Rosen, T. E., Kim, H., Lerner, M. D., & Eaton, N. R. (2020). A transdiagnostic model of psychiatric symptom co-occurrence and autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 13, 579–590. doi:10.1002/aur.2228CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roff, D. A. (2002). Life history evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.Google Scholar
Salmon, C., Figueredo, A. J., & Woodburn, L. (2009). Life history strategy and disordered eating behavior. Evolutionary Psychology, 7, 585–600. doi:10.1177/147470490900700408CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seery, M. D. (2011). Resilience: A silver lining to experiencing adverse life events? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 390–394. doi:10.1177/0963721411424740CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seery, M. D., Leo, R. J., Lupien, S. P., Kondrak, C. L., & Almonte, J. L. (2013). An upside to adversity? Moderate cumulative lifetime adversity is associated with resilient responses in the face of controlled stressors. Psychological Science, 24, 1181–1189. doi:10.1177/0956797612469210CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selzam, S., Coleman, J. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Plomin, R. (2018). A polygenic p factor for major psychiatric disorders. Translational Psychiatry, 8, 205. doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0217-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seth, A. K., & Friston, K. J. (2016). Active interoceptive inference and the emotional brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 371, 20160007. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaner, A., Miller, G. F., & Mintz, J. (2004). Schizophrenia as one extreme of a sexually selected fitness indicator. Schizophrenia Research, 70, 101–109. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solberg, B. S., Zayats, T., Posserud, M. B., Halmøy, A., Engeland, A., Haavik, J., & Klungsøyr, K. (2019). Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity and genetic correlations provide new insights into differences between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 86, 587–598. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stearns, S. C. (1992). The evolution of life histories. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stearns, S. C., & Medzhitov, R. (2016). Evolutionary medicine. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.Google Scholar
Syme, K. L., & Hagen, E. H. (2019). Mental health is biological health: Why tackling “diseases of the mind” is an imperative for biological anthropology in the 21st century. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, doi:10.1002/ajpa.23965Google Scholar
Thomas, J. J., Eddy, K. T., Ruscio, J., Ng, K. L., Casale, K. E., Becker, A. E., & Lee, S. (2015). Do recognizable lifetime eating disorder phenotypes naturally occur in a culturally Asian population? A combined latent profile and taxometric approach. European Eating Disorders Review, 23, 199–209. doi:10.1002/erv.2357CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitousek, M. N., & Schoenle, L. A. (2019). Hormones and behavior: A life history perspective. In Welling, L. M. & Shackelford, T. K. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology and behavioral endocrinology (pp. 13–26). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Voon, V., Reiter, A., Sebold, M., & Groman, S. (2017). Model-based control in dimensional psychiatry. Biological Psychiatry, 82, 391–400. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.04.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakefield, J. C. (1992). The concept of mental disorder: On the boundary between biological facts and social values. American Psychologist, 47, 373–388. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.47.3.373CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakefield, J. C. (1999). Evolutionary versus prototype analyses of the concept of disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 374–399. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.108.3.374CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakefield, J. C. (2014). Wittgenstein's nightmare: Why the RDoC grid needs a conceptual dimension. World Psychiatry, 13, 38–40. doi:10.1002/wps.20097CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warrier, V., Toro, R., Won, H., Leblond, C. S., Cliquet, F., Delorme, R., … Grove, J. (2019). Social and non-social autism symptoms and trait domains are genetically dissociable. Communications Biology, 2, 328. doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0558-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watts, A. L., Poore, H. E., & Waldman, I. D. (2019). Riskier tests of the validity of the bifactor model of psychopathology. Clinical Psychological Science, 7, 1285–1303. doi:10.1177/2167702619855035CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, S. A., & Gardner, A. (2013). Adaptation and inclusive fitness. Current Biology, 23, r577–r584. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.031CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williamson, D. A., Gleaves, D. H., & Stewart, T. M. (2005). Categorical versus dimensional models of eating disorders: An examination of the evidence. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37, 1–10. doi:10.1002/eat.20074CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, J., Bolstad, G. H., Araya-Ajoy, Y. G., & Dingemanse, N. J. (2019). Life-history evolution under fluctuating density-dependent selection and the adaptive alignment of pace-of-life syndromes. Biological Reviews, 94, 230–247. doi:10.1111/brv.12451CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, Y., Lu, Q., Ye, Y., Huang, K., Liu, W., Wu, Y., … Werling, D. (2020). Local genetic correlation analysis reveals heterogeneous etiologic sharing of complex traits. bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.084475Google Scholar
Zheng, Y., Kang, Q., Huang, J., Jiang, W., Liu, Q., Chen, H., … Chen, J. (2019). The classification of eating disorders in China: A categorical model or a dimensional model. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52, 712–720. doi:10.1002/eat.23069CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zietsch, B. P., & Sidari, M. J. (2020). A critique of life history approaches to human trait covariation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 41, 527–535. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2019.05.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar