Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T11:06:15.058Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Legal System for Compensation for Vessel-Source Oil Pollution in South Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 June 2022

Pascal Kany Prud'ome Gamassa*
Affiliation:
Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China

Abstract

In protecting the marine environment from vessel-source oil pollution, compensation for victims of damage is of great importance. International conventions regarding compensation for such damage have been adopted under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization. This article analyses the extent to which South Africa has implemented the provisions of these international conventions into its domestic laws and identifies issues that remain in the South African legal system. The article reveals that, although South Africa has improved its legal system for compensation for damage from vessel-source oil pollution, claimants in respect of damage from large vessel-source persistent oil pollution and vessel-source bunker oil pollution are still not adequately compensated. This article finds that acceding to the 1996 Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, the 2001 Bunker Convention and the 2003 Supplementary Fund Protocol would be of great interest and benefit to South Africa.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of SOAS University of London

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

PhD (Dalian Maritime University). Postdoctoral researcher, School of Law, Dalian Maritime University.

References

1 Wabiri, N and Amusa, HQuantifying South Africa's crude oil import risk: A multi-criteria portfolio model” (2010) 27/1 Economic Modelling 445 at 445Google Scholar.

2 “South Africa oil” (2016) Worldometer, available at: <https://www.worldometers.info/oil/south-africa-oil/> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

3 “South Africa's crude oil imports from January 2018 to May 2018” (6 July 2018) South African Market Insights, available at: <http://www.southafricanmi.com/south-africas-crude-oil-imports-6jul2018.html#:~:text=So%20how%20much%20crude%20has,crude%20oil%20amounted%20to%20R54.> (last accessed 27 May 2022).

4 Moldan, A and Dehrman, ATrends in oil spill incidents in South African coastal waters” (1989) 20/11 Marine Pollution Bulletin 565 at 565Google Scholar.

5 Wang, HIntroduction” in Wang, H (ed) Civil Liability for Marine Oil Pollution Damage: A Comparative and Economic Study of the International, US and the Chinese Compensation Regime (2011, Kluwer Law International) 1 at 1Google Scholar.

6 Olita, A et al. “Oil spill hazard and risk assessment for the shorelines of a Mediterranean coastal archipelago” (2012) 57 Ocean & Coastal Management 44 at 44CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Odeku, KO and Paulos, BMProhibition of pollution of marine environments: Challenges and prospects” (2017) 8/3 Environmental Economics 127 at 127CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

8 Roberts, D and Diederichs, NDurban's Local Agenda 21 Programme: Tackling sustainable development in a post-apartheid city” (2002) 14/1 Environment and Urbanization 189 at 191CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9 This article provides: “States shall ensure that recourse is available in accordance with their legal systems for prompt and adequate compensation or other relief in respect of damage caused by pollution of the marine environment by natural or judicial persons under their jurisdiction.”

10 “Snapshot: Dormac 1 floating dock” Allianz Global Corporate and Speciality, available at: <https://www.agcs.allianz.com/news-and-insights/expert-risk-articles/dormac-1-floating-dock.html> (last accessed 27 May 2022).

11 Glassom, D, Prochazka, K and Branch, GMShort-term effects of an oil spill on the west coast of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa” (1997) 3 Journal of Coastal Conservation 155 at 155Google Scholar.

12 Wepener, V and Degger, NStatus of marine pollution research in South Africa (1960-present)” (2012) 64/7 Marine Pollution Bulletin 1508 at 1510CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 SUK Jamadhagni and CS Anuradha “India's marine pollution as a growing environmental threat” in SUK Jamadhagni (ed) The Unrecognised Peril: Threats to Environmental Security (2015, Vij Books India) 183 at 183.

14 C Attwood “People and the cost: Pollution” (2000, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development of the Republic of South Africa).

15 “Oil spill insurers may not pay up” (17 August 2000) News24, available at: <https://www.news24.com/news24/oil-spill-insurers-may-not-pay-up-20000817> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

16 “Pollution” (2003) 12/4 Disaster Prevention and Management, available at: <https://doi.org/10.1108/dpm.2003.07312dac.003> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

17 “Seli 1 scheduled for removal ‘before next winter’” (September 2012) Zigzag, available at: <https://www.zigzag.co.za/features/exclusives/seli-1-scheduled-for-removal-before-next-winter/> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

18 “Unlimited budget for South Africa cleanup” (August 2013) Ship & Bunker, available at: <https://shipandbunker.com/news/emea/221496-unlimited-budget-for-south-africa-cleanup> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

19 This article provides: “With the objective of assuring prompt and adequate compensation in respect of all damage caused by pollution of the marine environment, States shall cooperate in the implementation of existing international law and the further development of international law relating to responsibility and liability for the assessment of and compensation for damage and the settlement of related disputes, as well as, where appropriate, development of criteria and procedures for payment of adequate compensation, such as compulsory insurance or compensation funds.”

20 Zhu, L, Dong, B and Li, KXCompensation for oil pollution damage from ships in China: A way toward international standards” (2013) 44/1 Ocean Development & International Law 73 at 78CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21 CLC Protocol, art 6(1). The CLC Protocol is available at: <http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/protocivilpol1992.html> (last accessed 27 May 2022).

22 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1992, art V(1). The convention is available at: <https://iopcfunds.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Text-of-Conventions_e.pdf> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

23 Xu, J, Testa, D and Mukherjee, PKThe use of LNG as a marine fuel: Civil liability considerations from an international perspective” (2017) 29/1 Journal of Environmental Law 129 at 135CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

24 Yang, YLiability and compensation for oil spill accidents: International regime and its implementation in China” (2017) 57/2 Natural Resources Journal 465 at 473Google Scholar.

25 Gurumo, TS and Han, LThe role and challenge of international oil pollution liability legislations in the protection of marine environment” (2012) 3/2 International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 183 at 184Google Scholar.

26 Kiran, RBKLiability and compensation for oil pollution damage: An examination of IMO conventions” (2010) 3/4 NUJS Law Review 399 at 419Google Scholar.

27 See International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund 1992 submission, available at: <https://www.un.org/Depts/los/general_assembly/contributions2004/IOPCFund2004.pdf> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

28 Schmitt, A and Spaeter, SThe financial hedging of contributions by oil firms to the IOPC Funds” (2009) 31/3 International Journal of Global Energy Issues 1 at 9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

29 S Rath “Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation of Oil Pollution Damage: A critical analysis” (2015) 20/2 International Organization of Scientific Research Journal of Humanities and Social Science 27 at 30.

30 M Pavliha and M Grbec “The 2003 Supplementary Fund Protocol: An important improvement to the international compensation system for oil pollution damage” (2008) 58/1 Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu 307 at 319.

31 L Zhu “Compensation issues under the Bunkers [sic] Convention” (2008) 7/1 World Maritime University Journal of Maritime Affairs 1 at 1. The Bunker Convention is available at: <https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/235987/8489.pdf> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

32 N Gaskell and C Forrest “Marine pollution damage in Australia: Implementing the Bunker Oil Convention 2001 and the Supplementary Fund Protocol 2003” (2008) 27/2 The University of Queensland Law Journal 103 at 130.

33 The Bunker Convention, art 6 provides that: “Nothing in this Convention shall affect the right of the ship-owner and the person or persons providing insurance or other financial security to limit liability under any applicable national or international regime, such as the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, 1976, as amended.”

35 Zhu, LCan the Bunkers [sic] Convention ensure adequate compensation for pollution victims?” (2009) 40/2 Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 1 at 7Google Scholar.

36 “Limitation of liability for maritime claims to be raised with implementation of 1996 Protocol to the LLMC 1976” (2019, Allen & Gledhill), available at: <https://www.allenandgledhill.com/sg/publication/articles/13774/limitation-of-liability-for-maritime-claims-to-be-raised-with-implementation-of-1996-protocol-to-the-llmc-1976> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

37 Li, KX, Dong, B and Zhu, LLegal system of compensation for marine oil pollution in China” (2013) 40/5 Maritime Policy & Management 404 at 404CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

38 Ferreira, G and Ferreira-Snyman, AThe incorporation of public international law into municipal law and regional law against the background of the dichotomy between monism and dualism” (2015) 17/4 Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 1470 at 1473CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

39 S Taljaard, PMS Monteiro and W Botes “A structured ecosystem-scale approach to marine water quality management” (2006) 32/4 Water SA 535 at 536.

41 “Salvage bid races the big sea” (13 August 2013) IOL, available at: <https://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/news/salvage-bid-races-the-big-sea-1561297> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

42 The Constitution, sec 231(4) provides: “Any international agreement becomes law in the Republic when it is enacted into law by national legislation.”

43 The Merchant Shipping CLC Act is available at: <https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/37146gon994act25-2103.pdf> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

45 Gurumo and Han “The role and challenge”, above at note 25 at 186.

46 Wetterstein, PEnvironmental impairment liability after the Erika and Prestige accidents” (2004) 46 Scandinavia Law 229 at 250Google Scholar.

47 This article provides: “No liability for pollution damage shall attach to the owner if he proves that the damage: (a) resulted from an act of war, hostilities, civil war, insurrection or a natural phenomenon of an exceptional, inevitable and irresistible character, or (b) was wholly caused by an act or omission done with intent to cause damage by a third party, or (c) was wholly caused by the negligence or other wrongful act of any Government or other authority responsible for the maintenance of lights or other navigational aids in the exercise of that function.”

48 “Protocol of 1992 to amend the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969” Ecolex, available at: <https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/protocol-of-1992-to-amend-the-international-convention-on-civil-liability-for-oil-pollution-damage-1969-tre-001177/?q=1992+clc> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

49 “Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996: Protocol of 1992 to amend the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969: Publication for general information (Gazette No 32723 - Notice No 1535)” (2009) Polity, available at: <https://www.polity.org.za/article/constitution-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-1996-protocol-of-1992-to-amend-the-international-convention-on-civil-liability-for-oil-pollution-damage-1969-publication-for-general-information-gazette-no-32723-notice-no-1535-2009-11-25> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

50 “Publication for general information: Protocol of 1992 to amend the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969” (2009) Polity, available at: <https://cisp.cachefly.net/assets/articles/attachments/24759_not_1535.pdf> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

51 This section provides: “The minister may by notice in the Gazette publish for general information any changes made to the 1992 Liability Convention under Article 14 or 15 of the 1992 Protocol if those changes are binding on the Republic in terms of section 231 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.”

52 This section provides: “An international agreement binds the Republic only after it has been approved by resolution in both the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces”. See: <https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996-chapter-14-general-provisions#231> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

53 For further information about the South African Maritime Safety Authority, see: <https://www.samsa.org.za/Pages/default.aspx> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

54 Merchant Shipping CLC Act, sec 15(b).

55 B Dong et al “Acceptance of the international compensation regime for tanker oil pollution and its implications for China” (2015) 61 Marine Policy 179 at 184.

56 The IOPCFA is available at: <https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/37145gon993act24-2013.pdf> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

57 The Contributions Act is available at: <https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/37219act36of2013merchantship8jan.pdf> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

58 Id, sec 4(c).

59 See the long title of the Administration Act. The act is available at: <https://static.pmg.org.za/act35-2013.pdf> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

60 “Merchant Shipping (Civil Liability Convention) Bill & Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund Bill): Adoption” (8 October 2013) Parliamentary Monitoring Group, available at: <https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/16461/> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

61 The act is available at: <https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201504/act-120-1977.pdf> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

62 “Fuel for apartheid: Oil supplies to South Africa” (September 1990, Shipping Research Bureau) Aluka, available at: <http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.nizap1046_final.pdf> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

63 The act is available at: <https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/a58-03.pdf> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

64 South Africa Gazette 489/28638 (17 March 2006) at 3, available at: <https://archive.opengazettes.org.za/archive/ZA/2006/government-gazette-ZA-vol-489-no-28638-dated-2006-03-17.pdf> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

65 C Naidoo “Do you know how laws are made in South Africa?” (10 November 2016) Sabinet, available at: <https://sabinet.co.za/know-laws-made-south-africa-04102016/> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

66 “South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA) on its 2015/16 Annual Report, with deputy minister in attendance” (18 October 2016, Parliamentary Monitoring Group), available at: <https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/23439/> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

67 Annual report 2018 (2019, International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds), available at: <https://iopcfunds.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Annual-Report_2018-for-WEB_e..pdf> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

68Table 1: Revenue - National Treasury” (2018, The National Treasury of The Republic of South Africa), available at: <http://www.treasury.gov.za/comm_media/press/monthly/1811/Table%201.pdf> (last accessed 27 May 2022).

69 “International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund levy” (South African Revenue Service), available at: <https://www.sars.gov.za/types-of-tax/international-oil-pollution-compensation-fund-levy/ (last accessed 27 May 2022).

70 Soto-Oñate, D and Caballero, GOil spills, governance and institutional performance: The 1992 regime of liability and compensation for oil pollution damage” (2017) 166 Journal of Cleaner Production 299 at 307CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

71 SE Chang et al “Consequences of oil spills: A review and framework for informing planning” (2014) 19/2 Ecology and Society 1 at 8.

72 H Wang “Prevention and compensation for marine pollution” in GM Faure, L Han and H Shan (ed) Maritime Pollution Liability and Policy: China, Europe and the US (2010, Kluwer Law International) 13 at 31.

73 MPCCLA, sec 1(a).

74 “‘Chrysanthi S’ fined $25,000 over Aloga Bay marine fuel spill” (24 July 2019) Manifold Times, available at: <https://www.manifoldtimes.com/news/chrysanthi-s-fined-25000-over-aloga-bay-marine-fuel-spill/> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

75 “Limits of liability for shipping incidents are increased with the adoption of amendments to 1996 Protocol to the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC)” (11 May 2015) Shipowners’ Club, available at: <https://www.shipownersclub.com/limits-of-liability-for-shipping-incidents-are-increased-with-the-adoption-of-amendments-to-1996-protocol-to-the-convention-on-limitation-of-liability-for-maritime-claims-llmc/> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

76 “Oil spills significantly reduce populations of seabirds and are costly to clean up” (2004) BirdLife International, available at: <http://datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/casestudy/oil-spills-significantly-reduce-populations-of-seabirds-and-are-costly-to-clean-up-> (last accessed 27 May 2022).

77 “Oil spill insurers may not pay up”, above at note 15.

78 This section provides: “Everyone has the right (a) to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and (b) to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that (i) prevent pollution…” See: <https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-2-bill-rights#24> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

79 “Statement on Cabinet meeting of 21 October 2015”, available at:<https://www.gov.za/speeches/statement-cabinet-meeting-21-october-2015-23-oct-2015-0000> (last accessed 3 May 2022).

80 F Sucker “Approval of an international treaty in Parliament: How does section 231(2) ‘bind the Republic’?” (2013) 5/2013 Constitutional Court Review 417 at 422.

81 Billah, MMThe role of insurance in providing adequate compensation and in reducing pollution incidents: The case of the international oil pollution liability regime” (2011) 29/1 Private Equity Law Report 42 at 69Google Scholar.